Economic Diagnostics of Territorial Development: National
Dimension and Experience of EU Countries
IRYNA NADTOCHIY1, INNA IRTYSHCHEVA2, VOLODYMYR KRYLENKO3,
VIKTORIIA TKACH4, IRYNA KRAMARENKO5, KYRYLO CHUMAKOV6
1Department of Еconomics, Kherson Branch of the "Admiral Makarov National University of
Shipbuilding", UKRAINE
2,3,5Department of Management, "Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding", Heroes of
Ukraine Prospect, 9 Mykolaiv, 54000, UKRAINE
4Faculty of Innovative Nutrition Technologies, Restaurant and Hotel Business, Odesa National
Academy of Food Technologies, UKRAINE
6Municipal Institution of Higher Education, "Khortytsia National Educational Rehabilitation
Academy” of Zaporizhzhia Regional Council, UKRAINE
Abstract. The study is devoted to the theoretical and applied organizational bases for substantiation of
indicators and indicators for assessing the competitiveness of transformation processes in the regions. The main
purpose of the article is the process of conducting a competitive analysis of the effectiveness of transformation
processes in the regions of Ukraine. The article tests the authors' hypothesis on certain indicators for assessing
the competitiveness of transformation processes in the region, as well as using them to study the main trends in
the regional operating system in dynamics, which is an important step for strategic decisions in the context of
competitiveness. The dependence of the calculations on the multicriteria analysis of the competitiveness of the
regions on the principle of the process approach showed that each region of Ukraine has its competitive
advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into account when formulating regional development
strategies. The results of the study can be used as an information basis for further prospective research to
develop recommendations for optimizing business processes in the regions to increase their competitiveness,
and the proposed methodological approaches can be used to assess the competitiveness of local operating
systems, including at the local level to determine their investment attractiveness and optimize individual
business processes or their components.
Keywords: Competitive analysis, transformation processes, efficiency, the competitiveness of transformation
processes, regions
Received: April 16, 2021. Revised: March 12, 2022. Accepted: April 15, 2022. Published: May 12, 2022.
1 Introduction
In the context of our study, the region is considered
an open socio-economic system in which there is a
set of transformational processes that turn inputs
into outputs, thereby ensuring the viability of the
system in the long run. Such an approach involves
transferring certain features of the process at the
micro-level (enterprise, institution, organization) to
the meso level, in some way abstracting from the
scale, key differences in management and
complexity of the regional economy, which should
be taken into account in more detailed, targeted
analysis.
Thus, when assessing the competitiveness of
transformation processes at the regional level, it is
proposed to generalize all processes carried out
within the system and evaluate them from the
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standpoint of the process approach, highlighting
two components, namely: the effectiveness of the
processes and the effectiveness of the results. This
division will allow in some way to structure
business processes, make them more coherent,
eliminate "bottlenecks" and "heal" the most poorly
organized processes. From the investor's point of
view, such an analysis will assess the level of
business activity in the region, which can serve as
an information base for forecasting the
development of a particular business, identifying
advantages, disadvantages, and positioning of their
own business in certain regional conditions.
2 Literature Review
Gudz P.V. and Finagina O.V. believe that the
“Social and economic development of Ukraine is
based on radical transformations that take place in
regional economic complexes. Regional
development priorities set vectors for change and
form unique principles of regulation through a set
of management measures: mechanisms of state,
sectoral and regional policy; management
technologies of forecasting and planning; the latest
standards of socialization and culture" [3].
The authors also note that “Analysis of the
effectiveness of investment potential plays a key
role in public administration, as tactical and
strategic decisions that affect the growth rate of the
economy as a whole depend on how objectively
and comprehensively the assessment is carried
out.” [1]. Therefore, it is important to conduct a
competitive analysis of the effectiveness of
transformation processes in the regions of Ukraine.
Butusov O.D. offers its method of integrated
assessment of the competitiveness of the regions of
Ukraine, which is "based on the generalization and
further standardization of indicators (stimulators
and disincentives) of the component structure of
competitiveness. As a result, partial indices are
calculated for each of the identified components of
regional competitiveness. Also, there was the
calculation of sub-indices actually for the basic and
variable components of regional competitiveness"
[4].
Chernyuk L.G. considers that "To determine
structural changes, a comprehensive methodology
is proposed, based on a retrospective assessment of
the dynamics of changes in the territorial structure
of components and characteristics of productive
forces on a multicomponent (10 indicators) set of
socio-economic parameters that characterize social
production." [5]. The team of authors conducted a
competitive analysis of national territories and
determined development strategies [2;7;10].
The purpose of the article is the process of
economic diagnosis of the development of
Ukrainian territories, taking into account the
experience of EU countries.
3 Materials and Methods
To assess the competitiveness of transformation
processes in the region, the following indicators are
proposed:
1) Productivity of the regional operating system,
measured by the number of resources involved in
the production of products and services in terms of
the main components: capital (investment), labor,
land, and energy resources. The economic
determinant in assessing productivity will be the
volume of products and services sold in the region
for a certain period.
2) Business activity, which affects the speed of
resource turnover in the operating system,
determines the dynamics and vector of
transformational changes. It is proposed to consider
in terms of the following components: growth
indices of industrial production, growth indices of
construction; indices of growth of agricultural
production, indices of growth of production of
services in the region, indices of growth of turnover
of retail trade.
3) Investment and innovation activity is an
important qualitative characteristic of business
development processes, and the competitive profile
of the region on this basis largely characterizes the
strategic advantages of the region.
4) Foreign economic activity of the region
characterizes the level of openness of the operating
system and its competitiveness in foreign markets,
which is an important advantage for the investor
and forms internal advantages for the economic
development of territories based on attracting
additional resources, including foreign exchange
earnings.
The main indicators and indicators for assessing
the competitiveness of transformation processes in
the regions are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Indicators for assessing the competitiveness of transformation processes in the regions
Indexes
Indicators
Formulas for calculation
1. Operating
system
performance
(U1)
1.1. Productivity of capital
investments (in 1.1.), Thousand
UAH


wherе, - volumes of sold products (goods,
services) in the region, thousand UAH;
 - volumes of capital investments in the region, thousand
UAH.
1.2. Labor productivity (in 1.2.),

 wherе, ЧЗ- number of employed persons in the
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Indexes
Indicators
Formulas for calculation
Thousand UAH
region, pers.
1.3. Productivity of land use, (in
1.3.) Thousand UAH / 100 ha.


wherе, a volume of agricultural production,
thousand UAH;
- the area of agricultural land, thousand ha.
1.4. Productivity of electricity use
(in 1.3.) Thousand UAH / million
kWh
wherе, - volumes of electricity used in the region
2. Business activity (U2)
2.1. Industrial production growth
index (in 2.1.)

wherе, - volumes of sold industrial products in the
region, thousand UAH in the base (t) and comparative (t-1)
period
2.2. Growth index of construction
works (in 2.2.)

wherе, - volumes of construction work in the
region, thousand UAH in the base (t) and comparative (t-1)
period
2.3. Index of growth of agricultural
production (in 2.3.)

wherе, - volumes of agricultural production in the
region, thousand UAH in the base (t) and comparative (t-1)
period
2.4. Index of growth in sales of
services (in 2.4.)



wherе, - volumes of production of services in the
region, thousand UAH in the base (t) and comparative (t-1)
period
2.5. Retail trade turnover index (in
2.5.)

wherе, -- volumes of retail trade turnover in the
region, thousand UAH in the base (t) and comparative (t-1)
period
3. Investment and innovation activity
(U3)
3.1. Volumes of capital investments
per one employee in the region,
thousand UAH (in 3.1.)


 wherе,  - volumes of capital investments, thousand
UAH
3.2. Volumes of foreign investment
per employee in the region,
thousand dollars USA. (in 3.2.)



wherе,  - volumes of foreign investments, thousand dollars
USA
3.3. Volumes of innovation costs
per employee in the region, UAH
(in 3.3.)



wherе,  - volumes of innovation costs, thousand UAH
3.4. The share of innovative
products in total sales (in 3.4.)


wherе,  – volumes of production of innovative
products, thousand UAH.
4. Foreign
economic activity
(U4)
4.1. Import-export coverage ratio

wherе, - volumes of exports of goods and services
in the region, thousand USD;
Oi - volumes of imports of goods and services in the region,
thousand USD
4.2. Exports of goods per employee
in the region, thousand US dollars

wherе, - volumes of exports of goods and services
in the region, thousand USD
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Indexes
Indicators
Formulas for calculation
4.3. Imports of goods per employee
in the region, thousand dollars USA

wherе, Oi- volumes of imports of goods and services
in the region, thousand USD
4.4. The share of the region in total
exports of goods and services,%



wherе, Oep- export volumes from the region,
million USD
Oek- the country's exports, million USD
Source: Research results
The indicators given in the table are formed
based on the availability of statistical data for
calculation according to their regional distribution
in official statistical sources. Using the data
presented in the table, you can assess the
competitiveness of transformation processes in the
region and explore the main trends in the regional
operating system in dynamics, which is an
important step for strategic decisions in the context
of competitiveness. Consider each of the analyzed
groups and indicators in terms of regions of
Ukraine.
The results of the calculations at the level of
partial indicators allowed as to determine the
overall indicator of the competitiveness of the
regions in terms of efficiency of the organization of
transformation processes. According to the
proposed methodological approaches, the indicator
of competitiveness at this level is defined as the
sum of partial indicators within the selected
technological criteria by with the specifics of our
study by the formula:
X=X1+X2+X3+X4 (1);
(2)
According to the proposed methodological
approaches, we calculate the competitiveness of the
operating systems of the region at the "exit" by the
formula:
Z=Z1+Z2+Z3 (3)
According to this formula, the maximum
possible obtained value of the competitiveness of
the regions is 30 points.
According to the results of the study, a
comprehensive indicator of the competitiveness of
the regions as a set of scores for the assessment of
"inputs", "transformation processes" and "outputs"
on a 100-point scale:
(4)
4 Results and Discussion
Using these tables and methodological approaches,
the indices of competitiveness of regions by the
level of productivity of operational processes are
calculated. The results of the calculations are
shown in table 2.
Table data show the level of productivity of the
region for each indicator compared to the
maximum value achieved in the regions. Thus, the
highest level of investment and labor productivity
is observed in industrial regions, where large
industrial complexes are located. In particular, in
Zaporizka, Dnipropetrovska, Odeska regions. High
indicators of electricity productivity are typical for
regions with mixed or agricultural specialization.
The productivity of agricultural land use, as
calculations have shown, also depends on the
specialization of the regions. At the same time,
rather large disparities in the productivity of the use
of certain resources between regions are evidence
of the presence of certain underutilized reserves,
which may play a role in increasing the
competitiveness of regions from a strategic
perspective.
Luhanska region is in the lead in two positions,
namely - the growth rate of construction work and
increase in retail turnover. Negative growth rates of
construction works led to low competitiveness in
Odeska, Kyivska, Poltavska, and Mykolaivska
regions. According to other indicators, such
significant disparities were not detected.
These tables show significant interregional
disparities in the development of investment and
innovation processes between the regions of
Ukraine. The highest level of capital investment per
employee was achieved the Kyivska region (10
points). Khersonska (9 points), and Donetska (7.2
points) occupy similar positions in the rating
according to this indicator. In other regions, the
indicators were reached the level of 45-60% of the
coupon value. It is interesting that the Luhanska
region, occupying the last position in the ranking of
the level of capital investment per employee, at the
same time leads in terms of foreign investment.
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Relatively large amounts of foreign investment
are also directed to the development of the
economy of Ivano-Frankivska (9.9 points),
Dnipropetrovska (8.7), Poltavska (7.9) and
Donetska regions. From the point of view of the
balance of investment and innovation processes, it
should be noted Donetska region, wherein 2019 the
indicators of the investment and innovation
component received high and approximately
equivalent scores. In other regions, there is some
dissonance in this context. In particular, the
Sumska region is the leader in terms of innovation
expenditures, and occupies the bottom of the
ranking by other indicators. At the same time, a
similar situation is typical for other regions, where
low indicators of investment activity are observed
against the background of high indicators of
innovation activity and vice versa. In our opinion,
this indicates a lack of balance between investment
and innovation processes in the regions. Most
capital investments are directed to the restoration or
modernization of existing industries.
The highest level of export coverage and at the
same time the lowest level of import dependence is
typical for the Kirovohradska region, where a
significant part of export-oriented capacities is
concentrated. The lowest level of export coverage
of imports in 2019 was observed in Kyivska and
Volynska regions. Analyzing the volume of exports
per employee, it should be noted such areas as
Donetska, Zakarpatska, and Mykolaivska, are a
significant part of the workforce in which they are
concentrated in export-oriented industries. The
highest level of imports per employee in the
Zakarpatska region, is due to the specifics of
foreign economic activity, in particular, the
orientation of most industries on the terms of toll
raw materials. Traditionally, the highest share of
exports in Ukraine's foreign trade turnover belongs
to Dnipropetrovska regions, where a number of the
largest export-oriented industries in the fields of
heavy engineering and metallurgy are concentrated.
According to this formula 1, the maximum
possible obtained value of the competitiveness of
the regions is 40 points.
According to the calculations, the leading
position in the ranking with a total of 26 points is
occupied by the Donetska region, which despite the
annexation of part of the territories maintains a
fairly high level of business, investment, and
foreign economic activity. Relatively high (over 20
points) positions are also occupied by
Dnipropetrovska, Mykolaivska, Vinnytska, and
Kyivska regions. The outsider of the rating in 2019
is Chernivetska region.
In general, insufficiently high scores of regions
in the ranking of the competitiveness of operating
systems indicate the presence in each region of its
competitive advantages that need to be developed
and shortcomings that need effective management
decisions and the formation of the most optimal
systems for using and developing available
resources.
The last stage of assessing the competitiveness
of regions is to compare their final results as of the
analyzed data. Given the specifics of the study, we
believe that the final indicators of competitive
evaluation depend primarily on the purpose of the
evaluation. In general, at the "output" of any
system, we get the result of its operation in the
form of economic, social and environmental
efficiency. Therefore, abstracting from the specific
objectives, and viewing the region as an open
system, the important task of which is to enter the
path of sustainable development, as the results of
operation, and, accordingly, competitiveness
indicators, we proposed the following areas of
assessment, namely: economic efficiency, a
generalized indicator which at the regional level
has a gross regional product per capita; social
efficiency, the universal measure of which is the
income of the population and environmental
efficiency, ie the impact of transformation
processes on air quality.
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These indicators in terms of regions are
shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Indicators and indices of competitiveness of regions at the level of economic, social, and
environmental effects in 2019
Regions
Disposable
income per
capita, UAH,
Z1
Competitiveness
index, points
GRP per
capita, UAH
Z2
Competitiveness
index, points
Volumes of
emissions of
harmful
substances into
the atmosphere
per capita, kg
Z3
Competitiveness
index, points
Vinnytska
55734,0
7,5
71104,0
5,7
61,7
0,5
Volynska
46120,0
6,2
58297,0
4,7
4,9
6,1
Dnipropetrovska
74755,0
10,0
114784,0
9,3
190,1
0,2
Donetska
33840,0
4,5
45959,0
3,7
188,1
0,2
Zhytomyrskа
52715,0
7,1
62911,0
5,1
10,6
2,8
Zakarpatska
41418,0
5,5
41706,0
3,4
3,2
9,4
Zaporizka
65065,0
8,7
85784,0
6,9
101,4
0,3
Ivano-
Frankivska
48724,0
6,5
57033,0
4,6
160,7
0,2
Kyivska
65623,0
8,8
112521,0
9,1
46,3
0,6
Kirovohradska
50373,0
6,7
67763,0
5,5
12,8
2,3
Luhanska
21252,0
2,8
16301,0
1,3
21,5
1,4
Lvivska
56592,0
7,6
70173,0
5,7
42,2
0,7
Mykolayivska
55469,0
7,4
70336,0
5,7
11,5
2,6
Odeska
63153,0
8,4
72738,0
5,9
15,7
1,9
Poltavska
61649,0
8,2
123763,0
10,0
36,9
0,8
Rivnenska
48184,0
6,4
49044,0
4,0
7,8
3,8
Sumska
55829,0
7,5
62955,0
5,1
19,0
1,6
Ternopilska
43577,0
5,8
46833,0
3,8
9,7
3,1
Kharkivska
56421,0
7,5
86904,0
7,0
16,6
1,8
Khersonska
50195,0
6,7
52922,0
4,3
11,8
2,5
Khmelnytska
50640,0
6,8
59583,0
4,8
17,3
1,7
Cherkaska
50600,0
6,8
76904,0
6,2
47,4
0,6
Chernivetska
42762,0
5,7
37441,0
3,0
3,0
10,0
Chernihivska
51213,0
6,9
69725,0
5,6
29,1
1,0
Source: Research results
The results of the analysis showed that the most
unbalanced between the regions is the indicator of
the environmental component, ie the volume of
emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere
per capita in the region. According to this indicator,
the best positions are occupied by the Chernivetska
region (10 points) and the worst - Dnipropetrovska
and Donetska (0.2 points). This distribution is
natural due to the peculiarities of the division of
labor and the concentration of production. In
general, the best indicators of social, and economic
development are observed in regions with a
relatively high level of man-made load on the
environment. Therefore, an important component of
ensuring the competitiveness of territories is a
gradual transition to models of sustainable, balanced
development.
This rating reflects the set of points with three
indices: economic, social, and environmental, and in
general shows the level of balance of these
components, the impact of operational processes
implemented within the region to ensure appropriate
results. The most balanced, in particular in terms of
social and economic components, are the
Dnipropetrovska, Poltavska, Chernivetska, and
Kyivska regions, which received 19 out of 30 points.
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The multicriteria analysis of the competitiveness
of the regions according to the principle of the
process approach showed that each region of
Ukraine has its competitive advantages and
disadvantages, which must be taken into account
when formulating strategies for regional
development. This is evidenced by the final
estimates obtained, the value of which does not
differ significantly in the regions, but the structure
differs. The obtained data on both individual and
complex criteria are useful in the formation of the
investment strategy of the region, as the assessment
of competitiveness was carried out mainly from the
standpoint of potential investors and businesses. At
the same time, the work has a high level of
abstraction, ie it does not take into account the
specific features of resource provision, the location
of productive forces, the location of the region
relative to markets, and so on. In this aspect, more
information would be the competitive analysis
focused on the assessment of competitiveness from
the standpoint of the development of certain types of
economic activity, or in the context of the spatial
development of territories.
The results of the study can be used as an
information basis for further prospective research to
develop recommendations for optimizing business
processes in the regions to increase their
competitiveness, and the proposed methodological
approaches can be used to assess the
competitiveness of local operating systems,
including at the local level (for example, United
Territorial Communities or Municipalities) to
determine their investment attractiveness and
optimize individual business processes or their
components.
The effectiveness of the implementation of the
principles and provisions specified in the strategy
depends primarily on the political will and the
developed tools for its implementation at the level of
regions and individual territorial communities. In
this aspect, it is advisable to study foreign, in
particular European, experience in the development
of territories and ensure their competitiveness. The
relevance of the study of European experience in the
field of competitive development of territories is
also due to the declared desire of Ukraine to
gradually integrate into the EU.
Certain issues related to the competitive
development of territories are also addressed in the
Association Agreement between Ukraine and the
European Union, in particular in Article 466 "The
Parties promote mutual understanding and bilateral
cooperation in regional policy on methods of
formulating and implementing regional policies,
including multilevel governance and partnership,
with special emphasis on the development of
backward territories and territorial cooperation,
while creating communication channels and
intensifying the exchange of information between
national, regional and local authorities, socio-
economic entities and representatives of civil
society.”
Modern EU regional policy is aimed at achieving
three interrelated goals, namely: promoting
economic rapprochement of countries and regions
characterized by lower levels of economic
development compared to leaders, developing the
competitiveness of regions not only compared to
regions in the EU but also on the world market and
ensuring employment. An important place in the
implementation of these goals is played by the
financial component. In particular, as stated in the
report: "European regional policy: inspiration for
non-EU countries", there are three main sources of
funding that have been created at different times
during the development of the EU.
The European Regional Development Fund
(ERDF) focuses mainly on initiatives related to
economic growth, employment, and
competitiveness, including infrastructure investment.
The Convergence Fund focuses on transport and
environmental infrastructure, including renewable
energy sources. Thirdly, funding from the European
Social Fund goes to investing in human capital in
education and training.
5 Conclusion
Indicators and indexes of competitive assessment of
the effectiveness of transformation processes in the
regions in such areas as productivity, business
activity, investment and innovation activity, and
foreign economic activity of business processes in
the regions are systematized. For each of the
identified areas, a comparative assessment was made
and the rating of the regions of Ukraine in 2019 was
derived. Calculations have shown that currently
there are significant interregional disparities in the
development of regions, both in terms of individual
indicators and complex indicators of the
competitiveness of operational processes. All this
indicates an insufficient level of balance of
investment, innovation processes, and foreign
economic activity in the regions. According to the
calculations, the leading position in the ranking with
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the total amount (26 points out of 40 possible) is
occupied by the Donetska region, which despite the
annexation of some territories maintains a fairly high
level of business, investment, and foreign economic
activity. Relatively high (over 20 points) positions
are also occupied by Dnipropetrovska, Mykolaivska,
Vinnytska, and Kyivska regions. The outsider of the
rating in 2019 is the Chernivetska region.
The competitiveness of regions at the "exit" of
operating systems was assessed according to three
indicators (GRP, disposable income, and the number
of harmful emissions per capita), which together
reflect the balance of regional systems on the path of
sustainable development. The results of the analysis
showed that the most unbalanced between the
regions is the indicator of the environmental
component, ie the volume of emissions of harmful
substances into the atmosphere per capita in the
region. According to this indicator, the best
positions are occupied by Chernivetska region (10
points) and the worst - Dnipropetrovska and
Donetska (0.2 points). This distribution is natural
due to the peculiarities of the division of labor and
the concentration of production. In general, the best
indicators of social and economic development are
observed in regions with a relatively high level of
man-made load on the environment. Therefore, an
important component of ensuring the
competitiveness of territories is a gradual transition
to models of sustainable, balanced development.
The general rating of competitiveness of the
regions of Ukraine in the context of the process
approach is determined, based on the addition of the
components of the competitive assessment of
"inputs", "transformation processes" and "outputs".
The rating is headed by Dnipropetrovska region (60
points out of 100). Poltavska, Volynska, and
Mykolayivska regions also received more than 55
points. Closes the rating with an overall score below
50 points in Luhanska. Rivnenska and Khersonska
regions. In general, the analysis of competitiveness
showed that each region of Ukraine has its
competitive advantages and disadvantages, which
must be taken into account in the formation of
regional strategies, including investment.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.47
Iryna Nadtochiy, Inna Irtyshcheva,
Volodymyr Krylenko,
Viktoriia Tkach, Iryna Kramarenko,
Kyrylo Chumakov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
495
Volume 18, 2022