The Meaning of the Place Name on the Perspective of Javanese
Transmigrants in Lampung, Indonesia
RISMA MARGARETHA SINAGA*
Department of Social Science Education
University of Lampung
Bandar Lampung City
INDONESIA
SUDJARWO
Department of Social Science Education
University of Lampung
Bandar Lampung City
INDONESIA
ALBET MAYDIANTORO
Department of Social Science Education
University of Lampung
Bandar Lampung City
INDONESIA
Abstract: - Every place on earth has a name. The origin of place names generally has different backgrounds,
stories, and histories. Generally, it depends on who gave the name of the place. There is a meaning and purpose
behind the naming. This study aims to determine the socio-cultural ecological life of the community in an area
and analyze the meaning contained in the socio-cultural context. This qualitative research is sourced from 26
informants. In addition to interviews, this research relies on observation and documentation studies to obtain a
comprehensive toponym. This research was conducted at Gedong Tataan. Gedong Tataan is an area where is
located that shows the history of transmigration in Lampung during the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia. The
results of this study indicate that the naming of Gedong Tataan by the Javanese is influenced by the physical
aspects of the area based on the socio-cultural aspect of Java. This study concludes that all areas inhabited by
Javanese transmigrants in Lampung have a toponym according to the origin of the population from Java,
including the use of the Javanese language for daily communication. This behavior belongs to the realm of
cultural preservation and it still thrives in migration and transmigration areas.
Key-Words: Custom java, the meaning of the name, migrant, toponym.
Received: June 7, 2021. Revised: November 20, 2021. Accepted: December 19, 2021. Published: January 15, 2022.
1. Introduction activities reflect their culture, so that language
factors, or cultural symbols, are closely related to
toponym. As a culture, toponym is a reflection of
the human mind. From this perspective, the phrases
in toponym, apart from language factors, also refer
to events, objects, goods, and cases and caresses the
real world [1]. Toponym is also used to reconstruct
the historical shape of the river network in China’s
Hubei Province, from the legend of river names [2].
Names are believed to have consequences and
influence on their owners, and therefore in the
community tradition, naming should not be
arbitrary; even naming has certain rituals. Names
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Every place on earth has a name with a different
historical background depending on who gave the
name, the purpose behind the naming, or the
meaning contained in each name. However, various
studies have focused more on the elements of the
appearance of the earth, even though socio-cultural
elements such as the behavior, thoughts, or
traditions of a society, including cultural symbols,
contribute to the naming of a place. A toponym
reflects human activities and natural landscapes in
a certain area and period of time. Naturally, human
are given to humans and the place, region, or
location where the community lives. The memory of
a place can explain many things related to the
context of modern identity and its dynamics [3].
This shows that in Toponym, the relationship
between humans and the environment, human
history in that place, or the results of the
interpretation of society through cultural adaptation
is described [4]. Therefore toponym study is a
critical effort in uncovering the trajectory of human
history from past to present. Even information about
folklore, institutional conditions, and social
conditions of a place, including linguistic
information such as words and personal names,
which are not mentioned in the literature, can also
be found through Toponym [5].
The existence of a relationship between humans
and their environment was manifested by the
Javanese, who were transmigrated through the
transmigration program to Lampung in the Gedong
Tataan area. Many places in Lampung, such as
Bagelen, Bangun Rejo, Tri Murjo, and others with
similarities with the places in Java. It is indicate that
socio-cultural factors play a role in toponym. In this
case, the naming of a place and the origin of a place
(toponym) can be seen from the synchronic and
diachronic side of the myth and culture of society,
where the two are united [6].
Ironically, not many people know the history of
naming places in the Javanese transmigrant area,
Lampung. This shows that cultural appreciation
such as oral traditions, myths, and the history of an
area is low, even though this toponym describes the
cultural history trajectory of a society that inhabits
an area. Referring to the problems above, it is
necessary to conduct a study to determine the
mindset, behavior, and factors that influence it.
Ideally, the place name given has an implied cultural
meaning and message in the form of hopes, ideals
given. It all means that there is a process of
conveying messages in cultural communication,
describing various background events, myths,
stories, or the history of Javanese society, struggling
of lives that are influenced by the culture and
traditions of the area of origin.
This study examines the process of naming
places to get a comprehensive perspective and
description of the socio-cultural lives of the
Javanese transmigration community living in
Lampung.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Migration
Formally, migration is defined as the movement of a
population to settle from one place to another that
exceeds the State’s political / state boundaries or
administrative boundaries/borders. Migration that
exceeds national borders is called international
migration, while domestic migration is population
movement that occurs within the borders of a
country, either between regions or between
provinces. The movement of population to a
destination area is referred to as inbound migration,
while the movement of people out of an area is
called outgoing migration [7].
Migration can also be interpreted as a change in
a person’s residence, either permanently or semi-
permanently, and there is no distance limit for this
change of residence [8]. Internal and international
migration processes occur due to differences
between origin and destination areas. Economic,
social and environmental factors cause this
difference. Several migration studies have
concluded that migration occurs due to economic
reasons, namely to get a job and higher income, to
improve the quality of life. This condition is by [9]
migration model, which states that migration flows
take place in response to differences in income
between origin and destination areas. Revenue is the
expected income, not actual income.
According to [10], the Network theory links the
migration process through personal, cultural, and
other social relationships. That explains that in
migrant-sending countries, information about
employment and living standards abroad is
efficiently conveyed through personal networks
such as friends and neighbors who have migrated
[11-14]. Meanwhile, in receiving countries
(destination countries), migrant communities often
help men and women of their age (colleagues) to
immigrate, get a job, and adjust to a new
environment. Such networks reduce migration costs
for new arrivals, causing potential migrants to leave
their country (region).
2.2. Javanese Migration to Lampung
Lampung is a province in Sumatra that is famous for
its Sai Bumi Ruwa Jurai motto [15]. The motto has
the meaning of one earth Lampung. Lampung
inhabited by two inhabitants, namely the indigenous
people of the Lampung Saibatin and Pepadun tribes,
with immigrants from various regions who are in
social life. So that the culture can be in harmony.
The ethnic diversity in Lampung originated from the
Ethical Policy policy during the Dutch
administration. One of the policies is population
migration, known as colonization. To follow up on
this policy plan, the Dutch government assigned
H.G Heyting, a resident assistant, to study the
possibility of relocating Javanese residents to other
areas. Heyting’s report was given in 1903 and
suggested that the Dutch government move outside
Java. The island of Sumatra was chosen as one of
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the places for this migration [16, 17]. In 1905,
Heyting sent 155 families (heads of families) from
Karesidenan Kedu (Central Java) to Gedong Tataan
Lampung. In that place, the immigrants built a
village named Bagelen, the village of the first
colonization.
The other four villages were built between 1906
and 1911. Each head of the family received 70 rice
fields and 30-yard areas. The cost of transportation,
building materials, equipment and life insurance (for
two years) is borne by the project [18]. In 1921
colonization (transmigration) was sent from
Wonosobo Village, Central Java, to be placed in
Kota Agung, South Lampung. Given that the origin
of this transmigration came from Wonosobo
Village, it has developed into Wonosobo District,
Tanggamus Regency [19]. After Indonesian
independence, this colonization program was
adopted into a transmigration program for national
population distribution [20]. The Director-General
of Transmigration carried out the pattern of
implementing transmigration in Lampung until the
end of Pelita II; the target was to move people from
Java and Bali to the Lampung area transmigration
recipients because the Lampung area was
considered not yet overcrowded [21].
2.3. Toponym
Toponym is a science or study that discusses
geographic names, the origins of place names,
forms, and meanings of personal names, especially
names of people and places [22]. In other words,
Toponym is the science of place names, meanings,
origins, and typology. Toponym is also included
with the naming of a place, or it can be said that it is
included in the naming theory. Naming is arbitrary,
and the general agreement is said to be arbitrary
because it is created or a decision is based on the
community’s will. In contrast, it is said to be a
general agreement because it is arranged based on
the habits of the people.
Toponym is a term that is not only known by
linguistic circles as a tool for analyzing a name or
naming, but other branches of science also
recognize the term Toponym. However, the term
Toponym is indeed popularly associated with the
field of geography, namely for scientific discussion
of the name, origin, meaning of a place or region,
and other parts of the earth’s surface, both natural
(such as rivers) and artificial. (like a city). This
develops along with the development of maps
because Toponym is indispensable to map an area.
Toponym place names, according to [2], are
grouped into four, namely:
1. Toponym Vegetation is the planting of a place
based on the description of plants or plants
around the place. So in this vegetation
Toponym, the naming of a place is based on the
plants or plants that grow or live in the vicinity.
2. Historical Toponym, in the Toponym of
historical events, the naming of a place is based
on historical events or events closely related to
the formation of the place. These historical
events can be general (national) or specific
(according to local communities). So this
historic Toponym, naming the place name, is
based on the events that occurred or events that
occurred in that place.
3. Toponym Giving, this Toponym is naming a
place based on a gift by someone who has
power over the place. So Toponym is based on
this giving the name of the place given the
name based on the gift by someone who has an
important role in the place.
4. Regional Toponym, this regional Toponym is
the naming of a place based on the name of an
area (City, district, sub-district, village, village
or sub-district, hamlet, etc.) associated with the
existence of the place. So this Toponym is
based on an area associated with the place’s
existence.
Toponym can function as a distinctive marker of
a place. This seems to be evident from the variety of
natural phenomena combined with a socio-cultural
plurality in Indonesia, triggering the diversity of
naming an area based on local culture as identity.
Toponym is related to physical, social and cultural
aspects. These names certainly indicate that the
toponym is not just a label, but there is a treasure
trove of values that are still hidden [23].
As for the purposes of this study are (a) to
determine the ecological life of the socio-cultural
community in an area and (b) to analyze the
meaning contained in the socio-cultural context.
3. Method
This study used the interview method with 26
informants from all villages inhabited by the
Javanese migrant community. Observation and
documentation are also part of the research method
to obtain a comprehensive picture of the Toponym-
Toponym that grows and lives in the area of the
Javanese migrant community in Lampung socially
and culturally, as well as digging up the information
contained in the village monograph, which includes
the history of the village’s origins and naming. This
study focuses on 13 villages out of 19 villages in the
Gedong Tataan sub-district, dominated by Javanese
migrants and have complete information.
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Fig. 1: Map of Research Location (Gedong Tataan District)
4. Result
Names in Javanese culture are an important
element in the human life cycle because each name
has a meaning and expectation according to what is
given, including the naming of the area of
residence. Naming is usually used as an identity,
even a symbol that tends to be based on the
situation and historical conditions.
Various conditions were found related to the
origin of the name of the place of origin in the
migrant area of Lampung, Java, which originated
from an incident, a figure, including environmental
conditions as the basis for naming the location. In
subsequent developments, giving place names also
serves to make it easier to identify the identity of
an area. This is what is believed by the Javanese
immigrants in Gedong Tataan that the name of
each place or village has a meaning and meaning
that contains prayer and hope. Aspects that
influence the formation of Toponym at each
placement of Javanese immigrants are the physical
aspects and the socio-cultural aspects of Java.
Physical Aspects: Namely, place names related
to natural elements such as hydrology,
geomorphology, and biology-ecology. Founded the
Place names that contain natural hydrological
elements are indicated by the names Way (in
Lampung language) and Ci (in Sundanese). In
some places, using Way and Ci, Javanese migrants
did not make changes, even though the language
owners did not live close together. The names of
places with a hydrological element are Way Layap,
Ci Padang, Way Lima, Way Semak; the names of
places with geomorphological elements, namely
Sungai Langka, while the biological ecology is
Taman Sari Village and Bernung Village. There are
also village toponyms related to buildings, namely
Gedong Tataan, Bogorejo, Kutoarjo, Kurangan
Nyawa, and Gadingrejo.
Socio-Cultural Aspects. This aspect includes
influential mythical figures, the collective memory
of Javanese migrants of their ancestral lands. Real
or mythical figures influenced them when they
named their place of residence in a new area. The
name of the village, which is influenced by a
person’s character, namely Bagelen, is taken from
the name of the village of origin on the island of
Java, which is believed to come from the name of a
grandmother who is considered to have strength so
that it is considered suitable as encouragement
motivation for new land clearing through the
transmigration program in Lampung. The name
Bagelen is a combination of figures and collective
memories of Javanese immigrants. Another village
which is also taken from the name of a character,
namely Wiyono (the first person to lead the village
of Wiyono); Padang Ratu, namely the empress or
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female king; Suka Raja, who takes the word Suka
which means happy and Raja means leader; Negeri
Sakti which means a strong or large country.
The naming of villages in Javanese culture in
Lampung is based on the conditions of the places
they find and their hopes that their new lives will
be better. To make it happen, a name is given
according to these hopes and ideals to make it
happen. According to [24], two things are used as
the basis for naming a place, namely 1) processes,
features, or features engineered by humans; 2)
ideas, hopes, and aspirations for the place.
The Javanese immigrant community who lived
in the Gedong Tataan sub-district at the beginning
of their settlement must have the ability to survive,
both from an economic, social, health perspective
and from the disturbance of spirits in the forest area
where they will live. The community hopes that
this place can provide prosperity, happiness,
nobility, tranquillity, and other good things through
the place’s name from these conditions. Therefore,
names should not be arbitrary because each name
contains a good prayer, a good hope for the village
and the survival of the people who live in the
village.
Place names based on the hopes or aspirations
of the Javanese migrant community in Gedong
Tataan District, Lampung: (a) Kebagusan Village,
comes from the word Bagus. Kebagusan means
courage, strength, which is defined as a brave and
strong village. By being given the name
Kebagusan, it will be a strong and manly place and
become the pride of the people who live in the area.
(b) Kutoarjo village comes from the word Kuto
which means City, and Arjo, which means profit or
good. Kutoarjo has the meaning of a good city. The
hope is that Kutoarjo Village can be a good place
for, prosperous and fertile. (c) Negeri Sakti Village.
Negeri means State, and Sakti means strong or
powerful. Given the name of the Negeri Sakti, to
become a village that is strong like a country and
has the power to protect its people. (d) Desa
Bogorejo, Bogo means village and Rejo mean
crowd, aiming to be a fertile and peaceful place.
5. Discussions
The Toponym for village names in Gedong Tataan
District consists of the origin of the name and the
origin of the language. Although it is related to
figures, plants, historical objects, buildings, it tends
to be used in adjectives based on the origin of the
name and language [25, 26]. Meanwhile, in terms
of language origin, the most dominant place names
are in Javanese, although Indonesian, Lampung,
and Sundanese are used in some places. Below is
an analysis of the origins of village naming and the
hopes of the Gedong Tataan Jawa migrants.
Table 1. Analysis of The Meaning of Places Based on Natural and Socio-Cultural Elements
No
Element
The etymology of place names
1
The mythical
figure
Bagelen
They are taken from the
name of a strong and
powerful woman. The
name Bagelan was given
so that the people living
in the village were
strong enough to live
their lives and always
remember their origin.
2
Plant
Bernung
There are many Bernung
fruit found in the
village. banyak buah
Bernung yang
ditemukan di desa
tersebut.
3
Geographical
Sungai
Langka
found many small rivers
around the village while
large rivers are not
there.
Way
Semak
(Sukadadi)
At first, it was called
Way Semak (in
Lampung language, way
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means water, and bush
means fish). It is then
changed to Sukadadi.
Ci Padang
It was derived from the
Sundanese. Ci means
river water, and Padang
means light.
Way Layap
Way Layap is a mixed
name between Lampung
and Sunda (Way means
water, Layap means
small stream).
4
Character
Sukaraja
Suka means liking,
while the king is defined
as a leader.
Padang
Ratu,
The word “Padang”
means light, and Ratu is
the leader.
Kebagusan,
Courage, strength
Kutoarjo
Kuto comes from
Javanese, which means
City and Arjo, which
means profit or good.
Negeri
Sakti,
Negeri means State, and
Sakti means strong or
powerful.
Bogorejo,
Bogo means Village and
Rejo means Crowded
Karang
Anyar,
Karang means "yard"
and anyar means "new".
Source: primary data
Table 1 explains that the specific names of the
villages of the Javanese migrant community in
Gedong Tataan tend to be more related to
adjectives than nouns, such as those in place names
that contain natural, geographic, or cultural
elements. The adjective’s distinctive name reflects
the community’s expectation when opening the
village [27, 28].
The residence functions as a place to live,
which supports various aspects of life [29, 30]. In
naming a place to live, each tribe has its own
perspective, such as the actions taken by the
Javanese people who were the first group to
implement the transmigration program in Gedong
Tataan District, Lampung. Even though they live in
a new area, microcosm and macrocosm, the
Javanese migrants are always connected culturally
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to their area of origin, manifested through the
naming and patterns of residence. The housing
pattern of the Javanese migrant community in
Gedong Tataan consists of: First; Scattered Pattern.
The patterns are scattered with characteristics: (a)
the distance from one settlement to another is quite
far. This pattern is not conducive to inter-village
relations. For example, in the village of Bogorejo,
where the patterns of community life are spread
out, there is quite a distance from one house to
another; (b) there is still a lot of empty lands; (c)
houses are far from other settlements so that the
inter-village relationship is rather difficult. Second;
Centralized housing patterns. Namely, housing
patterns in which the residents are generally one
relative. A sense of cooperation drives the
concentration of this residence. If the population
increases, settlement expansion will lead in all
directions, without any plans. Meanwhile,
population activity centers can shift according to
expansion [31, 32]
6. Conclusion
The history of the name of the village
Transmigration in Gedong Tataan is largely
influenced by Javanese culture. The historical
factor of migration contributes to the naming
of places significantly in this area. However,
not all place-names indicate the names of areas
of origin on the island of Java. The diversity of
place names is also influenced by conditions
and situations that occur when opening a place
as a residential area. A significant finding in
this study states that all areas where Javanese
migrants and transmigrates in Lampung have
Toponym according to their area of origin from
the island of Java and include the use of
everyday Javanese. This includes preserving
customs and cultures that still thrive in the
migration and transmigration areas.
Acknowledgments:
The author would like to thank the traditional
leaders in Gedong Tataan Sub-District, Lampung
Province, to the Leaders of the University of
Lampung and the Teacher Training and Education
Faculty leaders.
Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article
(Ghostwriting Policy)
“Conceptualization, Risma Margaretha Sinaga and
Sudjarwo ; methodology, Risma Margaretha
Sinaga and Sudjarwo; formal analysis, Risma
Margaretha Sinaga and Sudjarwo; investigation,
Risma Margaretha Sinaga, Sudjarwo and Albet
Maydiantoro; resources, Risma Margaretha Sinaga,
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Risma Margaretha Sinaga; writing—original draft
preparation, Albet Maydiantoro; writing—review
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and Albet Maydiantoro; supervision, Risma
Margaretha Sinaga and Sudjarwo; project
administration, Albet Maydiantoro; funding
acquisition, Risma Margaretha Sinaga.
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in a Scientific Article or Scientific Article
Itself
This research received no external funding.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.23
Risma Margaretha Sinaga,
Sudjarwo, Albet Maydiantoro
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
225
Volume 18, 2022