The Impact of Integrating Phase Change Material upon Indoor Air
Temperature in Hot Climates
MENNATALLAH HASSAN YOUSSEF MOHAMED
Department of Architecture
The British University in Egypt
El Sherouk City, Egypt
EGYPT
MOSTAFA RIFAT
Department of Architecture
Ain Shams University, EGYPT
KHALED DEWIDAR
Department of Architecture
The British University in Egypt, EGYPT
Abstract: - The aim of this paper is to identify the effect of PCM as a building material of commercial building
envelope on the indoor air temperature within a hot climatic context as Egypt. This paper will expose the
potentials of using Phase Change Material (PCM) as an integral part of the building process to save energy,
where it first introduces the current environmental challenges and identifies the impact of Thermal Energy
Storage as a sustainable approach. Two different types of PCM will be tested in an experimental space in
Egypt on different building model orientations and different PCM allocations, to test their effect on indoor air
temperature. This will be practically examined by DesignBuilder simulation, to explore the possibilities of
improving indoor thermal comfort within the studied types. Finally, conducting a set of recommendations for
PCM application as a building material within the Egyptian context.
Key-words: Thermal energy storage, Phase change material, Building orientation, Indoor air temperature,
Design Builder Energy Simulation.
Received: May 9, 2021. Revised: November 18, 2021. Accepted: December 17, 2021. Published: January 13, 2022.
1 Introduction
The globe has been forced into a huge
environmental problem as a result of a rapid growth
in global population paired with a high rise in
energy demand. A dramatic increase in the world
population combined with a strong rise in energy
demand has directed the world to significant
environmental challenge that already shows a clear
beginning[1]. The question arises as to whether our
planet has enough resources to satisfy our current
and future demand for raw materials and primary
energies. In the building sector a more innovative
solutions are required to reduce the consumed
energy. Apart from the implementation of
sustainable settings in buildings, the reliance on air
cooling in hot climes has expanded considerably in
the recent decade, resulting in enormous demands
on electric power and less concern for preserving
fossil fuels. The amount of energy consumed varies
significantly between day and night, depending on
the demand of the building's activity sector. In hot
regions, air conditioning accounts for the majority
of load variance [2]. In this era of building energy
efficiency, all attention is focused on lowering
energy consumption and peak power demand
associated with building operations [3].The
difficulty of maintaining thermal comfort for
individuals inside buildings is complicated by daily
fluctuations in temperature and solar radiation.
Buildings that are passive or energy-conserving
attempt to control the available thermal energy in
order to ensure human comfort[4].
Buildings in hot climates need high energy to
cool the building and reach better thermal comfort
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inside. The high temperatures in Egypt cause an
increase in electricity depletion throughout the
summer. According to Egypt's state-run National
Energy Control Center, they were compelled to
minimize the pressure on the electricity grid, and
citizens were urged to control their use of
electricity, particularly the use of air conditioners
and heaters, and that was in 2013[5].
Accordingly, new aspects in building envelope
have emerged to reduce the total heat gain inside the
commercial buildings and increase the inside
comfort with less demand on HVAC systems. One
of these aspects is the Phase Change material PCM,
which is considered a “Thermal energy storage”
(TES) through the building skin, that can maintain a
sustainable environment by shifting the peak of
energy use of the building to a later time, reducing
fossil fuel consumption, and rationalizing the
building operation energy[4].
2 Thermal Energy Storage
In cold and hot regions, the building envelope is a
critical solution for reducing energy consumption,
heating and cooling and achieving energy-efficient
buildings. Cooling demand is predicted to increase
by about 150 percent globally by 2050, and by 300
percent to 600 percent in poorer countries[6].
Different solutions are recommended to minimize
energy consumption in hot climates, such as passive
techniques. Many techniques are currently under
investigation to improve the thermal performance of
the building envelope and increase its thermal
storage capacity. These techniques, which are either
implemented passively or actively, have shown
advanced improvements in decreasing the heating
and cooling loads and controlling the energy of the
building. Reducing building energy use by up to
20% by 2030 is technically possible by using such
cost-effective technologies [7].
New strategies for passive cooling are
introduced through Thermal Energy Storage TES
materials. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) includes
two aspects; the storage of heat on one hand, and the
storage of cold on the other hand. The aim of this
storage is to limit the production of thermal mass.
Heating and cooling usually take place when the
electrical network is in a critical state. In this peak
of electrical consumption, the pollution is
maximized due to the use of most polluting thermal
and electric plants, plants that are necessary to
equalize the production with the consumption. The
use of TES must be considered to cut off these
peaks. TES performs many advantages, by shifting
the production of heat or cold, it can result in a
reduction of CO2 emissions. Moreover, as
production is independent from consumption, other
solutions for the production of heat and cold can be
imagined, like solar energy or natural cooling during
the night in summer. Among other advantages, TES
also allows to reduce running costs[8].
Thermal energy storage for thermal purposes
has gotten a lot of attention in recent decades, with a
number of thermal energy storage systems
developed as industrial countries became more
electrified. Such thermal energy storage systems
offer a huge potential for improving the efficiency
of thermal energy equipment and permitting large-
scale energy substitutes from a cost perspective[9].
Energy storage comes in a variety of forms and
plays a vital role in energy conservation. Thermal
storage in a building could be critical for lowering
cooling loads and lowering temperature rises[1].
3 Phase Change Material
The study of PCM for applications in building mass
heating and cooling has a long history. M. Telkes
researched the use of PCM to store solar heat and
use it for room heating as early as the 1930s. Other
scholars continued these investigations after the
1973 oil crisis. However, applications were still not
cost-effective. The situation has begun to alter in the
last decade as energy prices have risen. The demand
for energy to maintain indoor thermal comfort has
increased around the world, particularly for cooling
and air conditioning[10].
People like to have room temperatures in a very
narrow temperature range. In this case phase change
materials can be used to control temperature swings
or for energy storage with high storage density.
Especially in buildings with low thermal mass, the
temperature can change significantly, very quickly
and therefore create an uncomfortable
environment[11].
The thermal mass effect is more efficient the
longer the time gap between storing heat and
retransmitting it inside the building. Internal
temperatures are thereby kept within human thermal
comfort levels, resulting in lower heating and
cooling loads and lower energy usage.
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Fig. 1: Heat transition regions of PCM [15]
Therefore, applications for heating and cooling in
buildings are expected to have large market
potential for phase change materials. Phase Change
Materials (PCM) are latent heat storage
material[12].
At a generally constant temperature, phase
change materials (PCMs) can absorb and release
heat during phase transitions (mostly from the solid
to the liquid state and vice versa) as shown in Fig. 1.
Furthermore, PCM’s are used to shift peak-load to
off-peak times, hence improving building
efficiency[13][14].
In fact, because of its high energy storage
density and isothermal behavior throughout the
phase shift process, latent heat storage in a PCM is
very interesting. As a result, heat generated during
periods of sunshine can be recovered and used for
air cooling in buildings [16].
When compared to a wall system without PCM
and equal geometrical parameters and insulation
material, simulations showed that using building
materials with PCM improved energy performance
[17]
PCM is an innovative way of increasing the
thermal mass of a building structure and, as a result,
the building's performance. PCM’s are included into
a building's design in a variety of ways and
combinations to serve as part of the construction
materials and to maximize the heat storage potential
[18].
4 Experimental Study
This is the practical part of the research. It is meant
to explore the possibilities for improving in door
thermal comfort in buildings through thermal energy
storage in building skin using PCM in the
commercial building envelope, with different PCM
properties in building orientations and different
PCM allocations in building envelope.
4.1 Building the Model
The practical simulation is applied to an initial
model, which is built upon the standards of the
Egyptian code of commercial buildings. According
to DOE (DOE, U.S Department of Energy, 2010),
DesignBuilder is the first comprehensive user
interface to the EnergyPlus dynamic thermal
simulation engine, developed by DesignBuilder
Software Ltd. to generate performance data, from
climate and thermal characteristics of the materials
data. The program allows the calculation of heating
and cooling loads by the method adopted by
ASHRAE and implemented in EnergyPlus [19].
According to Chandrashekaran, there are two
ways for modeling in DesignBuilder software,
namely; “building block” and “component block”.
In the “building block” modeling approach, the
program automatically defines indoor areas and
focuses on different parameters for environmental
simulation within. Where using this approach,
thermal analysis addresses the effects of the
different building component, such as the effect of
roof, floors, and walls on indoor thermal comfort
within the test zone. On the other hand, modeling
by “component block” is less efficient when it’s
used for thermal analyses. In this modeling
approach, building elements like walls are defined
as independent components. Thus, “Component
block” cannot be used for the present thermal
analysis, where it only allows for examining the
effect of walls as individual objects neglecting their
thermal impact on indoor thermal tests [20].
Therefore, the “building block” approach gives the
accurate results required for the present study,
particularly with the complexity and multiplicity of
examined variables/cases. Hence, the forthcoming
simulations are done using this approach to examine
the impact of six different vertical greening systems
upon indoor thermal behavior.
The practical simulation were applied to an
initial model, whose specifications are identified
here under. Two different PCM material properties
applied on four different building orientations with
changing the alignment of PCM on each orientation
of the initial model, to examine their individual
impact upon the indoor thermal behavior. A major
principle in selecting the material properties to be
tested is according to the Egyptian Code, and the
orientation variables are according to the heat gain
produced on each elevation, that was determined
through ecotect software. Organic PCM will be used
in the simulation. A two-wall-cross section
containing PCM will be examined on different
building orientations. Each PCM will be applied to a
wall with all other walls adiabatic, to examine the
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best performance for a material in the building
envelope of commercial unit in Cairo, Egypt, where
the used software is already equipped with the
climatic settings of Egypt. The unit is adjusted to be
commercial use due to the high consumption of
commercial buildings in the peak hours.
The organization of commercial office space
depends on human relationships and
communication. Usable floor area is based on the
principle of office units arranged in a row along the
faade or some other variants; therefore the office
size is determined through the unit of workstation
and circulation. Most of the contemporary office
furniture is rectangle in shape. Therefore, office
space is usually rectangular in shape.
The present research uses PCM material in
DesignBuilder as an inner layer of construction. As
there is no plasterboards in Designbuilder that
include PCM as the market. Therefore, they are
examined as two excessive materials attached to
each other to maintain the nearest results. Based on
a previous research conducted by Konstantinidou,
the simulation of PCM using DesignBuilder is not
that accurate because PCM does not only depend on
the material property, but the enthalpy and melting
point of it that affects the whole performance of the
material and its effect on the interior
temperature[20]. Now PCM is included as a
material with all its properties that can be tested
more accurately than any previous simulation. The
proposed initial model comprises a single working
space that is 25.7 m2 in a single-story building; it is
proposed to be rectangular as a widely used building
form. Hence, its dimensions. Hence, its dimensions
worked out as 6.6m (L) x 3.9m (W) x 3m (H) as
seen in
Fig. 2 and Table 1.
Table 1. Working space plan
Fig. 2: Tested model building block
Table 2. Conventional wall layers
Table 3 Ground floor layers
Location
Cairo, Egypt
Height
3m
Width
3.86 m
Length
6.56 m
Total floor area
25m2
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Table 4. Roof Layers
Table 5. Intermediate floor layer
All building materials for the model are built
according to the Egyptian Code to Improve Building
Energy Efficiency ECIBEE[21].
Table 2 shows the conventional way to build
exterior walls of commercial buildings in Egypt.
Table 3 shows the ground floor layers. Table 4
shows the roof layers, and Table 5 shows the
intermediate floor layers in Egypt.
4.2 Applying PCM to the Model
The organic PCM is widely known as BioPCM; it
works in the daytime by absorbing heat from solar
and internal gains and then releasing that heat
during the night in order to reduce cooling and
heating loads along with energy consumption, while
enhancing comfort in the process.
BioPCM products are stocked by the following
categories:
Q-Values: peak melting temperatures in
degrees Celsius 23°C, 25°C and 27°C.
M-Values: Btu thermal energy storage capacity
of M27, M51, M91 and M 128
Plasterboard Length: 1.22-2.44 m
Plasterboard width: 0.42 m
Generally, the HVAC thermostatic controls per Q-
Value. Whenever the M value increases, thermal
energy storage for every square meter increases.
The initial model will be examined in the light of
different PCM properties on different walls with
different faade orientation, the tested variables will
be the thermal energy storage capacity of PCM (M
value) and the location of the wall that contains
PCM on different walls of each orientation of the
building. The selected PCM is an organic phase
change material. This wall composition is selected
in accordance to the heat gain of each elevation on
the different orientations of the model. The model
will test 2 different PCM specifications on the
building wall.
Table 6 and Table 7 show the wall section
containing PCM.
4.3 Applying PCM to Different Orientations
The building has different heat again on each
elevation according to the sun-path movement. The
solar radiation differs from different climatic zones
and different wall orientations. The building
orientation is one of the key factors that affect the
building performance; especially when using
different materials to the building envelope; the
building thermally may react differently.
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Good orientation is a low-cost way to improve
occupant thermal comfort while also saving money
on cooling and heating. A suitable building
orientation will allow the building to receive the
desirable winter light while also allowing for
summer ventilation by facing the summer wind
stream [22].
Therefore, the model will shift four different
orientations with different PCM allocation
according to solar radiation. The simulation of the
four building orientations that will be presented are:
model (A), model (B), model (C) and model (D) as
shown in Table 8.
Table 6. Wall layers using PCM (1) M91/Q27
Table 7. Wall layers using PCM (2) M182/Q27
Table 8. Four different building orientation
After a brief introduction to DesignBuilder, the
technical constraints were synthesized with findings
from the preceding theoretical part towards setting
the primary model, upon which PCM variables will
be applied.
Layers from
outermost to
innermost
Resistance (m2-
K/W)
Plaster
0.15
Mortar
0.15
Brick
0.54
PCM M91/Q27
N.A.
Plasterboard
0.15
Layers from outermost to
innermost
Thickness
Resistance (m2-
K/W)
Plaster
0.05
0.15
Mortar
0.02
0.15
Brick
0.25
0.54
PCM M182/Q27
0.012
N.A.
Plasterboard
0.012
0.15
Model A
Model B
Model C
Model D
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These variables include different melting
temperatures for PCM (M value), building
orientation, and PCM alignment on different
faades. Different facade orientations were
suggested to examine applying different PCM’s as
shown in
Table 8.
For PCM systems, they were mainly selected with
two different M values and constant Q values with
the same wall cross-section.
The building orientation varies among the four basic
architectural designs to be tested. Eco-tect program
was used to simulate the amount of heat gain on
each faade to determine the efficient alignment of
PCM on each wall when changing the orientation.
Therefore, facades with higher heat gain are
examined.
There are four models with two different PCM’s,
aligning the PCM on six different walls according to
the heat gain resulting in twenty-four simulations
for each type of PCM. All of these simulations are
tested on the four days of the year (21st of March,
June, September and December) that present each
season.
In this sense, the two different PCM systems will be
applied to four building orientations with six
different alignments of the PCM wall and compared
to the initial case as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3: Modeled variables for the tested commercial space by Design Builder
5 Simulation and Results
This section is meant to report, analyze, interpret,
and discuss the results of DesignBuilder simulation
in relation to the different variables outlined earlier,
to learn practically about the impact of these
variables upon thermal comfort of a commercial
space unit within the climatic settings of Egypt.
The conventional model was tested in DesignBuilder over the
four models A,B,C and D on the four different days in the year,
so as to compare afterwards the impact of applying different
PCM’s on different orientations upon indoor thermal comfort.
Thermal simulations for conventional model A,B,C and D
results are shown in
Table 9, which compares between the
performances of the model on the four days to
determine the best performance among all models.
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After applying PCM (1), which intended to achieve
ideal thermal performances for the following four
cases:
Applying PCM 1 on the North and South faade
of model A is considered the best performance
among the other six alignments. This is due to the
achievement of a temperature difference of up to
10 °C less than the conventional model.
Applying PCM 1 on the South and West faade of
model B is considered the best performance
among the other six alignments. This is due to the
achievement of a temperature difference of up to 7
°C less than the conventional model.
Applying PCM 1 on the North West and South
East faade of model D is considered the best
performance among the other six alignments. This
is due to the achievement of a temperature
difference up to 7 °C less than the conventional
model.
Applying PCM 1 on the South East and South
West faade of model D is considered the best
performance among the other six alignments. This
is due to the achievement of temperature
difference up to 8 °C less than the conventional
model.
Table 9. Comparison between the models A,B,C & D with different PCM (1) alignment on different days of
the year
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The results of PCM (2) - M182/Q27 model
simulation were grouped in one analytical graph
presenting the thermal behavior of the four days
tested in the study. As a result one ideal case was
selected from each graph based on the thermal
performance and indoor thermal comfort
achievement. Then this comparison is applied on the
four models A,B,C and D. The result of this analysis
is four preferred PCM alignment on facades from
each model and this is illustrated in Table 10.
Table 10 compares between the performances of the
models on the four days to determine the best
performance among all models. After applying
PCM (2), which intended to achieve ideal thermal
performances for the following four cases:
Applying PCM 2 on the North and South faade
of model A is considered the best performance
among the other six alignments. This is due to the
achievement of temperature difference up to 12
°C less than the conventional model.
Applying PCM 2 on the South and West faade of
model B is considered the best performance
among the other six alignments. This is due to the
achievement of temperature difference up to 11
°C less than the conventional model.
Applying PCM 2 on the North West and South
East faade of model D is considered the best
performance among the other six alignments. This
is due to the achievement of a temperature
difference of up to 10 °C less than the
conventional model.
Applying PCM 2 on the South East and South
West faade of model D is considered the best
performance among the other six alignments. This
is due to the achievement of temperature
difference of up to 11 °C less than the
conventional model.
From the previous analysis, it was concluded that;
PCM (2) model achieved better thermal
performance than PCM (1) in comparison with
conventional case.
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Table 10. Comparison between the models A,B,C & D with different PCM (2) alignment on different days of
the year
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6 Conclusion
Applications of latent heat thermal energy storage in
buildings have the ability to decrease the
temperature in general and narrow the gap between
the peak hours and off-peak to decrease the
dependence on electricity.It also causes the
reduction of indoor temperature fluctuation to
achieve indoor comfort. Building orientations affect
the behavior of thermal comfort. In hot climates it is
better to orient the rectangular building, where the
longer side extend through the North and South. The
surface area of PCM on the walls affects overall
performance. When PCM surface area is
maximized, a reduction in indoor temperature takes
place. This was validated in Models A and B where
applying PCM on the wider, bigger surface area of
the faade achieved the best thermal comfort. The
ideal indoor air temperature is achieved when the
building is oriented toward the East- West axis. The
higher thermal energy storage capacity of PCM (M
value) the greater cooling effect for the space. M128
with a higher M value, achieved better thermal
performance in hot climates than M91 with a lower
M value. PCM has a significant positive influence
on indoor thermal comfort and moderating air
temperature, compared to a bare wall as found from
simulation tests.
7 Future Research
It is recommended to optimize PCM material on the
building envelope, the initial cost and running cost.
To be able to implement it in the commercial
building envelope in an energy efficient way.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.18
Mennatallah Hassan Youssef Mohamed,
Mostafa Rifat, Khaled Dewidar
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
171
Volume 18, 2022