A small City Rebranding: Another View of the Territorial Marketing
STAVROS KALOGIANNIDIS
University of Western Macedonia, Department of Business Administration, GREECE
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-5775
STAMATIS KONTSAS
Department of Business Administration, University of Western Macedonia, GREECE
GEORGE KONTEOS
University of Western Macedonia, Department of Business Administration, Grevena, GREECE
FOTIOS CHATZITHEODORIDIS
University of Western Macedonia, Department of Regional and Cross Border Development, Kozani,
GREECE
Abstract:- In the past few years, the process of urban design has been criticized for its definitions, ideas, steps, and
interactions with other fields. Local governments' plans for urban development often don't turn out the way people
thought they would. This literature review study tried to figure out how the development of a city's identity is
affected by the process of redesigning the city. Different studies from reputable journals and online data bases were
looked at to find out how urban planning and urban design relate to each other and how this affects the process of
re-designing a city or place for the development of the identity of a Local Government Regional Unit, with Kozani,
Greece as a case study. The study found that the connection between urban planning and urban design is often
misunderstood and seen as unclear. Even though urban design was made to connect urban planning and
architecture, there may still be a gap between the two, especially on a theoretical level. From a practical point of
view, the study wants to look into the criticisms that have been made about the theoretical goals of urban planning.
It fills in the theoretical gap in the field of urban design, both in the process and in relation to urban planning. It
looks at why such criticisms are made and what can be done to close the theoretical gap in urban planning.
Key-Words: - City redesigning process, development identity, Urban planning, and Urban design.
Received: June 12, 2021. Revised: April 20, 2022. Accepted: May 17, 2022. Published: June 2, 2022.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
During the modernist era, the discipline of urban
design grew out of the way city planning and
architecture related to the city. Planning was more
about coming up with "one-size-fits-all" solutions for
the city, while architectural ideas were more about
the buildings themselves and less about how they
interacted with the public realm [1]. Both urban
design and urban planning have their roots in
architectural theory and have grown as their own
theories have been developed. Literature often
promotes the idea that urban designers shape the city.
However, the balance of power in the city's
institutional structure doesn't support this theoretical
premise. Despite the fact that urban designers are
increasingly concerned with users' everyday
requirements and fixing concrete issues, residents do
not regard them as decision makers. Because urban
planners work at the highest levels of policy
formation, they are seen as having the authority to
make choices concerning the city [2].
Even though both urban planning and design try to
make cities look good and have good quality, the link
between the two fields is still not well understood in
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.65
Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
686
Volume 18, 2022
theory. Working in the same area helps make a high-
quality urban product because the two professions
can talk to each other [3]. This means that urban
planning theory should be able to use information
from urban design theory, which is not the case right
now. This study tries to figure out why many projects
don't turn out the way they were supposed to. Cities
face a lot of problems when they try to create good
urban design that follows the principles and goals of
urban design theory.
1.2 Purpose of the Study
This study's goal is to look at a number of gaps, such
as the difference between urban design theory and
practice in terms of how the process was criticized in
theory and how it worked in practice. It also looks at
the differences between urban design and other
fields, especially urban planning and architecture,
with urban design claiming to be a bridge between
the two. Lastly, it looks at the gap in terms of how it
affects practice, noting both the current scientific gap
and things that need to be fixed.
1.3 Significance of the Study
This literature review study renders a significant
contribution to knowledge about the importance of
city redesigning process of the development identity
of a Local Government Regional Unit.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Historical Background of City
Redesigning
Prior to the fourteenth century, urban design was
discussed within other subjects of townscape and city
planning rather than in its current form. Urban design
is, in fact, the art of the city, although this definition
hasn't been heard since the mid-sixties, when it was
discovered to be a systematic discipline taught in
American institutions. The Modernist movement
began in the 1960s as a response to the city's impacts
of the industrial revolution; yet, Modernism needed
individuals to fit into architects' ideals. In addition,
users were unable to adjust to the new settings
designed by architects since the new settings did not
represent how people really acted. As a result, such
areas ended up being alienated and ruined estates
where only a small number of people want to stay.
During the whole of the Modernist Era, the grid,
hierarchies, international style, large-scale
engineering, automation, and technology were all
used to produce life and order. The norm was
comprehensive development that matched expansion.
A return to everything that is human size was
unavoidable as a result of such an approach, which
was rejected as a philosophy and resulted in the
destruction of the public sphere [4], [5], [6].
The public realm, which was formerly considered to
be nothing more than the space in between buildings
and not the structures themselves, has recently been
the center of attention due to the increasing
complexity of activities, the increased population
density, and the allure of the sites. It is possible to
trace the origins of paying attention to design at the
urban scale back to the 1930s or 1940s at the Harvard
University Graduate School of Design, which helped
to instruct architects in an urban-minded approach.
This was the beginning of the urban design
movement [7]. [8]. This strategy demanded a more
deliberate interpretation of public space, one that
acknowledges the many different multidimensional
categories, personalities, and audiences that occupy
public spaces inside cities. In addition to
identification codes, realm culture, expressive arts,
and talents, it defines architectural, historical,
cultural, and aesthetic qualities that need to be
comprehended, planned, and utilized in the current
experience. These qualities are a part of what is
referred to as the "current experience."
Jose Luis Serte, Dean of the Harvard Graduate
School of Design, came up with the term "urban
design" in 1953. This was after a series of
conferences held from 1956 to 1970. [9]. Since then,
Serte's first vision has become the reality of urban
design, which takes into account a wider range of
social, economic, and political factors [10]. This is
seen as part of the process that leads to cultural and
aesthetically pleasing forms. The people at the
conference seemed to want to find a way to bring
together the philosophical differences between the
"art of building," like in architecture, and the
"systematic nature of planning," like in urban
planning. They thought that a new field could fill the
gap between planning and architecture. The term
"urban design" became popular in the 20th century,
but it has been a part of design theory for hundreds of
years. It was seen as a separate activity from
architecture, planning, and civil engineering, which is
how the term "urban designer" came about [11], [12],
[13].
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.65
Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
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In 1960, planning and architecture became separate
fields. Planning courses at universities focused on
how to use land and social and economic issues,
while architecture courses focused on building
design. The design of public space was a job that
both planning and architecture should have done, but
neither of them did. This left a gap that urban design
filled.
Theodora (2020) says that urban design theory is an
extension of the architect's imagination or a result of
planning practices that haven't connected with any
major theory in economics, social and political
science, geography, psychology, or the humanities
[14]. After looking into different approaches to urban
design, this result was found. In the 1990s, urban
designers in a field that was changing were worried
about things like sustainability and being compatible
with or responsive to the environment. In addition to
making cities that people can live in, urban design
also looks at the effects of cities on the environment
and climate change, the quality of the air, how energy
is burned, green transportation, water resources, and
water purification. Also, experts think that sociability
is one of the most important parts of urban design,
and the social aspect is still an important part of the
study of urban design [3], [15].
2.2 Importance of Urban Planning
Urban planning is the art of making sure that cities
and towns have a shape, design, and structure. It
involves a lot of steps, like planning and designing
buildings, transportation networks, public spaces, and
great amenities. In recent years, it has become a very
important skill, as cities have become more crowded
and resources have become scarcer. In light of the
ongoing worries about global warming and
environmental disaster, it is important to act. Urban
planning is important because it helps people find
ways to use land and infrastructure in the best way
possible. It began in ancient Rome, when there were
less than a million people living there. The
government has decided that urban planning is the
best way to deal with problems in different cities [2],
[16], [9].
Overcrowding, bad sanitation, and pollution have all
contributed to the rise in health problems caused by
urbanization. Because of how cities were built in the
past, it was hard for people to live, walk, or use
public transportation. In 2010, more than half the
world's people lived in cities for the first time. At the
time, the United Nations thought that by 2015, there
would be 358 cities with more than a million people
and 27 megacities with more than ten million people.
This will be hardest on the developing world.
Because of this, urban planning has become
important. It's also important to know why urban
planning is so important in today's world, especially
when it comes to making changes to cities or towns
[17], [18].
2.2.1 Helps the Cities to Grow
The number of people living in cities in emerging
countries is growing quickly because there are more
jobs and better educational facilities, among other
things. If there are a lot of people, there needs to be
some planning ahead of time, so the government
should always be ready. This will be done by taking
into account a number of things, such as the needs of
the people, the growth of infrastructure, and the best
way to handle emergencies. Through urban planning,
the city would have a plan to use its resources to
grow its economy and make it easier for people to
live there. Urban planning not only makes it possible
to build more homes, but it also makes sure that
transportation, health care, and the legal system are
all in good shape. So, the city will grow quickly
without hurting its economy or the people who live
there [19].
2.2.2 Improves Quality of Life
When someone moves to a city, the first thing they
think about is how good life is there. The other two
problems are finding a job and finding a place to live.
Even though living costs are higher, there are a lot of
options. To make things easier, the city manager has
to set up laws and rules about how land, public
spaces, and infrastructure should be used. Because
more people are moving into nearby towns, the city
government is building a lot of interesting places in
the city. Due to the steady rise in the number of cars,
the government is also constantly changing the rules
about driving. All of these things are meant to make
people's lives better.
2.2.3 Predict Disasters
The world and its people are facing big problems
because of global warming. Those in charge of
running a city must find out as soon as possible about
natural disasters. They are trying to predict all of
these kinds of disasters so that they can make long-
term plans and then carry them out through short-
term actions. They protect people and tourists from
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Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
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all the possible crises the world is facing right now.
Only through urban planning has it been possible to
cut down on risks for everyone's benefit [20], [9], [6].
2.2.4 Positive Impact on Economy
We all know that as cities grow, so do their needs in
terms of money. How well a place's features are
marketed to the global market using different,
effective marketing strategies is a big part of how
well its economy does [21]. One of the most
important parts of urban planning is the financial
measure, and if it isn't done right, it will have a big
effect on the city's economy. It fills a growing
number of jobs and brings down the cost of living.
Cities are now facing a huge problem: people are
leaving because there aren't enough jobs and it's too
expensive to live there. The growth of nearby rural
areas is also part of planning for cities. It does
everything it can to better develop and use rural areas
so that economic growth in the city can be sped up
[22], [1].
2.2.5 Promotes Safety and Improved Standards of
Living
Urban planners make sure that people live in a safe
and healthy place by following the recommendations
of the World Health Organization. They tell people to
pay attention to how they live. The government
makes the environment better by giving older people
enough space in the public park to exercise and relax.
They take care of machines that collect trash and
unwanted items to keep the city clean and safe for
people to live in [22], [11].
2.2.6 Promotes Development of the Nation
According to UN statistics, by 2050, more than 3
billion people would have moved to cities throughout
the globe [23]. According to Pugalis, 2014, further
urban population increase might have serious
consequences for biodiversity [7]. Every nation is
attempting to reduce the environmental effect of
rising urbanization. The management is increasing
the number of trees planted. They are boosting public
awareness among residents to encourage them to take
public transportation [24].
2.3 Nature of City Redesigning
Some of the most essential areas of city resigning are
explained below;
2.3.1 Sidewalks
The front entrance to the city is a sidewalk. They are
a public gathering place, including areas for dining,
exercising, and resting, as well as animals,
vegetation, and even micro-businesses. As cities
become less car-centric and more people-centric, it is
important to focus on diversified strip of space we
call the "sidewalk" play a more active role. In the
face of climate change, sidewalks may transform into
permeable strips of land, allowing for more robust
flood response. They might serve as extensions of
our cultural institutions and art museums, allowing
them to expand beyond their confines. Concrete
jungles might be transformed into urban sanctuaries
and profitable farms by converting sidewalks into
green belts. Sidewalks are two-dimensional
democratic strips that, because to their size, may be a
major element in how we construct urban life [25],
[26]. [27].
2.3.2 Investing in the Future
Cities are still primarily designed and created in the
same old methods, despite the introduction of fast-
moving technology that continuously challenges and
transforms the way people live in the different
surroundings of the city. Local governments may
imagine all the great locations and experiences in the
world, but until local governments develop how
cities are designed, the performance of such cities
will continue to fail in terms of competing with other
modern cities across the globe [28], [8], [27].
Cities and Streets that are more fun to play in are
always designed basing on modern designs that
support different people based activities and
infrastructural development. Researchers argue that
modern designs of cuties mist focus on supporting
fun making entities since thus helps to abstract huge
population which in the long run has a big impact on
the strategic development of the city and its dwellers
[8], [29].
Cities are generally getting denser than ever, yet
despite the fact that density creates ideal
circumstances for alternative transportation, cities are
still constructed largely with vehicles in mind. It is
important motivate and incentivise people to adopt
car-free modes of transportation majorly by
designing cities in a manner that supports walkability
and safer cycling experiences.
Adding more sidewalks isn't the only way to make
cities more walkable, which is a way of thinking that
still puts cars first. For a city to be walkable, the
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.65
Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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whole transportation and urban infrastructure needs
to be rethought, with people coming first and cars
coming second. Creating denser, more mixed-use
neighborhoods that are walkable; putting more
emphasis on green public spaces for gatherings
instead of huge parking lots; better integrating bike
storage and building protected bike lanes; putting art
and street lighting along major walkways to get
people to walk more; and lowering speed limits in
areas with a lot of pedestrians to make walking safer
and more enjoyable [30], [31].
Redesigning cities could teach us a lot about stopping
climate change and making the world more
sustainable. Because people are moving into cities in
more and more places around the world, sustainable
cities and climate change have become major global
issues. Cities play a big part in climate change
because they use 78 percent of the world's energy and
release more than 60 percent of its carbon dioxide.
Half of the world's people live in cities right now.
Since more people will be moving to cities for a long
time, local governments must focus on urban
solutions. Last year, world leaders met in Paris to
make a plan for protecting the environment. They
have promised to keep the average global
temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to well
below 2 degrees Celsius. Smaller, self-contained
cities might be worry-free from the start, which
would make them more fun and easy to live in. They
offer a good choice that keeps farmland and forest
areas intact [32], [1], [33].
2.4 Kozani Urbanism in Greece
When climate change and sustainability are taken
into account, local solutions like Kozani City and
traditional towns in Greece can teach us a lot about
how to plan and build cities that are more
sustainable.
High-quality public spaces and active communities
are important to the quality of life in a city, but most
newly built cities lack a sense of public value and
presence. On the other hand, Greece's historical cities
are known for their great social amenities and very
sustainable architecture. The most important things
about urban Greece are a small population, a wide
range of jobs, and a good quality of life [9].
Because the houses are close together, there is more
space for public areas. Because of how the streets,
buildings, and courtyards are set up, the inside
temperature is kept at a comfortable level all year
without the use of fuel or electricity. The way Kozani
is set up, both physically and socially, makes it easy
for people to share land and resources. In the last few
decades, many places have changed so much that it's
hard to remember what they looked like before. The
roads have been made bigger, and cars now get to go
first. People on foot have been pushed to whatever
little space is left, which encourages people to use
cars that run on oil [34], [35], [27].
Random urbanization has led to the growth of cities
and towns based on western ideas of growth, with
modern concrete high-rise buildings and wide streets
built for speed. Without the careful planning that
used to be a part of Kozani city, Greece's cities are
spreading all over the country and eating up natural
resources at an alarming rate. The new urban areas
are not yet built up. This has already caused a
disaster for the environment and can't keep going on
like this. As a whole, developing countries tend to
care more about economic growth than preserving
their past.
In its rush to catch up with the emerging world and
follow western ideas of "growth at all costs," Greece
could lose its thousands of years of culture and
history, including its urban design. Greece needs to
find out how much its intangible cultural assets are
worth if it wants to build a strong and stable civil
society. Human-centered design is needed to protect
the rights of pedestrians and make good places for
people to hang out. In traditional Kozani cities, brick
and stone were used to make streets that were big
enough for people to walk on. Many small buildings
were built to help people meet each other. Their
organization was based on the potential of the site
and the needs of the people who lived there, not on
the simple geometry of the grid. Kozani cared more
about the success of the group than about his own
wealth. As modern conveniences become more
common, people are losing touch with each other and
the natural world [9].
People used to have a lot of say in how the city was
built, and growth was mostly slow and natural,
giving people time to think about the changes and
patterns. On the other hand, the fast growth of today
leaves little time to think about what is meant or how
proposed changes would affect people's lives. People
used to change the places they lived to meet their
social and cultural needs. People today adapt their
lives to environments that are run from a central
location. At a time when individualism is the most
important thing, it would be hard to get people to
build a city based on community values instead of
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.65
Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
690
Volume 18, 2022
individual ones. But in the West, it is becoming clear
that people are unhappy with the strong
individualism of their countries. In order to fight
climate change, cities need to switch to structures
that are more efficient and can last longer. Kozani-
city could be a model not only for Greece but also for
the rest of the world. Along the Kozani-city
Highway, the Greek government plans to build 10
new "model cities." These should be made to look
like real Greek cities. The idea of Kozani-city can be
used almost anywhere in the world. The biggest
change is the addition of safe, nice, and easy-to-use
public transportation for trips that are too long to
walk. Any new city should have the same amenities
as Kozani-social city. This would lead to a high-
quality and long-term way of life.
2.5 Research Gap
Studies looked at in show that there is a strong link
between urban design and urban planning. In
planning the city, all users should be taken into
account. It should also look at the social side of how
it works, taking the situation and relationships with
users into account. It should take into account both
the way the city's institutions are set up and the way
its government works. However, urban design
focuses on human settlements, which frustrates
architects because it isn't very creative. No matter
what people want, urban design needs to be freed
from architectural goals to allow for aesthetic
experimentation and new ideas.
In terms of how urban design theory is thought of,
the fact that urban design was made because of how
planning and architecture were during the modernist
period led to it being thought of as a separate field
from planning. Since it started to deal with problems
caused by too much zoning, planning, and
architectural focus on buildings and not enough on
public space, it has made a lot of progress. Because
of this, urban design and planning are now seen as
separate fields when it comes to theory, research, and
education. Also, urban design theory is more about
urban planning, while urban design practice is more
about the field of urban planning. Urban design, like
urban planning, is mostly about the public sphere.
Both have a designer-client relationship with city
governments, which are the public's representatives.
The difference between theory and practice in urban
design can be put this way: urban design was created
as a way to connect architecture and planning. As its
theory was being made, it moved away from
architecture in a big way. Most countries think that
urban designers are the same as architects. Urban
design was able to move away from architectural
theory, but it lost touch with planning theory. Even
though planning theory began as a branch of
architecture, it has become much more important
over time. Also, there isn't a clear link between urban
design and the theory of urban planning. Theoretical
urban design doesn't just look at the shape of the city
or what it wants to accomplish without giving clear
ideas and suggestions for how to reach these goals
and how they should relate to urban planning.
Urban design is more like urban planning than it is
like architecture when it comes to how it is used.
Urban design has become a scientific field as its
growth has sped up in the last few decades. Many
people think that urban design is a part of urban
planning, and in many countries, it is seen as a part of
the process that is done by institutions. Also, urban
planning has been around longer than urban design.
They have the same purposes, interests, and goals,
and they are two sides of the same thing, which is the
physical city. Urban design needs to have a
philosophical connection to urban planning theory so
that it can be guided by how urban planning is done.
Even so, none of the above analyses of the urban
design process as it is described in theory seem to
acknowledge or pull from a theoretical background
any connection to urban planning. Because of this,
the relationship between urban design and planning
and the clamps is still unclear. This makes it hard for
urban design to be successful in practice, and the Gap
it tried to bridge between architecture and planning
was successful with architecture but not with urban
planning theory or practice.
3 Methodology
Secondary data were used in the study, so a literature
search was done to look at different articles and
documents from different data bases that are known
to be reliable. The main goal of this paper is to look
at the literature about the relationship between urban
design and the fields of urban planning and
architecture, on the one hand, and to see how much
the urban design process can be judged based on
professional practices and academic theories, on the
other. The goal of this study is to explain how the
process of urban design is both planned and
unplanned, as well as how thoughts flow.
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Stavros Kalogiannidis, Stamatis Kontsas,
George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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The definitions, goals, stakeholders, process flow,
and relationship with other disciplines are all
mentioned in the study as structuring components of
the urban design process. The purpose of this study is
to illustrate how these aspects are related to the
disciplines of architecture and urban planning, as
well as to emphasize the contrasts and gaps between
these disciplines in terms of these elements. The
study examined the connection gaps and overlaps
between the three disciplines, as well as the
responsibilities of urban design, in order to bridge
these gaps or align the common characteristics of the
several disciplines.
4 Results
4.1 Critical Examination of Theoretical
Urban Redesigning Techniques
Several urban design techniques have been subjected
to significant adjustments and revisions during
implementation, or even left unfinished in the past. It
is not uncommon for urban design initiatives to come
out differently from what was originally planned. In
reality, urban design has been chastised for its
theoretical components of definition, aims,
stakeholders, and process flow, as well as its
ambiguous connection with other disciplines like
planning and architecture. Those features may be
thought of as the building blocks of the urban design
process. These factors need a rigorous examination in
order to comprehend why theoretical dreams vary
from practices.
"Urban design" has been explained in many different
ways, with different scopes, methods, classifications,
and scales, as well as different meanings. Urban
design has as many definitions as there are writers
and people who work in the field. For example, it has
been called a bridge between architecture and urban
planning, a multidisciplinary, complex process that
includes more than just architecture and planning,
and a relationship between built and unbuilt space. It
was also called the art of making cities look better,
the art of making people's and the public's lives
better, and a way of thinking. Some people even call
it the spaces between buildings, but that's not a very
good way to describe it. All of these different ideas
about what "urban design" means led to a lot of
confusion about the term and what it means, as well
as a lot of criticism of how it was defined in the
literature [3]
According to Lang, the phrase is poorly defined, as if
this was done on purpose to make the term vague and
imprecise [36]. Because it lacks a distinct authority,
function, or area, urban design's inherent worth lies
in its ambiguity. The efforts by users to establish a
practical definition for urban design may be anything
that can be seen out the window, but if everything
can be urban design, then nothing can be urban
design [35]. It's been far simpler to define what urban
design isn't than it has been to define what it is.
Despite the fact that it is neither architecture, civil
engineering, landscape architecture, nor town
planning, it encompasses all of the above. As a result,
it is difficult for the urban design industry to achieve
considerable progress if it is defining goal, nature,
and methodologies are not conceptually evident [27].
4.1.1 Urban Design Objectives
According to urban design literature, there are five
core aims that are most typically included in every
new development plan in various expressions. Table
1 compiles some of the many works on urban design
goals. Such goals are often used to generate and
improve the benefits that a good city may provide.
Table 1. Summary of the different objectives for City or urban redesigning based on literature reviewed
Objective
Principle of urban
design
Outcome
Authors
Ensuring Safety &
security
Safety and security
design mechanisms
A highly safe city to
live in
[27] , [37] ,[10]
Creating a Livable
environment
Luxurious city designs
A city too luxurious
for the city dwellers
[5] , [11] ,[6]
Supporting the
natural
Environmental friendly
city designs
A city that supports
environmental
[4], [11], [38] ,[10]
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environment
conservation
Considering the place
identity & form
Identity supporting
designs
A city based on a
modified city identity
[39], [40], [22]
Urban structure,
enclosure and
continuity: how it all
fits together
Highly structural
fitting city design
A highly ambience
city
[2], [37]
Build with Legibility
&
authenticity
A legally approved
city design
An organized city
center
[2], [18], [27]
Improving
Accessibility,
Connectivity
A design that supports
interconnectivity
A highly
interconnected city
[41], [40]
Table 1 has presented a general summary of the
different objective that normally guide the
redesigning of cities by different local governments.
Local governments tend to achieve most of the
objectives such as improving community connection,
enhancing community participation in city activities,
and enhancing safety and wellbeing of the city
dwellers. But since other things, like social and
economic conditions, are involved in development, it
is hard for urban design as a profession to get the
results that are wanted on its own. There are many
ways that a lack of urban planning and design skills
can show up, especially in poor countries. Bad
methods are shown by bad urban policies, weak
networks, too much zoning, and a lack of
accessibility. This kind of status doesn't make people
happy or improve their well-being, which is a basic
goal for urban design. Because of this, urban design
goals don't always come true. Another criticism of
theoretical goals and principles of urban design is
that they can change based on context and other
factors of urban growth, just like the idea of urban
design itself. The different goals or objectives of city
redesigning normally vary in various ways,
including:
Resource allocation laws and policies have
an influence on urban growth.
Racial and ethnic differences that have a
strong influence on neighborhood formation
Practices are influenced by cultural norms
and traditions.
The extent of government and urban
planning authority is defined by political
authority and power situations.
As a result, focused urban design aims are seen as a
variable influenced by increased degrees of
urbanization as well as other social, economic, and
political issues, rather than a universal input for all
cities [40].
4.2 Stakeholders Involved in City Redesigning
Analyzing the steps involved in the urban design
process provides people engaged with the creation of
the built environment with a broader perspective. The
urban designers aren't in charge of a lot of the
decision-making. As a result, intangible decision
makers and players in larger planning and
policymaking contexts always have an impact on the
critiqued urban design outcome [11].
The three types of stakeholders are regulators,
producers, and consumers. The main things that drive
the urban design process are regulators, such as
government agencies, planning authorities, and
economic regulators. This has an effect on how the
success or failure of urban design is judged, not just
in terms of the physical part of the built environment
that needs to be judged, but also in terms of the
process as a whole, including planning and policy
considerations. Because these stakeholders have an
indirect effect, it's important to look closely at their
motivations, goals, power, and the organizational and
institutional framework that affects urban
development in general and urban design in
particular [25], [17].
Because of the interdisciplinary character of urban
design, stakeholders' motives, ambitions, and
interests are all intertwined. A conflict of interest is a
natural result of such a situation. As a result, urban
design may be threatened by factors such as
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economic and political concerns, which frequently
push urban growth in favor of certain sectors despite
people' desires. Another issue is top-down city
management strategies that are based on political and
bureaucratic dynamics rather than economic and
social demands. Alternatively, the opposite extreme
is to generalize all user demands and respond to them
all in the same way. This implies that urban planners
must strike a balance between many requirements
and conflicts in order to accomplish the policies'
desired outcomes [28], [42].
So, planning and urban policy, which are part of the
higher stages of development, are seen as the most
important factors in the process. It's not enough to
just make a list of the people who have a stake in
urban design as contributors to the process. It's just as
important to analyze these conflicts as it is to make
the list, and understanding the strong link between
urban design and higher stages of development in
terms of planning and policy is key to good practice
[15].
4.2.1 Theoretical and Practical Role of
Stakeholders in City Redesigning
An analysis of criticisms of literature on urban design
players shows that the main drivers of the process are
the higher stages of development, such as urban
planning and policies. Creating a list of urban design
stakeholders isn't enough. Conflicts of interest are the
main reason why stakeholders have responsibilities
[35]. The theory of urban design doesn't take into
account the political and economic factors and
conflicts when figuring out who the "stakeholders"
are in the design process. Because of this, a utopian
view of political and economic factors as the only
supporting factor, no matter what the circumstances,
motivations, or conflicts, comes about. This means
that ideas for urban design must include a key part of
the institutional, political, and economic framework
[26].
4.3 Process of Urban redesigning
The flow of the urban design process, which can be
thought of as a systematic problem-solving approach,
is the fourth component. Most general models of the
urban design process offer a logical, systematic
technique that proceeds through various phases, from
problem description through evaluation of the actual
solution, providing a basic structure to the thinking
process. The clear sequential approach provided by
such models, on the other hand, is not typical of the
urban planning process, which is primarily reliant on
trial and error [9], [31], [38].
The urban design process is iterative, cyclical, and
more spontaneous in reality than the representations
imply, hence some of these processes are designated
as linear. Urban design is comparable to the city-
scale urban planning process, architectural design,
infrastructure, and landscape design at this level.
Plans cannot be developed without taking into
account the consequences of the physical component;
as a result, converting plans into designs is intended
to be an interactive rather than a sequential process,
in which the planners are influenced by the urban
designer's architectural ideas. This diplomacy
between planners and interpreters – urban designers –
is critical to success, but mediation or persuasion are
insufficient. This indicates that the urban design and
planning processes are intrinsically connected,
iterative, and participatory. The intimate relationship
between plans and designs is seen in the way they are
translated into designs. However, although there is a
wealth of material on the methods that should be
followed to conceptualize a desired urban form, there
is a scarcity of knowledge on how it should be
achieved[43], [27] .
Crew says that while urban planners should know
how to change people's minds in different ways,
architects should know about different building
materials and how to use them in different situations
[16]. On the other hand, most urban designers have
no idea about this kind of information. There wasn't
much out there to teach urban designers about these
kinds of ways to come up with urban design
solutions, which may be why there aren't many
successful urban places. One part of urban design
success is said to be doing research to learn how to
influence public and private decisions in the right
way. So, a process flow for urban design isn't enough
to show how urban design should fit into and interact
with higher-level design in the way that it needs to:
in a series of steps. The theoretical foundations and
literature don't say anything about how it should
interact with and talk to the urban planning process
[3], [7], [15].
4.4 Relationships between Urban Design and
other Disciplines
The urban design process involves many different
fields of study, and one of the most important things
to know about it is how it works with other fields.
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Theoretical models of urban development design
usually show that decisions made during the
development process, which includes planning,
policy, urban design, architecture, and so on, are
made in a loop, not in a straight line. But things don't
work as dynamically in different fields as theory says
they should.
John Rouse made seven clamps for urban design and
how it relates to other fields. Each clamp is a critique
of how urban design interacts with other fields and
how that might be hard to do in practice. They can be
put into general groups, starting with the size of
urban policy, planning, and structure and ending with
the design of the city itself [40]. John Rouse's
Clamps was mostly about bigger things that affect
urban development, like urban policies, urban
planning, frameworks and rules, and the importance
and education of urban design. It says that the lack of
involvement in urban design at the regional, national,
and even local policy levels hurts the process of
urban design [22], [44]
On a planning level, the fact that urban design isn't
included in strategic plans and that people don't pay
attention to it is another bottleneck. No proactive
approaches to urban design are used. Another
problem is that people plan for the short term without
thinking about a long-term plan that includes
structures and spaces. In terms of laws and structures,
too many rules can kill creativity in urban design,
while not being able to control the quality of designs
can lead to bad urban design [9]. The financial part of
how much urban design is worth compared to how
much it costs is hard, and the way urban designers
are trained still needs to improve so they can do
better work, as shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1: The seven Clamps of Urban Design.
4.5 Conceptualizing the Unbridged Gap about
City or Urban Designing
Apart from the actual implementation, the
disciplinary aspirations of every urban design project
are often regarded as fantasies. There are several
examples throughout history of urban planning
proposals that were altered or abandoned during
execution. While urban design should decide how the
urban environment will be, its failure to meet its own
goals and requirements calls into question its role as
a professional discipline. As a result, urban designers
often anticipate their efforts to go overlooked [4],
[32], [31].
Doubting urban design's ability to control the built
environment can come in two forms: first,
recognizing the need for a pluralistic approach to
shaping the city due to the need for multidisciplinary
collaboration; or second, doubting the applicability of
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future urban design proposals, extending the doubts
to the discipline itself. In this way, questioning urban
design may be the same as giving up on it completely
[40]. Exploring these ideas brings us back to the
main purpose of urban design, which is to connect
architecture and urban planning. If a city can't meet
its goals in terms of the urban product, it's not the
city's fault; it's a problem with urban design. So, it's
important to look at the process to figure out what
went wrong. In general, the process is linked to
planning and affected by things like economic,
political, and social issues [2], [9]. But the
connection between urban design and urban planning
in practice may be one of the reasons why urban
design practice hasn't worked out. One problem with
the urban design process is that urban design and
planning often go hand in hand [18].In the 1960s,
when planning focused more on land-use patterns
and socio-economic issues and architectural design
focused on buildings, it became clear that the two
fields had different responsibilities. Also, urban
design became important for a new utopian
philosophy. Professionals in urban planning need to
know both a lot about theory and how to put it into
practice in a way that will most likely get the results
they want[2], [7], [50]. For a full explanation, you
need to know a little bit about the past and look at the
relationship between urban planning and urban
design, as well as architecture and urban design.
Also, the changes to the city and its architecture, like
changing how buildings are used or how outdoor
spaces are used, will cause a distinct change that will
show up in different ways. Many discussions about
urban design have been dominated by ideas about
how to change how people interact with each other
through design and how that relates to architecture.
This scale is in between architecture and urban
planning. Its main focus is on public spaces in cities,
which are often called "third places." It is a term for
public gathering places that are important for social
and community life and help keep local democracy
and a sense of community alive [27].
4.6 Practical Perspective of Urban or City
Redesigning
Urban design is what it is today because of trial and
error, learning from mistakes and successes, good
and bad practices, and global innovation in the built
environment. Some scholars have questioned how
urban design has been and is being done. They say
that the main goal of urban design is to avoid making
the same mistakes again and to adapt to changing
lifestyles and needs. Urban planning has the same
pattern: good starts and bad endings. Over time, new
urban theories are created through a series of steps:
intellectual acceptance, followed by the construction
of a model scheme that results in a well-coordinated
project that is praised by critics but often copied by
other professionals in the wrong places, which makes
it hard to achieve successful urban design [17], [14].
Many well-known examples of failed urban design
methods or ideas always show flaws in the original
idea or the wrong way to use the idea. This makes
professionals wonder why problems weren't found
earlier in the first design model, and the cycle
continues until a new theory or idea comes along and
becomes popular [9]. This cyclical situation is often
caused by sudden policy changes and the need for
changes in response to the political climate and
current needs. This explains many of the urban
design disasters that have happened in the past.
Policy failure is linked to urban design failure
through policy and planning framework decisions.
This is why there hasn't been much progress in
making cities better places to live [8].
In a more practical and economic way, there is a big
difference between how the private sector spends
money on buildings and how the public sector spends
money on the space between buildings. Market-
driven advances always lead to new things, not new
relationships. Sternberg says that real estate markets
tend to follow an impersonal and independent logic,
which leads to the slicing and breaking up of the
urban environment and cities that don't make sense
[6]. In reality, developments are often focused on the
inside in order to keep control. As a result, these
developments separate themselves from the
environment and the rest of the city, which justifies
more projects that focus on the inside. So, the process
of urban design should try to stop and turn around
this cycle. By following the rules and laws set up for
public space and area development, projects should
be able to add to the city as a whole [11].
Several observations and analyses of different case
studies have shown that poor urban design is caused
by a lack of urban design skills in both the private
and public sectors, not by a conscious choice not to
invest in a good urban design product or by a lack of
time and effort. There is a hole in urban development
education that needs to be filled so that we can learn
more about how to make good urban design and
make tools to encourage developers to make better
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urban design for people that goes beyond their
development boundaries [17], [7].
4.7 Urban Design and Architecture
Relationship
Most ideas and beliefs about urban design come from
architecture, and most people who work in urban
design are also architects. Even though urban design
is mostly about the natural environment, it is also
about how the natural environment interacts with the
built environment [2]. In theory, urban design should
be able to give some rules for how to design things
like buildings that are in the public domain. On the
other hand, the built environment is usually the
responsibility of the architect, not the urban designer.
Because an architect's tasks and those of an urban
planner overlap on a larger scale, this link is harder to
understand [44], [26].
Kreiger's study about remaking cities gave some
information about urban design debates. He says that
most people who have done urban design have been
architects who are interested in urbanism. Sebastian
Loew said something similar about people who do
urban design. He said that in many places, urban
designers don't call themselves urbanists because
they have a background in engineering. In the early
stages of planning a city, engineers do a lot of the
work. In countries like Germany, the term "urbanist"
is part of the field of engineering. When the
modernist movement started, architects were the first
people to start thinking about urban design [25].
Loew says that urban design is called "urbanism" in
most countries, and that architects are in charge of it.
Which have titles that include the words "urbanist"
and "architect." Latin America, Egypt, France,
Morocco, and a few other countries are on this list,
but the difference is that they may have architects
who specialize in city design rather than the purpose
of urban design, but no country has an urban design
profession in and of itself [32], [27]. Since 2001, the
UK has had an urban design law, which is rare in
other countries. The problem with urban design right
now is that it is often confused with large-scale
architecture, which is made up of building facades
and complexes. This has made urban design more
about designing products than making places. When
looking at the urban setting, it's not enough to just
look at visual and contextual factors. As a result, the
profession became focused on making things, and the
cities that were made were not good places to live
[14].
4.8 Urban Design and Planning Relationship
Theoretically, it's hard to tell the difference between
architectural theory and urban design theory, but it's
easier to tell the difference between planning theory
and other theories. Planning has been a separate
subject for more than a century, but urban design
didn't come about until the 1960s. Before that,
planning focused more on land use, social issues, and
infrastructure than on the physical features that urban
design was all about. In reality, urban design, which
comes from many different fields, can be done in
many different ways. When urban design practice is
done with a focus on planning, the end result is
something that is good for the public. Without this
planning point of view, urban design is more about
making money [9], [38].
Adopting a more holistic approach to urban design,
which may include larger parts of the city, on the
other hand, makes urban design issues even more
complicated because it overlaps with the tasks and
operations of urban planners on a larger scale. So,
urban design can't be limited to a certain size of
public or private space. It has to be a part of all city
sizes and can't just be in one place. If it's only in one
place, it won't help design the city well [2], [45]. So,
urban design can't be thought of as a clear bridge
between planning and architecture because its tasks
overlap with both. Because urban design is a mix of
different fields, it has become a tool for solving
problems in cities, with a strong focus on people,
places, and the environment. Urban planning and
urban design are seen as parts of the same process
because they both deal with the layout and
organization of environments in different ways.
Because of this, both processes are inherently linked,
but they seem to be quite different in real life [46].
Top academics have looked into this issue, but they
haven't written the important conclusions yet. Gunder
says that urban design is only a small part of urban
planning. Pasty Healy says that urban design is a
very important part of planning when it comes to
making places. Even though there are more and more
calls for the two fields to be kept separate, Gunder
says that as a planner who went to school in the late
1970s, he can only see that urban planning and urban
design are the same [47].
He says that urban design is a part of planning that
deals with how cities look and how easy they are to
live in. Urban design is a key part of good planning
in the best cities around the world. Even though
urban design and planning have different goals and
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areas of focus, they cannot be separated because they
are both part of municipal public planning. From a
planning point of view, urban design practice may
have secondary or even unrelated goals. However,
urban design must be influenced by planning theory
first, or the goals will be scattered, which will lower
the quality of the end result. The theory of urban
design needs to connect to the theory of urban
planning for it to be useful. Most ideas for urban
design are half-baked theories that never cover all of
the important parts [44], [40].
Because urban design is always a part of a social and
political environment, its theoretical foundation
should include social and political factors, which can
also be taken from planning practice. Both urban
design and planning try to change the way things
look in the real world, so neither can ignore the other.
Planning and urban design are both important, so
their goals should be worked on at the same time [6],
[23].
4.8.1 Theoretical Perspective of Urban
Redesigning
Analyzing the criticism leveled at the urban design
process yields a number of suggested changes to the
method's constituent aspects. These steps are
suggested as a recommended research strategy for
urban design academics, theorists, and writers in the
study. Criticizing the current state of urban design
just helps to discover the flaws; what is actually
required is to solve such flaws by constant research
activities at each step of the process. This
necessitates a response to genuine issues raised by
the critique [19], [6], [38], [52].
The critique leveled at the concept of urban design,
particularly its ambiguity, does not address the fact
that the definitions supplied for urban design are still
inadequate. This isn't a promising sign for the
discipline's advancement. More criticism, however,
will not solve the problem; rather, with cities having
existed for more than half a century, revisiting the
old understandings and definitions for urban design is
highly required, not to criticize those definitions -
they were very successful and advantageous trials to
further understand a new discipline at the time-but to
update the discipline to what it is today [3], [11].
4.8.2 Justification of the Theoretical Objectives of
Urban Redesigning
Economic growth, regulations, rules, racial and
ethnic diversity, cultural norms and traditions,
political authority and power circumstances all
contribute to the success or failure of urban planning
aims, as discussed before. While theory may suggest
that a city has failed to implement various urban
planning principles, the reality of the situation may
suggest otherwise. The background might even
extend to the city's policies and objectives [17], [8].
This implies that adding heterogeneity in terms of
theoretical urban design principles might undermine
the point of having principles in the first place and
challenge urban design standards. Putting urban
design concepts and aims into a contextual mold may
result in confusion in comprehending such variances,
as well as confusion in teaching urban design, which
is not the goal. The goal is not to add to the chaos
that urban design strives to reduce, but to create
terms of flexibility within those principles, stressing
the most important features first, as well as the
characteristics that suggest the principles for each
environment [9], [7].
5 Discussion
In the last few decades, there has been a lot of
criticism in the literature about how urban or city
redesigning is done and why it doesn't work as
planned. The gap between what a field wants to do
and what it actually does is getting bigger and has
been studied a lot. Even though there are theoretical
ideas about how to make an urban design process
work, a high-quality result is not guaranteed [43], [9].
The reason it hasn't been possible to make a well-
structured urban product is because the focus has
been on the product, not the process. This paper
talked about the reasons for the gap between theory
and practice of urban design by doing a critical
analysis of the theoretical principles of the elements
that make up the urban design process, including its
definition, goals, stakeholders, process flow,
relationship with other fields, and relationship with
urban planning [46], [48].
The theoretical literature on how to design cities well
isn't always as helpful as it seems. The urban design
process described in the literature could be applied to
any other process in any field, and it was never
explained how it should work with the urban
planning and architecture processes that come before
or after it. This means that a new, realistic process
needs to be made based on examples of successful
urban design products from around the world. This
will help us understand both the flaws and the
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possibilities of the practical urban design process and
give us a real, updated urban design process [4], [32].
Even though the iterative nature of urban design
theory and its connection to other fields doesn't work
in practice, this doesn't mean that other ways of
looking at this relationship will also fail. Theoretical
literature should adapt this to different situations,
which would mean that the most important thing isn't
always the iterative link, but rather the dynamics of
each country, state, or city. As part of the process,
these institutional and organizational framework
dynamics should be looked at, and the urban design
process should be put into place with as few changes
as possible [2], [41].
Gospodini and Manika say that even though urban
design was made to close the gap between urban
planning and architecture, it has not been able to do
so [9]. The relationship between urban planning and
urban design has shown the theoretical gap more
clearly than the relationship between architecture and
urban planning. History shows that the reason for this
gap is that the core of urban design theory has
separated from architecture. Also, architects were
mostly the ones who sparked the idea of urban design
in the first place. Architects from all over the world
have been contacted about this problem up until now
[5], [9], [49], [51]. In practice, urban design and
urban planning are inextricably linked because they
are two sides of the same thing, the physical public
realm, with the same client, the public, and many
problems due to their interdisciplinary nature [9],
[53]. But since the theoretical basis of urban design
has nothing to do with urban planning, it has been
suggested that this may be the cause of the current
practice gap, in which the theoretical goals of urban
design are not met in real life.
6 Conclusion
Urban planners have to think about a lot of different
things. It's not just about planting trees and picking
up trash. This is why cities have become so important
over the past few decades. As cities get bigger, they
will always need urban planning. So, it needs to be
used everywhere, especially in countries with less
technology. They will always have to deal with hard
situations, and if urban planning isn't done, things
will only get worse. Not only should leaders and
managers be responsible, but everyone should act
responsibly for the good of the community, city, and
country. In spite of this theoretical gap, the report
says that some practices are still seen as good
examples of urban planning in different countries.
That is, they helped achieve the goal of urban design,
which was to bring art into the city and connect the
built and natural environments. This means that the
core of theory can be changed and updated even
more to fit the current state of the art. This can be
done by adding new, successful experiences to the
current theories that are used to plan cities.
6.1 Recommendations
The following are the recommendation based in the
findings of the literature review study;
This stud clearly showed that most cities are
redesigned based on different objectives that the new
city must satisfy. It is therefore important for local
government authorities to always propose achievable
objectives that can help redesign a more appeasing
city or regional unit.
The nature if the urban design and urban planning lay
a key role in undertaking a successful redesigning
process. It is therefore important to have qualified
technical personnel that can draft proper plans and
designs so as to have a successful redesigning
process.
6.2 Areas for Future Research
The current study majorly focused on the review of
the theoretical perspectives of urban planning, and
the objectives of city redesigning. Future research
can therefore focus on the relevance of modern
architectural designs in enhancing the development
identity of a local or regional unit.
Acknowledgement:
We would like to express our special appreciation
and thanks to University of Western Macedonia,
Greece.
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[3] Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2021). Transforming
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.65
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George Konteos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis
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