Identifying the Composition of Plant Species and Useful Plants in the
Forests of Taman Gumi Banten in Indonesia
NYOMAN WIJANA 1,*, I MADE OKA RIAWAN 1, I WAYAN SUKRAWARPALA 1
1Department of Biology, Fisheries and Marine Sciences,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Ganesha University of Education
INDONESIA
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the composition of plant species and Useful plants in the forests of
Taman Gumi Banten, Indonesia. This research conducted in the forests of Taman Gumi Banten and village
Wanagiri. The population of this study, from the ecosystem aspect, is all plant species in the Taman Gumi
Banten forest. From the sociosystem aspect, it is the entire community in Wanagiri village. The sample of this
research from the ecosystem aspect is the plant species covered by squares. From the sociosystem aspect, it is a
community component. The total sample is 50 people. Data collection methods are quadratic methods and
interviews. The sampling technique is a systematic sampling technique. Data were analysed descriptively. The
conclusions of this study are (1) There are 68 plant species in the entire forest of Taman Gumi Banten, (2) Of
the 68 existing plant species, as many as 59 (86.76%) of the plant species were useful plants, while 9 (13.24%)
of them were unknown. (5) The use of plants by the local community is 23 species (38.98%) for food, 20
species (33.89%) for boards, 9 species (15.25%) for medicine, 25 species (47.17%) ) for Hindu religious
ceremonies, and industrial materials there are 1 species (1.69%).
Key-Words: - Composition of Plant Species, Useful Plants, Banten, Wanagiri
Received: April 5, 2021. Revised: November 5, 2021. Accepted: December 5, 2021. Published: January 7, 2022.
1 Introduction
Geographically and administratively Wanagiri
Village is one of 129 villages in Buleleng Regency
and has an area of 1,575 km2. Topographically, it is
located at an altitude of 1,220 meters above sea
level (asl). The position of Wanagiri village is hilly
which is located in the southern part of Sukasada
District, Buleleng Regency. Based on the Decree of
the Buleleng Regent Number 430/405 / HK / 2017,
regarding the Tourism Village of Buleleng Regency,
there are 31 villages designated as tourist villages,
one of which is Wanagiri village as a tourist village.
What is interesting is that the attractions in Wanagiri
Village, Sukasada District are the presence of wild
animals, namely long-tailed macaques, which are
quite friendly when approached by visiting tourists.
This village is surrounded by Tamblingan Lake,
thus giving added value to the view that this village
has. In addition, this village has quite interesting
objects, namely waterfall tourism objects, namely
Banyumala waterfall, Banyuwana Amertha
waterfall, peak Manik waterfall, and Cemara
waterfall [1],[2].
Based on the Decree of the Governor of Bali No.
2017/03-L / HK / 2005 dated 30 October 2015
concerning Village Forest Management Rights
(HPHD) granted an area of 30,041 ha managed by
Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDES). For Sawan
Sub district, this management grant covers the
village of Lemukih village covering an area of 988
ha, Galungan village 712 ha, and Sudaji village 90
ha. Meanwhile, Wanagiri village as one of the
villages in the Sukasada District area is entrusted
with managing 250 ha of forest [1],[2].
The transfer of forest management from the
government to customary villages is intended so that
the forest can be used for community welfare, one
of which is to support tourism villages. There are
several traditional villages planning the forest to be
used for tourism objects, on the other hand, there are
villages that will use the forest as an intercropping
forest. The working area of the village forest in
Wanagiri village based on the results of the 2017
simple boundary demarcation is 256.53 hectares and
is in a protected forest area. According to the results
of spatial data processing of the Land Cover Map in
Bali in 2017, the results of land cover are mostly
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still dominated by secondary dry land forest.
However, based on observations, in general the
condition of land cover in the village forest is
almost 80% in the form of mixed garden stands, and
about 20% is still natural forest. In some places the
community carries out land use activities for
agricultural and plantation activities. The land cover
is quite open, especially in locations that are used
for the cultivation of broken flower plants that
require full lighting. The location with the densest
stand cover is in the forest area of hamlet Bhuana
Sari.
Based on observations, the potential for non-
timber forest products (HHBK) in the Wanagiri
Village Forest area includes types of Multi Purposes
Trees Species (MPTS) stands such as jackfruit,
candlenut, mangosteen, durian, rattan, bamboo,
sapodilla, avocado, sugar palm, coconut. Some of
these MPTS stands have only been planted since
2017, to reduce land openness due to planting
thousand broken flowers. Meanwhile, for under-
standing utilization, people generally plant coffee
plants with the types of Arabica and Robusta.
Generally, the potential of NTFPs is planted in a
mixed stand pattern between timber plants, MPTS
plants and plantation / agricultural crops [1],[2].
The variety of potential NTFPs in the village
forest area (HD) of Wanagiri village includes
candlenut, jackfruit, rattan, bamboo palm, durian,
mangosteen, avukan, palm oil, coconut and coffee.
Especially for coffee plants and thousand broken
flowers, apart from inside the Village Forest
working area, the people of Wanagiri Village also
plant a lot of these commodities outside the area/on
owned lands [1],[2].
The Taman Gumi Banten forest, as a part of the
forest in Wanagiri village, is in the same condition
as other forests in Wanagiri village. Previously,
illegal logging had been carried out by irresponsible
people. The condition of the forest is very worrying.
In 2017, there was also replanting using mahogany
plants. The community is allowed to plant coffee,
banana, durian and other cultivated plants. In
subsequent developments, along with the
development of tourist villages, the forest area was
designed to be developed into a tourist attraction
with special plant characteristics in the form of
Banten (offerings, facilities and infrastructure for
Hindu religious ceremonies in Bali). Therefore, the
forest is called the Taman Gumi Banten forest.
The studies that have been carried out which are
analogous to this research are in the villages of
Tenganan Pegringsingan, Karangasem Bali,
Monkey Forest, Gianyar, Sawan District, Buleleng,
Penglipura, Bangli and others. In summary, it is
stated that the research supporting this research was
conducted in Bali [3]-10].and outside of Bali [11]-
[16].
The remains of plants in the middle of the village
forest, especially in the Taman Gumi Banten forest,
after the occurrence of illegal logging and replanting
in 2017, there is no data that can be used
scientifically related to the existing flora. Likewise,
the use of existing plants by the local community is
based on the socio-culture of the Wanagiri village
community. The results of the research that the
authors have done are on reff [7],[17] producing a
map of the distribution of rare plant species in the
Monkey Forest, Penglipuran, and Alas Kedaton
Tourism Forest. The results of the second-year
research show that the conservation pattern based on
local wisdom is oriented towards awig-awig, myth,
religion, tenget (haunted), tonya (resident creatures),
and the awareness of the local community. The
study conducted by [18] regarding body symbol
plants, on medicinal plants show that traditionally in
the Balinese Age Tenganan Pegringsingan village,
they do not use plant symbolic bodies in
pengabenan ceremonies (cremation ceremonies).
The use of plant species in the village of Bali
Age Tenganan Pegringsingan does not affect the
destruction of the customary forests in the village,
the customary forests are still sustainable. This
research is also supported by other ethno-botany
research such as [19]-[24].
With the description above, it is considered very
important in this study with the aim of (1) Knowing
the composition of plant species in the forests of
Taman Gumi Banten. (2) knowing useful plants in
the forest of Taman Gumi Banten.
2 Materials and Methods
The implementation of this research can generally
be stated that it is located in the village of Wanagiri,
Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province.
Specifically, the location of this research is in two
places, namely in the village of Wanagiri and in the
forest of Taman Gumi Banten. In Wanagiri village,
it is devoted to collecting data related to data on the
use of plants by the community through interviews
with the community. Meanwhile, the Taman Gumi
Banten forest is related to the collection of plant
species composition data.
This research was conducted in the forests of
Taman Gumi Banten and village Wanagiri. The
population of this study, from the ecosystem aspect,
is all plant species in the Taman Gumi Banten
forest. From the sociosystem aspect, it is the entire
community in Wanagiri village. The sample of this
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research from the ecosystem aspect is the plant
species covered by squares. From the sociosystem
aspect, it is a community component which. The
total sample is 50 people. Data collection methods
are quadratic methods and interviews.
In this area of Wanagiri village, there is one
forest in the east and north of Wanagiri village
which is called the Taman Gumi Banten forest. This
forest is a management grant from the central
government to the traditional village of Wanagiri.
This refers to the Decree of the Governor of Bali
No. 2017/03-L / HK / 2005 dated 30 October 2015
concerning Village Forest Management Rights
(HPHD) covering an area of 250 ha. The location of
this research is clearly presented as shown in Figure
1.
A B C
Fig. 1: A. Location of Wanagiri Village. B. Location Map of the Taman Gumi Banten Forest. C. Placement of
Research Sampling Squares Source: [1].
This type of research is an exploratory research
type. This study aims to gather information through
exploration in making an inventory of various plant
species in the Taman Gumi forest area of Banten.
From the results of the exploration and inventory,
then a floristic list was compiled, the benefits of
plants based on the socio-based community of
Wanagiri village, as well as other important
information related to this research.
The population of this study consisted of
ecosystem (vegetation) and sociocytem aspects.
From the ecosystem (vegetation) aspect, the
population is all plant species in the forest of Taman
Gumi Banten, Wanagiri village. Meanwhile, from
the sociosystem aspect, the population is the entire
community in Wanagiri village. Research samples
from the ecosystem (vegetation) aspect were plant
species covered by squares with squared sizes of
20x20 m2, 10x10 m2, and 1x1 m2 each with a total
of 86 squares [25]-[29], while samples from the
sociosystem aspect were taken from community
components such as representatives of official
villages, representatives of traditional villages,
community leaders, balian / shaman, stakeholders /
priests, and the general public. The sample consisted
of 50 people. The data collection procedure in this
study was divided into two, namely the preparation
stage and the implementation stage.
2.1 Preparation Stage
The preparation stage in this study, namely:
Observation of Research Sites
1. Observations were made to determine the
location, layout, and plant species in the forest
of Taman Gumi Banten, Wanagiri village.
2. Prepare permits to carry out research at the
Village Office and the the Chairman of the
Adat / Kelian Adat.
3. Prepare interview guidelines, questionnaires,
and observation sheets, and agree on timing of
implementation with the resource persons.
4. Provision of tools and materials to be used in
research.
5. Determination of research zones / locations,
squares, and sampling techniques for
ecosystem aspects
The division of the squares is based on a
sampling technique, namely systematic sampling. A
systematic approach is usually combined with a
transect approach. Systematic sampling technique is
chosen because the sampling technique by placing
plots / squares / sampling plots is carried out
systematically with transect lines that are alternately
and continuously positioned on the right and left.
This is done so that all plant species in each location
can be recorded [25]-[29].
The sampling method uses multiple plot
methods. This method is done by placing a plot of a
certain size which is done repeatedly. The square
size in this study is based on habitus, namely
matures / trees with a square size of 20x20 m2. The
tree category is mature plants having a diameter of
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20 cm, with this square size also includes the square
size for saplings (saplings, poles) with a squared
size of 10x10 m2, plants with a diameter of 10 cm to
20 cm, and seedlings (seedlings). / understorey)
with a square size of 1x1 m2, namely regeneration
plants from sprouts to tillers measuring less than 1.5
m tall [25]-[29]. Determination of the zone /
location in this study is in Taman Gumi Banten with
squared placement as in Figure 1 C.
2.2 Implementation Stage
Ecosystem aspects. The implementation stage on the
topic of ecosystem aspects is the stage in data
collection. This stage is divided using two methods,
namely the method of observation and interviews.
The observation method is used to obtain data
related to ecosystem aspects, while interviews are
used to obtain data related to sociosystem aspects.
Field observations (in the Taman Gumi Banten
forest) by applying the plot method (Plot Method)
with a systematic sampling technique [25]-[29],
The data was collected by counting the number
of plants covered by the square. From the results of
these observations, then recorded on the observation
sheet. Observations for ecosystem aspects include 1)
plant species composition 2) number of individual
plant species and 3) edaphic and climatic factors. In
taking data on the composition of plant species,
there are several samples that must be observed
carefully, including the name of the plant species
(local name, scientific name, and family), the
coordinates of the plant's point and the number of
individuals of each species. After going through the
collection of plant species composition data, then
observations are made for the useful plant species
that exist in each of these zones. Plant identification
was carried out using literature sources such as:
[30]-[37] and the results of interviews with local
communities and the Bali Province Forestry and
Environment Service.
Sociosystem aspects. From the sociosystem
aspect, data collection was carried out using the
interview method [38]. The data needed from this
sociosystem aspect are (1) the area name of the
plants collected from field observations, (2) the use
of plants according to the culture of the local
community and (3) other interviews related to the
necessary supporting data. In this interview, the
interview guide, questionnaire and check list were
used.
3 Results
It should be stated that the study area is divided into
2 zones, namely zone I and zone II. The number of
squares in zone I is 36 squared, while in zone II the
squares are stretched as much as 50 squares. So that
the total squared is 86 squared. Zone I is in the
eastern part of the forest area of Taman Gumi
Banten, while zone II is in the western part. The
sample area for zone I is 20x20x36 = 14,400 m2 for
data collection on tree species. For the data
collection of plant species, the sapling category was
10x10x36 = 3600 m2. The sampling area for the
seedling category is 1x1x36 = 36 m2. The sampling
area in zone II for the category of plant species
belonging to the tree group is 20x20x50 = 20000
m2. The sampling area for the sapling category is
10x10x50 = 5000 m2. For the seedling category, the
area is 1x1x50 = 50 m2. The total sampling area for
zones I and II is 20x20) x86 + (10x10)x86+
(1x1)x86 = 43086 m2. A recapitulation of plant
species in the Taman Gumi Banten Forest is
presented in detail in a floristic list as shown in
Table 1.
Referring to the data presented in Table 1, it is
presented that there are as many as 68 plant species
found in the forest of Taman Gumi Banten, with the
number of individual plant species belonging to the
tree, sapling and seedling categories obtained as
many as 1,501 individuals. The area squared used is
(20x20x86) + (10x10x86) + (1x1x86) = 43.086 m2.
So the sampling area is 43,086 m2. Based on the
number of existing individuals with a certain unit
area, one square meter is 0.034837302 / m2.
Furthermore, the number of individuals is calculated
in hectares and the amount is 348,373 / ha. Thus, the
number of individual species in the tree, sapling,
and seedling categories was 348 individuals / ha.
Based on the number of individuals present, it
seems that the plant species that characterize the
forest vegetation of the Taman Gumi Banten are
banana, Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee, and yeh-
yeh. The banana, Arabica coffee, and Robusta
coffee are cultivated plants, while yeh-yeh are wild
shrubs.
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Table 1. Composition of Plant Species in the Taman Gumi Banten Forest, Wanagiri Village
No
Family
Scientific Name
Number of individuals
1
Trema orientalis
23
2
Erythrina variegata L
34
3
Blumea balsamifera
23
4
Homolanthus giganteus
56
5
Dysoxylum densiflorum
27
6
Eusideroxylon zwageri
5
7
Artocarpus heterophyllus
8
8
Toona sureni
4
9
Cinnamomum verum
4
10
Hibiscus sp.
23
11
Aquilaria malaccensis
18
12
Swietenia mahagoni
21
13
Ficus sp.
35
14
Eugenia operculata
5
15
Bischofia javanica
20
16
Eugenia densiflora
5
17
Savravia nudifora
155
18
Planchonia valida
13
19
Chromolaena odorata
35
20
Dendrocnide stimulasns
37
21
Spatholobus littoralis hassk
44
22
Ficus glabela
4
23
Pterospermum javanicum
11
24
8
25
Michelia alba
9
26
Pangium edule
4
27
9
28
Artocarpus elastica
4
29
Guazuma ulmifolia
3
30
Ficus benjamina
2
31
Gracinia celebica
47
32
Stelechocarpus burahol
1
33
Ficus fistulosa
12
34
Musa paradisiaca
187
35
Krema laurina wrab
1
36
5
37
Averrhoa carambola
1
38
Persea americana
62
39
Syzygium aromaticum
1
40
Coffea arabica
147
41
Coffea canephora
135
42
Capsicum frutescens
24
43
Durio zibethinus
19
44
Garcinia mangostana
2
45
Codiaeum variegatum
12
46
Salacca edulis
3
47
Salacca edulis
1
48
Symplocos thelfolia
3
49
Baccaurea racemosa
3
50
Ficus carica
8
51
Alstonia Scholaris
6
52
Syzygium polyanthum
5
53
Toxicodendron vernicifluum
5
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54
Terminalia sumatrana Miq.
2
55
Cordyline frucitosa
12
56
Cordyline terminalis
10
57
Etlingera elatior
23
58
Syzygium cumini
1
59
Eusideroxylon zwageri
5
60
Mangifera indica
7
61
Ardisia elliptica
2
62
Solanum quitoebse
14
63
Pteridium aquilinun
49
64
Solanum torvum
20
65
Nymphaea sp.
12
66
Codiaeum variegatum
3
67
Manihot esculenta
1
68
Cocos nucifera
1
Total
1,501
Table 1 indicates there are as many as 68 plant
species found in the forest of Taman Gumi Banten,
with the number of individual plant species
belonging to the tree, sapling and seedling
categories obtained as many as 1,501 individuals.
The area squared used is (20x20x86) + (10x10x86)
+ (1x1x86) = 43.086 m2. So the sampling area is
43,086 m2. Based on the number of existing
individuals with a certain unit area, one square
meter is 0.034837302 / m2. Furthermore, the
number of individuals is calculated in hectares and
the amount is 348,373 / ha. Thus, the number of
individual species in the tree, sapling, and seedling
categories was 348 individuals / ha. Based on the
number of individuals present, it seems that the
plant species that characterize the forest vegetation
of the Taman Gumi Banten are banana, Arabica
coffee, robusta coffee, and yeh-yeh. Banana,
Arabica coffee, and Robusta coffee are cultivated
plants, while yeh-yeh are wild shrubs.
Based on the existing provisions, that the
minimum number of individual plant species in one
hectare is 1,000 trees / ha [39][40], or according to
an interview with one of the officers from the Bali
Provincial Environment and Forestry Service) is 700
/ Ha. Based on these provisions, the condition of the
forest in terms of the number of individuals is in the
medium category (348 <700 <1,000).
Based on the number of individual species
present, it can be seen that the four species of plants
that are quite prominent with the largest number of
individuals are banana, yeh-yeh, Arabica coffee and
Robusta coffee. Banana, Arabica and Robusta
coffee are cultivated plants, while the yeh-yeh plants
are wild shrubs. Based on this, it can be interpreted
that in the forest area of Taman Gumi Banten, it is
indicated that there has been human or community
intervention in carrying out activities in the forest.
Based on the results of interviews with local
villagers, the number of useful plant species in the
Taman Gumi Banten Forest, Wanagiri Village is
presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Useful Plant Species in the Taman Gumi Banten Forest, Wanagiri Village
No
Species
Scientific Name
Type Of Utilization
Sd
Pg
Pp
Ob
Up
In
1
Lenggung
Trema orientalis
√
2
Kayu Sakti
Erythrina variegata L
√
3
Kayu Sembung
Blumea balsamifera
√
4
Belantih
Homolanthus giganteus
√
5
Majegau
Dysoxylum densiflorum
√
6
Kayu Besi
Eusideroxylon zwageri
√
7
Nangka
Artocarpus heterophyllus
√
8
Suren
Toona sureni
√
9
Kayu Manis
Cinnamomum verum
√
10
Lemasih
11
Gaharu
Aquilaria malaccensis
√
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12
Mahoni
Swietenia mahagoni
√
13
Ae
Ficus sp.
14
Kayu Batu
Eugenia operculata
√
15
Gintungan
Bischofia javanica
√
16
Kaliampuak
Eugenia densiflora
√
17
Yeh-yeh
18
Kutat
Planchonia valida
√
19
Kirinyuh
Chromolaena odorata
20
Lateng Kidang
√
21
Bajakah
Spatholobus littoralis hassk
√
22
Bunut
Ficus glabella
√
23
Bayur
Pterospermum javanicum
√
24
Udu
√
25
Cempaka Putih
Michelia alba
√
√
26
Tangi
Pangium edule
27
Kresek
28
Taep
Artocarpus elastica
√
29
Jati Belanda
Guazuma ulmifolia
√
30
Beringin
Ficus benjamina
√
√
31
Paradah
√
32
Kepelan
Stelechocarpus burahol
√
33
Dadem
Ficus fistulosa
34
Pisang
Musa paradisiaca
√
√
√
35
Kayu Jeleme
Krema laurina wrab
√
36
Kebasih
37
Belimbing
Averrhoa carambola
√
√
38
Alpukat
Persea Americana
√
39
Cengkeh
Syzygium aromaticum
√
√
√
40
Kopi Arabika
Coffea Arabica
√
√
41
Kopi Robusta
Coffea canephora
√
√
42
Cabai
Capsicum frutescens
√
√
43
Durian
Durio zibethinus
√
√
√
44
Manggis
Garcinia mangostana
√
√
45
Talas / Keladi
Codiaeum variegatum
√
46
Penyalin
Salacca edulis
√
47
Salak
Salacca edulis
√
√
48
Pamor
49
Kepundung
Baccaurea racemosa
√
√
50
Ara
Ficus carica
51
Pule
Alstonia Scholaris
√
52
Janggar Ulam
Syzygium polyanthum
√
53
Laka
Toxicodendron
vernicifluum
54
Kayu Kunyit
√
55
Andong Hijau
Cordyline frucitosa
√
56
Andong Merah
Cordyline terminalis
√
57
Bongkot
Etlingera elatior
√
58
Juwet
Syzygium cumini
√
59
Kayu Besi
Eusideroxylon zwageri
√
60
Mangga
Mangifera indica
√
√
√
61
Lampeni
Ardisia elliptica
√
√
62
Terong Bangkung
√
63
Pakis
Pteridium aquilinun
√
64
Terong Pokak
Toxicodendron
vernicifluum
√
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65
Teratai Darat
Nymphaea sp.
√
66
Puring
Codiaeum variegatum
√
67
Singkong
Manihot esculenta
√
√
68
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
√
√
√
√
TOTAL
0
23
20
9
25
1
Note: SD = Clothing Pg = Food Pp = Board Ob = Medicine Up = Religious Ceremony In = Industry
Table 2 shows there are 68 plant species in the
entire squared forest of Taman Gumi Banten, there
are 59 (86.76%) plant species of which are useful
plants, while 9 (13.24%) species have not been
known for their utilization. The utilization of this
plant species is based on the utilization conveyed on
reff [32] which is grouped by its uses for clothing,
food, shelter, medicine, ceremonies and industry.
This research is in line with the results of research
conducted by researchers in Bali such as [3]-[16].
Of the 59 species of useful plants or those used
by the local community, the details of the utilization
are 23 species (38.98%) which are useful for food,
20 species (33.89%), for boards 9 species (15.25%),
for medicine. 23 species (38.98%), 25 species for
Hindu religious ceremonies (47.17%), and for
industrial materials there are 1 species (1.69%).
Meanwhile, the use of clothing materials is 0% or
none [3]-[16].
After it is known that the use of useful plants is
classified, the in-depth study is focused on its use in
Hindu religious ceremonies. In the use of useful
plants for the benefit of Hindu religious ceremonies,
obsession with banten plants. This banten plant is
closely related to the socio-culture of the Balinese
Hindu community. The Banten plant is a plant used
by Balinese people, especially Hindus in making
offerings. Banten as a manifestation of the
symbolization of human expression in sincerity of
worshiping Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (God
Almighty) and its manifestations. Banten according
to the Hindu viewpoint, is not just material, but
contains the meaning and philosophy behind the
existence of the offering. In the culture of Balinese
people who are Hindu, in their activities and
interactions in carrying out their religion, they use
the facilities and infrastructure of offerings in the
form of offerings.
Banten is a means of worshiping and getting
closer to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa and His
manifestations adored by His people. Banten is
made from various types of material or existing
materials, then arranged and arranged in such a way
that it is a beautiful offering, has a symbolic
function and a deep religious philosophical meaning
[41],[42]
Based on Table 1.2, it can be seen that there are
23 species of plants used for Hindu religious
ceremonies in Bali, especially in the manufacture of
infrastructure and facilities (38.98%). Utilization of
plant species for making Banten infrastructure is
quite large. This is inseparable from the culture of
the Balinese people, especially those who are Hindu
in carrying out religious ceremonies, always
accompanied by means of offerings. Based on the
use of plants as the infrastructure for making
offerings, it is presented in Table 3, which presents
the parts / organs of the plants used in making the
offerings.
Table 3. Various Species and Plant Organs Used for Construction Infrastructure in Banten
No
Species
Plant Organs
Local Name
Scientific Name
a
b
c
d
E
f
1
Kayu Sakti
Erythrina variegata L
√
2
Majegau
Dysoxylum densiflorum
√
√
3
Gaharu
Aquilaria malaccensis
√
4
Lateng Kidang
√
5
Udu
√
6
Cempaka Putih
Michelia alba
√
7
Beringin
Ficus benjamina
8
Paradah
√
9
Pisang
Musa paradisiaca
√
√
√
10
Cengkeh
Syzygium aromaticum
√
11
Cabai
Capsicum frutescens
√
12
Durian
Durio zibethinus
√
13
Manggis
Garcinia mangostana
√
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14
Salak
Salacca edulis
√
15
Kepundung
Baccaurea racemosa
√
16
Kayu Kunyit
√
√
17
Andong Hijau
Cordyline frucitosa
√
18
Andong Merah
Cordyline terminalis
√
19
Mangga
Mangifera indica
√
20
Teratai Darat
Nymphaea sp.
√
21
Puring
Codiaeum variegatum
√
22
Singkong
Manihot esculenta
√
23
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
√
√
24
Belimbing
√
25
Alpukat
√
TOTAL
1
3
9
4
10
1
Note: a = root b = stem c = leaf d = flower e = fruit f = seeds / tubers;
Table 3 displays 25 plants that can be used for the
infrastructure for making offerings. Of the 25
species of Banten plants, the body parts or plant
organs used were 1 species (4.00%) of the roots, 3
species of stems (12.00%), 9 species of leaves
(36.00%), flowers 4 species (16.00%), 10 species of
fruit (40.00%), and 1 species which used the tuber
part (4.00%). Thus, the most widely used parts of
the existing plants in the TamanGumi Banten forest
to be used as infrastructure for making offerings are
the leaves and fruit.
4 Discussion
As the results of data analysis of the existing species
composition, especially in terms of the number of
individuals, based on existing provisions, that the
minimum number of individual plant species in one
hectare is 1,000 trees / ha or according to an
interview with an officer from the Environment and
Forestry Service. Bali Province is 700 / Ha. Based
on these provisions, the condition of the forest in
terms of the number of individuals is in the medium
category (348 <700 <1,000) (UGM, Simon). This
condition is the result of illegal logging carried out
by irresponsible people. As previously stated, before
forest management was granted to local customary
villages, or while it was still managed by the
government, illegal logging was rampant. Many
trees with large diameter and economic value are cut
down. They logged selectively, namely looking for
large trees with high economic value. On the other
hand, farmers around the forest are planting a
thousand broken flower plants in the forest. We
know that the broken flower plant requires high
lighting. Therefore, a lot of wood or trees are cut
down to get a more open space, so that the sunlight
can enter fully into the flower plant land [1].
Based on the grouping of illegal logging, the
phenomenon that occurs above is a social
phenomenon of an individual or a certain group of
people. This is in accordance with the opinion
expressed on ref [44], namely that there are three
types of illegal logging. First, what is done by
people or groups of people, either living in the
vicinity of the forest or even far from the forest,
which do not have legal rights to cut trees. Second,
it is carried out by forestry companies that violate
the provisions of the permits it owns. The third is
done by certain people on behalf of the people.
Data presented by [43] states that the rate of
forest destruction in the 1985-1997 period was
recorded at 1.6 million hectares per year, while in
the 1997-2000 period there was an increase of up to
3.8 million hectares per year. This makes Indonesia
one of the places with the highest rates of forest
destruction in the world. In Indonesia, based on the
interpretation of the Landsat images in 2000, there
are 101.73 million hectares of forest and damaged
land, of which an area of 59.62 million hectares is in
forest areas. The impact caused by illegal logging
can be in the form of economic value losses,
landslides / floods, loss of fertile soil layers, and
reduced water sources [43]. The factors that cause
illegal logging, namely lack of personnel. Forestry
officials, the availability of employment
opportunities and the poverty factor of the people,
and the weakness of the legal umbrella [44].
Efforts made by the government include
providing forest management grants from the
government to customary villages in accordance
with the Bali Governor's Decree No. 2017/03-L /
HK / 2005 dated 30 October 2015 concerning
Village Forest Management Rights (HPHD). In
2017, efforts made by the government were to invite
local communities, including traditional villages, to
be invited to conserve forests. In that year,
replanting was carried out in the Taman Gumi
Banten forest. The selected plant is a mahogany
plant. The community has been allowed to plant
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coffee and other cultivated crops as intercropping
crops. Furthermore, currently forest management
has been fully carried out by the local customary
village with the person in charge of being a Village-
Owned Enterprise (Bumdes).
Along with the development of time, the Taman
Gumi Banten forest was designed to become one of
the supporting villages for tourism. The forest is
developed into a plant center that is intended to
support the offering ceremony. Based on this, the
forest manager together with traditional villages
began adding several types of plants that could be
used to support Hindu religious ceremonies, such as
banana plants and others. In addition, from the start,
coffee plantations have been planted as a result of
community intervention before being managed by
customary villages. Thus, in terms of species
composition, the dominant plants in the Banten
Gumi forest are bananas, Arabica coffee, and
Robusta coffee [1],[2]. With the management of the
Taman Gumi Banten forest by traditional villages,
so that forest conservation is maintained, like other
customary forests in Bali [3]-[19]. Regarding the
use of useful plants, this is in line with the results of
research conducted [3]-[19].
5 Conclusions
From the results of this study, it can be concluded
(1) There are 68 plant species in the entire forest of
Taman Gumi Banten, (2) The number of individual
species of tree, sapling, and seedling categories is
348 individuals / Ha which are included in the
moderate category. (3) Based on the number of
individuals present, plant species that characterize
the forest vegetation of Taman Gumi Banten are
banana, Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee, and yeh-
yeh. (4) Of the 68 existing plant species, as many as
59 (86.76%) of the plant species were useful plants,
while 9 (13.24%) of them were unknown. (5) The
use of plants by the local community is 23 species
(38.98%) for food, 20 species (33.89%) for boards,
9 species (15.25%) for medicine, 25 species
(47.17%) ) for Hindu religious ceremonies, and for
industrial materials there are 1 species (1.69%).
Meanwhile, the utilization of clothing materials is
0% or none. (6) there are as many as 25 species of
plants that can be used as for making Banten. (7)
The body parts or plant organs used were 1 species
of roots (4.00%), 3 species of stems (12.00%), 9
species of leaves (36.00%), 4 species of flowers.
(16.00%), there were 10 species of fruit (40.00%),
and 1 species used the tuber part (4.00%).
Acknowledgments:
This work was supported in part by the DIPA BLU
from the Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha under
Grant 631/UN48.16/LT/2021.
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Nyoman Wijana writing – original draft,
investigation, editing and supervision.
I Made Oka Riawan writing – original draft,
investigation, editing and data analysis.
I Wayan Sukrawarpala writing – original draft,
investigation, editing and data analysis.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
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