The Relationship between Covid-19 and Consumption Patterns of Poor

Households

RESHA MONIYANA PUTRI, HERU WAHYUDI

Economics Development Department, University of Lampung Lampung, INDONESIA

Abstract: — Objective : This research aims to analyze the relationship between Covid-19 and Consumption Patterns of Poor Households. The

phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has caused various social and economic changes. Changes in behaviour and preferences are an important

part of the research by emphasizing the analysis of changes in expenditure during the Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid-19.

Method:This research is in the form of quantitative descriptive, the type of data used by researchers is primary data using a questionnaire

that refers to the IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) questionnaire. Primary data includes questionnaires and poor people during and post-

pandemic in 2019 and 2022 in rural and urban areas. The research area includes several village comparisons of Bandar Lampung City, South

Lampung Regency, and Pringsewu Regency. The multiple linear methods are performed with the t-test in pairs using the statistical tool Stata.

Results : The results of the study concluded that in the different tests there was no difference in food expenditure during the Covid-19

and post-Covid-19 period, between urban and rural areas, because of the tendency to have both low food expenditures during the pandemic

and increase in post- pandemic. The food consumption patterns of the two regions still tend to buy the same staples. There is a difference in

non- food expenditures during the rural Covid-19 period is higher because health and urban costs are lower, in the post-Covid-19 rural areas

are lower and urban areas are higher.

Conclusion and suggestions : The advice to the government, as cases of the Covid-19 pandemic, rise again, is to focus on providing free

health services to the poor, because the expenditure on health services is quite large during the covid-19 pandemic. The government is also

expected to be able to provide prolonged food staples to poor households plus complementary ingredients such as fruits, vegetables, milk,

meat, and foods with high nutrition and protein.

Key-words— IFLS, Covid-19, Preferences, Consumption, Food, Non-Food

Received: February 12, 2024. Revised: August 11, 2024. Accepted: September 7, 2024. Published: October 15, 2024.

Introduction

The Phenomenon of the Covid-19 Pandemic that occurred

at the end of 2019 made considerable changes to human life

around the world, various problems appeared suddenly in a

relatively short and unexpected time. The micro and macro

economy were also affected by this phenomenon, specifically

in Lampung province, in the BPS exposure (2020) stated that

the Economic Growth of Lampung Province in 2020 was -

1.67% although it was still higher than the National Economic

growth of -2.07%, still, the growth was negative.

When viewed on the growth of GRDP from several

components of expenditure in figure 1. which shows all

components of expenditure, which are household

consumption expenditures, LNPRT consumption

expenditures, government consumption expenditures,

gross fixed capital formation, exports of goods and

services, imports of goods and services, experienced

negative growth in the third quarter of 2020, when

compared to the growth of GRDP in the fourth quarter of

2019. Of the six components of expenditure, the most

crucial component of expenditure directly in contact with the

needs of life is household consumption expenditure. Seen in

figure 1. shows that the GDP growth for the Household

Consumption Expenditure component over the past two

periods has continued to experience negative growth, which

originated in the fourth quarter of 2019 was 5.33% and then

fell in the third quarter of 2020 to -2.59%, and continued to

fall to -3.97% in the fourth quarter of 2020. The period that

occurred from the fourth quarter of 2019 to the fourth quarter

of 2020 coincided with the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia.

Household consumption consists of food and non-food

onsumption, if the growth of GRDP for the expenditure

component experiences negative growth, it can be interpreted

that there is a change in consumption patterns generally, that

is the possibility of reducing food and non-food consumption

which is carried out simultaneously, in line with policies that

limit the space for people to move in general such as PSBB

(Large Social Restrictions) which cause economic

movements to slow down due to activity or productivity also

slow down for several sectors, both people in urban as well as

rural areas.

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Figure 1. GRDP growth of several expenditure

components (percent) in Lampung Province (Source: BPS

Lampung Province)

Consumption according to Samuelson and Nordhaus

(2001), is an expenditure made to meet the purchase of goods

and services to obtain satisfaction and to meet their needs

while the problem of household income, in addition to the

problem of Suparyanto (2014) the amount of real income

from all household members used to meet the needs of the

common and individual in the household. Family income is

the return of work or services or rewards obtained due to

donations made in production activities. A person's income

has a limited amount, both in large quantities and in small

amounts. Based on the limited income earned by a person, the

income will be spent or consumed with a limited amount as

well. The needs of a person are variegated, the need for food,

the need for clothing, the need for care and so on. Based on

these necessary needs, someone buying goods for

consumption must be more than one. Then there is a

combination of things that are spent by a person. All

combinations of goods with the total amount of money spent

equal to income are called budget lines, (Pindyck &

Rubinfeld, 2009).

Data on the poor population that has been published by

BPS and the presentation of the head of BPS Mr Kecuk

Suhariyanto in a press release stated that the percentage of

poor people in urban areas in September 2020 was 7.88%,

while the percentage of poor people in rural areas was

13.20%. In comparison, in September 2019, the number of

poor people in urban areas was 6.56%, while in rural areas it

was 12.60%, there was a significant difference. From

September 2019 to September 2020, Covid-19 turned out to

have more impact on cities. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic,

the urban poor rose by 1.32%, while in rural areas it rose by

only 0.60%. Although the increase in the rural poor is smaller,

there is still a fairly high poverty disparity between cities and

villages, where the percentage of poverty in villages is always

higher than in cities. (press release BPS, bisnis.com. 2021).

Lampung Province consists of fifteen city districts, two

municipalities and thirteen districts, as shown in figure 2.

which shows the percentage of poor people in the

regency/city of Lampung province. Bandar Lampung City

and Metro City as urban areas in Lampung Province, it can

be seen that the percentage of the number of poor people in

urban areas in Bandar Lampung City is the highest i.e. 10%

followed by Metro City at 2%. So that in this study the area

that will be the object of research is Bandar Lampung City.

Figure 2. Percentage of Poor Population of

Regencies/Cities in Lampung Province in 2019 (Source:

BPS Lampung Province, Data Processed)

Urban areas are still in the spotlight of social and

economic problems (Mc Gee, 1971). The growing and

developing urban areas also led to the development of

heterogeneity that showed the social differences of its

population (Mc Gee, 1995). This heterogeneity is

furthermore more clearly seen from the existence of the urban

formal and informal sectors. This happens because of the

separation between population groups based on the economic

and social differences of their population. Formal economic

activity in urban areas is not able to absorb workers with low

education and ability, so workers with low productivity work

in the informal sector (Lacabana and Cariola, 2003). In

addition, the existence of slums with limited supporting

facilities and infrastructure indicates the existence of pockets

of poverty (slum areas) in urban areas. Here is a picture of

urban and rural poverty in Lampung province:

Figure 3. Average Percentage of Urban and Rural Poor in

Lampung Province in 2015-2019 (Source: BPS Lampung

Province, Data Processed)

Poverty is a dimensional and interrelated problem

between regions, figure 3. Show that the average

predominance of poverty is in rural areas at 61% and urban

areas in Lampung province at 39%. Several studies on the

problem of urban and rural poverty explain various complex

phenomena and explanations. The matter of decision-making

in urban research is also described by SMERU (2011), urban

impoverishment is now an increasingly relevant and urgent

issue to be addressed related to the trend of urban

development dynamics in Indonesia. As an illustration, from

1980 to 2010, urban population growth in Indonesia reached

3.85% and this made the proportion of the urban population

increase from 22.10% in 1980 to 44.28% in 2010. The data

also shows that the proportion of poor people living in urban

areas increased rapidly from 18.45% in 1976 to 36.61% in

2009. From this data, it can be seen that the trend of

population urbanization in Indonesia is also followed by

Rural

Urban

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urbanization of poverty which further has an impact on the

emergence of various aspects of urban poverty problems such

as physical aspects (related to the availability of infrastructure

and transportation facilities) and nonphysical aspects such as

socio-economic conditions (limited employment, inequality,

injustice), or ecological aspects (floods and environmental

pollution).

The problem that occurred, we tried to analyze and study

the poverty of the capital of Lampung Province, namely

Bandar Lampung and a sample of villages through 2 districts,

namely South Lampung and Pringsewu. This study will look

at behaviours and preferences in terms of food and non-food

consumption expenditures in poor households during the

pandemic Covid-19 and post-Covid-19.

Literature Review

2.1 Consumption Theory

According to Mankiw (2000) "Consumption is a good or

service purchased by a household, consumption consists of

non-durable goods are goods that are consumed in a short

time, such as food and clothing. The second is durable goods

(Durable Goods) are goods that have a long life such as cars,

televisions, electronic devices, cell phones and other. Third,

services include work done for consumers by individuals and

companies such as haircuts and seeing a doctor. Which is

spent on the purchase of goods and services to obtain

satisfaction and meet needs."

The Consumption function can be expressed in the Mankiw

(2003) equation:

The Consumption function is: C= Co + cY

Where C is the constant or consumption of the household

when income is 0, c is the tendency to consume marginal

which means 0 < C > 1, where C is consumption and Y is the

income level, there are two concepts to know the nature of the

relationship between income in the possibility with

consumption and disposable income with savings, namely the

concept of the tendency to consume and the tendency to save.

2.2 Consumption Expenditures

In general, it is defined as the use of goods and services

that will directly meet human needs. Furthermore, Sukirno

(2006) defines consumption as the expenditure made by the

household on goods and services final to meet the needs of

the person who performs the work. Households receive

income from the labour and capital they own, pay taxes to the

government and then decide how much of the after-tax

income is used for consumption and how much to save.

Consumption Theory According to Keynes

The theory of consumption was put forward by JM.

Keynes said that the size of consumption expenditure is based

only on the size of the income level of the people. Keynes

stated that there are minimum consumption expenditures that

must be made by the people (autonomous consumption and

consumption expenditures will increase with the increase in

income. Some of the characteristics of the consumption

function according to Keynes are that, first, the main

determinant of consumption is the level of income. Secondly,

the tendency to Marginal Consumption (Marginal

Propensity to Consume) – the increase in consumption due to

an increase in income by one unit. In other words, MPC is the

increase or change in consumption (ΔC) that society makes

as a result of an increase or change in disposable income or

income that is ready to be spent (ΔY). Third, the

consumption-to-income ratio, called the Average Propensity

to Consume, falls when incomes rise, thus the APC decreases

in the long run and the MPC is smaller than the APC

(MPC<APC).

In addition to income, consumption expenditure is also

influenced by other factors, such as wealth, socioeconomic

level, tastes, interest rate and others. From the description

above, it can be concluded that the function of consumption

describes the nature of the relationship between the level of

household consumption in the economy and national income

or the disposable income of the economy. In the features of

the consumption function, it is stated that the APC measures

the disposable income that the household wants to spend as

consumption. The MPC measures any disposable income

gains that households want to spend as consumption.

According to Samuelson & Nordhaus (1999) "Consumption

is the expenditure for the purchase of final goods and services

to obtain satisfaction or meet their needs.

Income Theory

People will choose basic necessities for consumption,

taking into account the use value of these goods. The limited

budget of income received by the community causes people

to have to delay consuming goods that have high use value.

Salvatore (1994) argues that individuals ask for a certain

commodity because of the satisfaction received from

consuming an item. Up to a certain point, the more units of a

commodity that such an individual consumes per unit of time,

the greater the total utility will be received. On the other

hand, Samuelson (1999) mentioned that if prices increase and

nominal income is fixed, then real income will decrease, and

then consumers will reduce the purchase of almost a type of

goods.

Methodology

3.1 Data Types and Sources

This type of method uses Quantitative Descriptive

Analysis. In this preparation, the type of data used by the

researcher is primary data. Primary data includes

questionnaires and poor people who received PSC assistance

before the pandemic in 2019 and during the Covid-19

pandemic after 2019, in the Bandar Lampung City area and

villages in Pringsewu and South Lampung Regencies.

3.2 Operational Definition of Research Variables

This study consists of four variables by considering when

before the Covid-19 pandemic took place and during the

pandemic. To clarify and facilitate the understanding of the

variables to be analyzed in this study, it is necessary to

explain as follows:

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TABLE I. Variables, Symbols, Units, and Data Sources

Variable

Indicators

Consumption

Staple Food,

Expenditures

Vegetable, Dry Food,

Food era

Meat/Fish, Other Side

Pandemic Covid-

Dishes, Milk/Eggs and

Spices.

Food Consumption

Expenditure in the

aftermath of the

Covid-19 Pandemic

Non-Food

Electricity, water,

Consumption

household fuel,

Expenditures during

Telephone, Body

the Covid-19

maintenance needs,

Pandemic era

Household goods,

recreation and

entertainment and

Transportation,

clothing, household

supplies and

appliances, health

Non-Food

Consumption

Expenditure after the

Covid-19 Pandemic

costs, taxes and

expenditures on the

value of non-food

materials.

Source: Primary Data

3.3 Operational Definition of Research Variables

The definition of each variable used in this study is as

follows:

Food Consumption Expenditure

Expenditure is based on income spent for a month for food

consumption needs by families receiving social assistance for

the PSC program in rupiah, in Bandar Lampung City area

and in rural areas, Pringsewu and South Lampung Regencies,

during and after the Covid-19 pandemic.

Non-Food Expenditure

Expenditure is based on income spent for a month for non-

food consumption needs by families receiving social

assistance for the PSC program in rupiah, in the Bandar

Lampung City area and in villages in Pringsewu and

Lampung Regencies South era and post Covid-19 pandemic.

3.4 Determination of Lemeshow Sample

Sampling techniques in determining the sample size of

this study, the authors used the Lemeshow Formula,

Lemeshow formulas are used due to the unknown number of

the population or infinite population. Lemeshow equation is:

𝑍2𝑃 (1 − 𝑃)

𝑛 = 𝑑2

Information:

3.5 Specification of Research Model with Paired t

Test

Paired sample t-tests, sometimes called dependent

sample t-tests, are statistical procedures used to determine

whether the average difference between two sets of

observations is noted. Paired t-tests, also referred to as paired

sample t-tests or dependent t-tests, are used to determine

whether the mean of dependent variables is the same in two

related groups. Four assumptions in favour of paired t-tests;

(1) the dependent variable must be measured at the interval or

ratio level, (2) the independent variable must consist of two

categories, "related group" or "matching pair"; (3) there

should be no significant outliers in the differences between

the two related groups; and (4) the distribution of differences

in bound variables between two related groups must be

approximately normally distributed. Decision-making

guidelines in paired T-Tests. Analysis of Stata Data in Paired

T-Test Test according to Singgih Santoso (2014: 265)

guidelines for decision making in paired t-tests based on

significance values ( Sig) of stata output results are as

follows:

Jika Sig. (2-tailed) <0.05, then H0 is rejected and Ha is

accepted.

Conversely, if the value of Sig. (2-tailed) > 0.05, then

H0 is accepted, and Ha is rejected.

In addition to comparing the significance value (Sig) with

the probability of 0.05, the other way to test the hypothesis in

the t-test of a paired sample is to test the t-count value with

the table. The guidelines or basis for decision-making are as

follows:

If the calculated value of t > t of the table, then H0 is

rejected and Ha is accepted, then there is a difference in

food and non-food expenditure.

Conversely, if the value of t counts < t table, then H0 is

approved and Ha is rejected, then there is no difference

in food and non-food expenditure.

In addition, based on the output table, it can be known to

calculate positive values and or negative values. The average

value of consumption expenditures caused this negative t-

value before funding assistance from food, non-food

distribution and changes in income before and during the

Covid-19 pandemic. This is lower than the average

consumption expenditure after the Covid-19 pandemic.

Result

4.1 Results of Determining Research Samples

This study was conducted to compare the consumption

patterns of urban areas represented by Bandar Lampung City

with Sepang Jaya City District. In rural areas, 2 districts are

represented, namely Pringsewu with Pringsewu District,

Pajaresuk village and South Lampung, Jati Agung District

and Wayhuwi village. The study was conducted with the

objects of the recipients of the hope program or KPM of each

region. The result of the formula Lemeshow are:

𝑍2𝑃 (1 − 𝑃)

𝑛 =

𝑑2

Number of Samples

Z score at 95% confidence =1.96

Maximum estimate = 0.5

Sampling error = 10%

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𝑛 =

1,962. 0,5 (1 − 0,5)

0,12

3,8416.0,25

averaged Rp. 1,191,920 per month with a minimum

expenditure of Rp 0 per month, while the maximum

expenditure was Rp 5,500,000.00 per month.

KS08 is the expenditure of non-food materials including

𝑛 =

0,012 clothing, household supplies and appliances, health costs,

taxes

and

expenditures

the

value

non-food

𝑛 = 96,04 = 100

Using the Lemeshow formula above, the sample value (n)

obtained was 96.04 which was then rounded to 100 people.

In the urban consumption pattern represented by Bandar

Lampung City with Sepang Jaya City District, the total

sample is 100 KPM people and in rural areas 2 districts,

namely Pringsewu with Pringsewu District, Pajaresuk

village, a total sample of 50 KPM people and South

Lampung, Jati Agung District, Wayhuwi village, a total

sample of 50 KPM people. In this study, the samples were

divided into 100 samples for urban areas and 100 samples for

rural areas.

4.2 Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistical analysis is used to provide a general

overview of the characteristics of each variable of the

research consumption pattern which is seen from the average

(mean), maximum, and minimum values. The results of these

descriptive statistics are an overview of the data. The

following is a table of data descriptions of each variable used:

TABLE II. Descriptive Statistics of Consumption

Patterns

Variables

Mean

Std. Dev.

Min

Max

KS02COV

365825

109723

158000

556000

KS02

PASCO

374460

143622

154000

1020000

KS06COV

441747

172779

53000

918000

KS06

PASCO

1191920

167813

5500000

KS08COV

708980

701582

2820000

KS08

PASCO

256895

244909

1000000

Source: Processed using Stata

KS02 is a purchase expenditure for food staples in urban

and rural areas in Lampung Province. During the Covid-

19 pandemic, the average expenditure was IDR 365,825

per month with a minimum expenditure of IDR 158,000

per month, while the maximum expenditure was IDR

556,000 per month. KS02 expenses after the Covid-19

pandemic average expenditure of Rp. 374,460 per month

with a minimum expenditure of Rp. 154,000 per month,

while the maximum expenditure is Rp. 1,020,000 per

month.

KS06 is a non-food expenditure including electricity,

water, household fuel, telephone, body maintenance

needs, household goods, recreation and entertainment and

transportation, in urban and rural areas in Lampung

Province. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the average

expenditure was IDR 441,747 per month with a minimum

expenditure of IDR 0 per month, while the maximum

expenditure was IDR 918,000 per month. KS06

expenditures in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic

ingredients, in urban and rural areas in Lampung

Province. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the average

expenditure was IDR 708,980 per month with a minimum

expenditure of IDR 0 per month, while the maximum

expenditure was IDR 2,820,000 per month. KS08

expenditures in the post-Covid-19 pandemic averaged

expenses of Rp. 256,895 per month with a minimum

expenditure of Rp. 0 per month, while the maximum

expenditure was Rp. 1,000,000 per month.

4.3 Results and Discussion of Different Tests

with Paired t- tests

Paired t-tests or different tests to examine the

consumption patterns of household expenditures, both food

and non-food expenditures, during Covid-19 and post-Covid-

19 in 2019. To parametrically test the difference, a Paired T-

test is used. Results from the Paired test. Presented in the

following table:

TABLE III. Paired t-test Test Results

Variables

Mean

Std. Err.

Std. Dev

[95%

Conf.

Interval]

KS02COV

365825

10972

109723

344053

KS02PA~V

374460

14362

143622

345962

Ha: mean(diff) < 0

Pr(T < t) = 0.2005

Ha: mean(diff) != 0

Pr(| Q| > |t|) = 0.4010

Variables

Mean

Std. Err.

Std. Dev

[95%

Conf.

Interval]

KS06COV

441747

17277

172779

407463

KS06PA~V

191920

167813

1678132

858942

Ha: mean(diff) < 0

Pr(T < t) = 0.0000

Ha: mean(diff) != 0

Pr(| Q| > |t|) = 0.0000

Variables

Mean

Std. Err.

Std. Dev

[95%

Conf.

Interval]

KS08COV

708980

70158.24

701582.4

569770.8

KS08PA~V

256895

24490.99

244909.9

208299.6

Ha: mean(diff) < 0

Pr(T < t) = 1.0000

Ha: mean(diff) != 0

Pr(| Q| > |t|) = 0.0000

Source: Processed using Stata

Here are the results of the parametric statistical

interpretation of paired t Sig. (2-tailed) and the discussion

between variables:

The KS02 variable is the purchase expenditure for food

staples, KS02 Covid-19 and KS02 Post Covid-19. t-count

of -0.8434 with p-value Pr(|Q| > | t| ) = 0.4010 in 99 degree

of freedom (DF). The value of the variable signification

rate is 0.4010 > 0.05, then the decision taken is to accept

Ha, so KS02 is insignificant on the test. The results above

explain that there is no difference in

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purchase expenditure for food staples during Covid-19

and Post-Covid-19.

The variable KS06 is the expenditure on non-food

materials including electricity, water, household fuel,

Telephone, Body care needs, Household goods, recreation

and entertainment and Transportation. KS06 Covid-19

and KS06 Post Covid-19. t-count of -4.4459 with p-value,

Pr(|Q| > | t| ) = 0.0000 in 99 degree of freedom (DF). The

value of the variable signification rate is 0.0000 < 0.05,

then the decision taken is to reject Ho, so that KS06 is

significant on the test. The results above explain that there

is a difference in the expenditure on non-food ingredients

during Covid-19 and post-Covid- 19, the difference in the

value of the amount of expenditure is IDR 750,173.00.

The KS08 variable is the expenditure on non-food

materials including clothing, household supplies and

appliances, health costs, taxes and expenditures on the

value of non-food ingredients. KS08 Covid-19 and KS08

Post Covid-19. t-count of 5.6002 with p-value, Pr(|Q| > |

t| ) = 0.0000 in 99 degree of freedom (DF). The value of

the variable signification rate is 0.0000 < 0.05, then the

decision taken is to reject Ho, so that KS08 is significant

on the test. The results above explain that there is a

difference in non-food expenditure during Covid-19 and

Post-Covid-19, the difference in the value of the amount

of expenditure is IDR 45,208.00.

Discussion

Identification begins with looking at the overall data on

urban and rural expenditures. The sample used was 50

respondents from Bandar Lampung City and 25 respondents

of south Lampung Regency and 25 respondents of Pringsewu

Regency. Broadly speaking, data analysis is as follows:

Figure 4. Average urban and rural expenditure in Bandar

Lampung City, South Lampung Regency and Pringsewu

Regency.

The food expenditure of the poor both in urban and rural

areas concerns Vegetable, Dry Food, Meat/Fish, Other side

dishes, Milk/Eggs and Spices. Non-food expenditures

concern the sections of electricity, water, household fuel,

telephone, body maintenance needs, household goods,

recreation and entertainment and Transportation, clothing,

household appliances and appliances, health costs, taxes and

expenditures on the value of non-food materials. In urban

areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, the average monthly

expenditure in poor households was Rp. 385,000.00, while in

the post-Covid-19 period it was Rp. 410,000.00. In non-food

consumption expenditures during the Covid-19 pandemic, the

average expenditure a month in poor households was IDR

300,000.00 while in the post-Covid 19 periods it was IDR

355,000.00. In rural areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, the

average monthly expenditure in poor households was Rp.

355,000.00, while in the post-Covid-19 period it was Rp.

364,000.00. In non-food consumption expenditures during

the Covid-19 pandemic, the average monthly expenditure on

poor households was RP 364,000.00, while in the post-Covid

19 periods it was IDR 335,000.00.

Judging from the figures in the picture of food expenditure in

Bandar Lampung Urban area and the comparison in rural

South Lampung and Pringsewu there is no difference. Broadly

speaking, during the Covid-19 period, city and village food

expenditures were both low, while post-Covid-19 both had an

increase. The results of direct interviews also have the same

tendency to answer, that the main factors of low spending are

lack of work productivity and loss of work during the Covid-

19 period. Poor households in urban and rural areas in the

pandemic situation bring people's food expenditures to

changes in the consumption patterns of staples or change their

staples to more affordable types and prices. In the post-

Covid-19 situation, food and non-food expenditures tend to

increase again, because the situation has returned to stability

in finding income. (Ioannis Kostakis, 2020) the household

composition has an influence on the amount of food

consumed, price elasticity, and income is estimated to

confirm that most foodstuffs are inelastic to price and income,

thus affecting expenditure on food.

This result is in accordance with the different tests that

there is no difference in expenditure on the purchase of food

staples during the Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid-19.

The absence of food changes in poor households in the study

area is on average due to the purchase of unchanged types of

poor household foodstuffs. changes will occur in

consumption patterns when one family is constrained by the

impact of Covid-19 because there are new types of

consumption such as buying fruits, medicines, milk, and

various sources of nutrition and protein in foodstuffs that help

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2024.4.8

Resha Moniyana Putri, Heru Wahyudi

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

Volume 4, 2024

in the recovery of families affected by the Covid-19

pandemic. On the one hand, the food situation also tends to

be flexible in the situation faced both during the pandemic

and post-pandemic, the average change in food expenditure

in poor households is also influenced by factors of increasing

income and the impact of Covid-19. This is in line with

research, (Kuan-Ming Huang, 2021), Findings show that

lower-middle-class households are less likely to increase their

grocery spending during the pandemic. Households with

children or the elderly who usually need a higher quality of

food and nutritional intake have a higher probability of

increasing their spending during Covid-19 than ever before.

In addition, consumer spending behaviour is also influenced

by the safe delivery rate and severity of Covid-19 as well as

the accessibility of food in their residences. (Meike

Janssen,2021) Broadly speaking, people shop less frequently

during the lockdown and there is a reduction in overall

consumption of fresh food, but an increase in consumption of

foods with longer shelf-life increases. the pandemic has had

a different impact on people's lifestyles and food consumption

patterns.

In terms of non-food expenditure, judging from the

figures in the picture of urban non-food distribution in Bandar

Lampung City and comparisons in Rural Areas of South

Lampung and Pringsewu, there are differences. During the

Covid-19 era, in urban areas, non-food expenditure tends to

be low, and in rural areas, non-food expenditure tends to be

high. The difference in villages is found in health costs, where

more village households have families with old age with

various health vulnerability problems during the Covid 19

period. Health costs, body care needs and transportation costs

that tend to increase in villages cause differences in

expenditure on non-food ingredients. In urban areas, non-

food expenditure during the Covid period tends to be low

because the urban poor who are not affected by Covid save

more of their income, while for covid-affected households in

urban areas, on average, they enjoy government health care

assistance that is distributed more quickly. In the post-Covid-

19 period, the difference in urban areas was higher in non-

food because community activities that began to be active

tended to spend on recreation, entertainment, clothing,

equipment and household appliances. Meanwhile, in villages,

it is declining because they prioritize food needs over non-

food.

This result is in accordance with the different tests that

there are differences in expenditure on the purchase of non-

food staples in urban and rural areas during the Covid-19

pandemic and post-Covid-19. This result is in line with

research, (Jimin Xiong, 2021) On materials needs other than

food, expenditure on medical health care increased during the

Covid 19 period. Spending on medical health care is money

for goods and services related to health care, such as

medicines, health products, and exercise.

Spending on the

consumption of goods for clothing, recreation, and education

decreased during the pandemic. (S K Srivastava, 2020), The

COVID-19 pandemic has affected the incomes of most

households, and it is expected that creating an imbalance of

income changes will affect consumption differently

according to commodities and it will lead to a more

proportional change in non-food expenditures. Food

expenditure will indicate inelastic demand and change less

than proportionally due to changes in income. The response

in food commodities will also vary, depending on the value

of their elasticity.

Conclusion

The food expenditure of poor households in urban Bandar

Lampung and rural areas of South Lampung and Pringsewu

Regencies has not changed, as can be seen from the decline

in both of them experiencing a decline during the Covid-19

period and an increase in post-Covid-19. Non-food

expenditures have a difference where non-food expenditures

in urban areas tend to be low and in rural areas tend to be

high, while post-Covid-19 urban expenditures tend to

increase and rural areas tend to decrease, this is because

during the Covid-19 period non-food expenditures in rural

areas increased for health and care costs, while post-covid-19

expenditures in urban areas increased for entertainment and

recreation costs in poor households.

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The authors equally contributed in the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

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Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

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