Performance Parameter Study of Signal Warning Detector (SWAD)

and Circuit System

1MUHAMMAD SYAHMI MOHAMMAD HISYAMMUDDEN, *1SUHAIMI HASSAN,

1MUSFIRAH MUSTAFFA, 1NURUL BALQIS BINTI KHAMIS, 1OMAR MOHD FAIZAN

MARWAH, 1MAZNAN ISMON,

1HANIS ZAKARIA, 1MOHD AZHAM AZMI, 1MOHD SALLEHUDDIN YUSOF, 2NORBAZLAN

MOHD YUSOF, 3MOHAMAD SHAH IKHSAN

1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacture, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,

Batu Pahat, 86400, MALAYSIA

2Center of Excellence, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Menara Korporat, Persada PLUS,

Persimpangan Bertingkat Subang, KM15, Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang 47301 Petaling Jaya,

Selangor, MALAYSIA

3Traffic Safety, Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad, Pejabat Seksyen S3, PLUS, 83700 Yong Peng

Utara, Johor, MALAYSIA

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: - Safety is a factor that needs to be prioritised at the workplace. Every worker in the sector values a

safe and secure work environment, so workplace safety is important for all of them. Highway maintenance

workers' safety is critical since they are placed in the highway's work zone to perform maintenance tasks. There

are many incidents involving maintenance workers when working on the highway since there is a poor danger

detection system in place to alert workers during the working process. The goal of this research is to build an

improved safety system for maintenance workers on the job. There are two objectives in this study, which are to

study the parameters effect of applying a distance sensor in finding the best safety vehicle detection at an

emergency lane and the reliability test of a signal warning detector (SWAD) casing for the best installation at a

road maintenance vehicle. The SWAD set up and experimental performance field test have been done. The study

was conducted by setting up the SWAD at Padang Kawad, UTHM, and testing its ability to detect the presence

of a vehicle at different distances and sensor heights. The vibration test for SWAD circuit casing has be done

using a vibration shaker. The results showed that the SWAD was able to detect the presence of a vehicle at 90

metres and at a sensor height of 0.7 metres. From the vibration testing for the long pane, we know that the

maximum vibration of SWAD’s circuit casing can absorb, which is 13.074 Hz, and the speed of the vibration is

3.8319 m/s. The system can increase the level of safety among highway workers if it is implemented on highways

for safety purposes involving highway workers and users of highways.

Key-Words: - Highway workers, Circuit Casing, Signal Warning Detector, Transmitter, Receiver

Received: June 19, 2022. Revised: October 9, 2023. Accepted: November 11, 2023. Published: December 31, 2023.

1 Introduction

The Royal Malaysian Police received 548,598

reports of traffic accidents in 2018, although just

1.1% of those incidents resulted in deaths. With 1046

cases, Selangor had the largest number of deaths

from traffic accidents, while Kelantan had the most

injuries, 1626 cases, from such incidents. The fewest

number of deaths and injuries were reported in

Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, at 10 [1]. There are

three dangers that might cause accidents, including

underproduction or lack of protection, poor visibility

issues, and rushing through work zones. Most

roadway accidents involved user and worker vehicles

while doing the job [2]. This study is done to upgrade

the Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) system by

developing the laser sensor, which is the HSLD-01

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2023.3.21

Muhammad Syahmi Mohammad Hisyammudden,

Suhaimi Hassan, Musfirah Mustaffa et al.

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

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Volume 3, 2023

laser distance sensor and to do the vibration test for

reliability on the Signal Warning Detector (SWAD)

circuit system.

To compute the distance determined by ultrasonic

sensors and record information onto a memory card

in a data logging shield, the Arduino functions as a

processing unit is one of the research example. To

make an Arduino operate, a data recording shield

may simply be placed on top of it [3]. Laser sensors

may be used to detect object distances and related

attributes such as displacements, locations, surface

profiles, and velocities. Previous researcher proposed

that the time-of-flight sensor detects distance by

directing a focused laser beam at the target and

capturing the signal that is reflected [4].

Nowadays, there are several construction worker

injuries on the roadside. Road safety was a primary

issue for expert traffic engineers, and it was

extensively investigated. The degree of safety while

working is one factor that contributes to the increase

in the number of injuries on a daily basis [5]. The

safety of road workers cannot be guaranteed simply

by putting up a safety cone and a hazard light to keep

them safe in the event of an accident. By designing a

safety system that improves their safety, the safety

mechanism must be enhanced.

The primary method of actively monitoring the

vehicle's surroundings is infrared laser radar active

obstacle detection. Laser radar has advantages over

microwave and millimetre-wave radar, including a

compact size, a narrow beam, a cheap cost, the

absence of electromagnetic interference, and high

accuracy of distance and position [6]. The relative

speed determined by deducting the previous and

subsequent distances. The time between the two

frames is then divided based on the outcome.

Product reliability must be better to obtain a

longer life cycle. Based on enough failure data,

conventional reliability analysis methodologies may

often be used. As a result, typical reliability analysis

techniques are inappropriate when there is little or no

failure data [7].

The primary location for work zone accidents,

regardless of road type, is the activity area, and the

most common type of accident is a rear-end collision

[8]. As a result, highway concessionaires enable

researchers to assess and implement a work zone

protection policy to improve the safety of work zones

at construction sites.

Early warning may prevent three common

collision scenarios which are frontal vehicle

deceleration, sudden lane changes of another vehicle

and intrusion by a vehicle travelling in the opposite

or cross direction. The system's design requirements

may be divided into three categories which are

establishing the maximum stopping distance,

identifying an object's motion, and calculating its

relative speed [9].

The performance study describes how to utilise

these statistical characteristics to generate vibration

simulation plans that are tailored to the vehicle type

and route. The research demonstrates how statistical

models may be used with ordinary random vibration

controllers to provide a practical but upgraded way

for providing more realistic simulations of road-

related vibrations in the laboratory for package

performance evaluation [10].

2 Methodology

Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) was designed as

part of a safety system to provide early warning to

highway workers. The traffic accidents among

highway workers have become an important concern.

By reviewing previous researches, it is understood

that the reliability evaluation of SWAD transmitter

casing with the circuit system needed to be done [11].

The experimental test was conducted by setting up

the SWAD at Padang Kawad, UTHM and testing its

ability to detect the presence of a vehicle at different

distances and sensor heights. The actual scenario was

used to find the distance references to the HDSL-01,

the height references at the PLUS vehicles and the

velocity of the vehicles that be detect by HDSL-01

sensor as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: SWAD placement on PLUS Ronda vehicle

The vibration shaker was used in the reliability

vibration test to obtain data on acceleration and

velocity. The SWAD system's circuit casing be

attached to the vibration shaker before the machine

was put into operation liked showing in Fig. 2. After

that, the frequency setup was done to obtain the

results of the acceleration and velocity. The vibration

test of Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) circuit

casing was done to find the best installation at road

maintenance vehicle.

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2023.3.21

Muhammad Syahmi Mohammad Hisyammudden,

Suhaimi Hassan, Musfirah Mustaffa et al.

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

224

Volume 3, 2023

Fig. 2: Vibration test of Signal Warning Detector

(SWAD) circuit casing

Reliability is defined as the calculation that can be

repeated is consistency [12]. This test can be

considered to be the indicator for calculating a

reliable outcome. In other words, if the test is done to

get any data, the next test will get identical data.

There are some potential explanations for this if the

reliability test does not have consistent results, one of

which is environmental. Differences in types of

environments, such as distance, velocity, presence

and sound pressure levels, can affect test output due

to the time of testing. In this study, there is an alarm

and a vibrator as a warning to save or alert the

maintenance worker before the crash occurs. In

certain situations, warning systems may be unreliable

even though they do not emit signals where those

emissions are justified. The data transmitted are the

basis for optimizing the structure and reliability of the

vehicle [13]. Electronic devices application in

SWAD system are the important thing to be

considered for the best performance [14].

3 Results and Discussion

There are a several discussions that can be taken into

consideration for the study. This includes a detail

study and analysis on the Signal Warning Detector

System (SWAD) concept. The Signal Warning

Detector System concept is still fresh and not many

research and study on it. Most of study is about signal

or sensor concept for simple uses not for highway

safety user, but the SWAD system was an innovation

as a device for the maintenance worker at the

highway site for upgraded their safety level. The

efficiency and performance of SWAD has been

studied in details. By verifying the material usage, the

research study uses different types of material that is

applied to the design such as stainless steel and other

non-metal materials. Lastly, the fabrication of

SWAD was take place. Reliability and simulation

process is done to suggest fabricate process flow and

it will be easier to observe the design operability on

the real application.

The parameter effect of applying distance sensor

results shown in Fig. 3. The graph shows the detected

distance against the sensor height at the vehicle. The

range of measured distances for a 0.7 m sensor height

at the vehicle was 10.22 m to 96.05 m. The range of

measured distances for a 0.8 m sensor height at the

vehicle was 10.0 m to 90.03 m. The range of

measured distances for a 0.9 m sensor height at the

vehicle was 10.03 m to 70.2 m. The 10 m to 60.05 m

range was the range of distances that the vehicle's 1.0

m sensor height could detect. Finally, a 1.1 meter

sensor height at the vehicle measured a distance

between 20.41 metres and 30.05 metres. The best

detection was at a sensor height of 0.7 metres at the

vehicle, the sensor's maximum detectable distance

was 96.05 metres.

The Fig. 4 shows the maximum distance of

detection against sensor height at the vehicle that

summarized from the overall experimental result

testing. The maximum distance of detection is at 0.7

metres height which was 90 metres.

Fig. 4: Maximum distance of detection

The vibration test of Signal Warning Detector

(SWAD) circuit casing had been done in laboratory.

Fig. 5 showed the vibrate distance at 1 mm pane and

the parameter was set at 20 km/h speeds. The SWAD

circuit casing vibrates at a peak point of 13.074 Hz

and 3.8319 m/s2.

90 90

100

0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1

Distance

Heght at Vehicle

Maximum Distance of Detection

(m) vs Height at vehicle(m)

Maximum Distance

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2023.3.21

Muhammad Syahmi Mohammad Hisyammudden,

Suhaimi Hassan, Musfirah Mustaffa et al.

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

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Fig. 3: The maximum distance detected data

Fig. 5: Graph of vibrate distance for 1mm pane

with 20km/h speeds

Second vibration test was done for 1 mm pane and

parameter speed was set at 30 km/h. Fig. 6 showed

the vibrate distance at 1 mm pane testing result. The

SWAD circuit casing vibrates at a peak point of

12.460 Hz and 4.9463 𝑚/𝑠2.

Third vibration test was done for 1 mm pane and

parameter speed was set at 40 km/h. Fig. 7 showed

the vibrate distance at 1 mm pane testing result. The

SWAD circuit casing vibrates at a peak point of

11.178 Hz and 4.9288 𝑚/𝑠2.

Fig. 6: Graph of vibrate distance for 1mm pane

with 30km/h speeds

Fig. 7: Graph of vibrate distance for 1mm pane

with 40km/h speeds

10,22 10,01 10,03 10

20,41

20,05 20,02 20,02

30,05

30 30,46 30,2 33,8

40,2 40,01 40,02 40,55

50,1 50,18 50,01 50,03

60 60,01 60,02 60,05

70,1 70,03 70,2

88,68

80,04

96,05

90,03

100

0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1

Distance Detected

Height

Distance Detected vs Height at vehicle

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Suhaimi Hassan, Musfirah Mustaffa et al.

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From all the vibration test result for SWAD circuit

casing, when vibration speed was increased, the

frequency will decrease while the acceleration

parameter will increase. All the results was

discussed in detail for SWAD system

performance.

4 Conclusion

The performance parameter study of the Signal

Warning Detector (SWAD) and circuit system had

ability to handle the issue that has arisen among

highway workers at highway The objective of the

project has also been accomplished, which was to

study the parameters and effects of applying a

distance sensor to find the best safety vehicle

detection in the emergency lane. The study was

conducted by setting up the SWAD at Padang

Kawad, UTHM, and testing its ability to detect the

presence of a vehicle at different distances and sensor

heights. The results showed that the SWAD was able

to detect the presence of a vehicle at 90 metres and at

a sensor height of 0.7 metres. The second objective is

to study the performance test of the Signal Warning

Detector (SWAD) circuit casing for the best

installation on road maintenance vehicles. Three

experiments had been done on vibration testing for

SWAD circuit casings. From the vibration testing for

the long pane, we know the maximum vibration that

the SWAD’s casing can absorb, which is 13.074Hz

and the acceleration of the vibration is 3.8319 𝑚/𝑠2.

The performance study of SWAD able to solve the

problem that leads to reduce the accident rate among

highway maintenance workers. The application of

SWAD system can lead the automation system with

Artificial Intelligence in the safety working

environment at highway and roadside. The frequency

of accidents can be reduced in developing Internet of

Things (IoT) technology that can aid in the solution

of this issue [15].

Acknowledgement:

The authors acknowledge GPPS Grant (Q255),

MTUN Grant (K239), Industrial Grant (M019),

GPPS Grant (H584), GPPS Grant (H717), TIER 1

Grant (H197), Research Management Center and

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing

Engineering (FKMP), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Malaysia (UTHM), Ministry of High Education

Malaysia for supporting the research activity. Special

thanks to those who contributed to this research

directly or indirectly.

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The authors equally contributed in the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

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