The Possibility for Counteraction to Modern Ecological Risks

WILLIAM A. SOBOLEV1, IVAN V. KAZACHKOV2,3

1Academy of Municipal Control, Kyiv, 01601, UKRAINE

2Dept of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, SWEDEN

3Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Nizhyn Gogol State University, UKRAINE

Abstract: - One aspect of possible counteraction to the consequences of global change of climate is fragmentary

considered in the paper. The offered measures based on the wide and skilled application of some inexhaustible

mineral resources of the planet are discussed, which have the ecology-economical meaningfulness, as far as

they pursue not only possibility for prevention of negative consequences of the anthropogenic activity in the

world but also up to a large extent for help in solving the food production problem, in particular in the

developing countries. An additional feature of such approach is prevention of massive migration of population

from unfortunate regions!

Key words: mathematical model, particle of fuel, internal heating, non-linearity, computational experiment.

1 Vitality of the problem

At present time the reasonable anxiety is caused by

broken ecology of habitat: muddiness of soils and

waters in connection with atomic accidents and

saturation of territories by ecologically harmful

productions, transformed from just an ecological

problem into the calamity of social and economical

character.

In a number of regions there are rich deposits of

oil, uranium, gold; the deserts offensive (Middle

Asia, Africa, Arabia, Australia), erosion of soils take

a place as the result of their development. Sterile

lands and high density of population in many

countries stipulated an existence of ecological

problems. The solution of this problem requires the

complex approach to protection of the environment

and rehabilitation of the population’s health.

Therefore, we consider that is expedient and

timely not only to solve the urgent problems of

harmonization of environmental and anthropogenic

factors but also systematically implement the

projects and/or their separate steps, providing the

practical human life. This activity should be an

ecologically clean, waste-free and fully self-

contained, autonomous in terms of self-sufficiency

with necessary food, energy and water resources,

cost-recoverable and safe for the environment.

Today, the Nature must be secured from the Man!

By the words of one of the most famous creators

of science from Medieval Times Paracelsus: "…

In the moment of a man creation the primary world

equilibrium was broken. Therefore since that time

the destiny of man is renewal to primordial

harmony…"

2 Warning the world

In 2005 more than 1600 leading scientists from 71

countries had signed the document named "Warning

of the World scientists to Humanity". It was the

most anxious warning that was got by the world at

any time from such powerful group of researchers:

"Human society and Nature got into the state of

contradiction. Activity of humanity inflicts an

enormous and frequently irreparable damage to the

environment and vitally important resources".

In this document-warning the most critical

situations have been enumerated: pollution of

waters, oceans, soil, and atmosphere, extinction of

plants and animals and overpopulation of planet.

Today, the main part of the world already took this

statement into account; however some politicians do

not hurry to provide any unpopular measures. In the

opinion of governments, if contamination will be

stopped, an economy will suffer or even will

collapse. This cynicism will cost for the Humanity

very expensive!

Very solid position belongs to James Lovelock

(he is confessed specialist in ecology of Mars,

author of the theory of ozone holes, etc.). In the 60–

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William A. Sobolev, Ivan V. Kazachkov

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

Volume 2, 2022

70-th of the last century he worked out the Gaia-

hypothesis (Gay is the Greek goddess of Earth)

that a life on a planet ought to be considered

together with a complex of accompanying and

providing material circumstances in a common

integral object [1]. He investigated a number of

models of life evolution that brought him to the

conclusion about inevitability of catastrophic global

warming in case if greenhouse gases will be thrown

out in atmosphere by the former rates.

Today he already does not doubt that a

catastrophe is inevitable and that it offensive can be

only slowed but not prevented. Lovelock is the

passionate defender of atomic energy because it

does not give the carbon-dioxide extras.

Unfortunately as shown by severe accidents on a

few nuclear power stations (the most dangerous was

Chernobyl catastrophe) they may be especially

dangerous [2-4]. Under severe accident accompanied

by break of the reactor vessel, the corium melt

penetrates into containment, where the passive

protection system must firmly retain it in controlled

cooling state during the requested time of the

accident’s control. Presence of the reliable passive

protection systems for the containment, which is the

last safety barrier of nuclear power plant, must

guarantee protection of the containment against

destroying during the unlikely hypothetic severe

accident. Therefore the third and fourth generation

reactors must have such safe system, which is not an

easy problem indeed especially due to so called

human factor.

About the exigency of a decision on the

discussed problems there are witnesses of the

Resolution 58/211 of General Assembly accepted

by UNO that, with reference to the fundamental

documents, declared 2006 the International year of

the deserts and desertization, offered to the entire

countries to support the measures related to

desertization, including degradation of soils, that

must be organized by all affected countries.

3 Problems of global climate changes

Thus, the global climate changes put new risks in

front of our civilization. How will it affect the

productivity of agriculture in the different regions

of the planet? What will be a reaction of the World

Ocean on the global warming? Is Humanity capable

with his present mentality and level of responsibility

for resist to the approaching ecocatastrophe?

The authors of the work [5] analyzed evolution of

the planet’s climate and modern tendencies of its

change, comprehended the problems caused by

disharmony in Civilization-Nature interaction and

offered some concrete measures for minimization of

consequences on climate metamorphoses. They remi

nded that the amount of catastrophic natural anoma-

lies on the planet (snow-falls, thunder storms, dro-

ughts, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunami, etc.)

had grown minimal fourfold for the last 50 years.

Thus, natural disasters did not pass any place of the

Earth during the last years.

3.1 Crucial role of the climate problems

The problems of climate have got really crucial role

purchased a determining value for civilization and

require an urgent correction of the humanity-nature

interaction, foresight of possible consequences of the

marked dangerous changes in a natural vegetation

and agro-ecosystems, in particular, for their

productivity and biosphere role.

On opinion of [6], a climate is the characteristic

for certain territory a long-term mode of weather,

conditioned by a solar radiation, its transformations

into the active layer of the Earth’s surface and

related circulation of the atmospheric and water

masses, determined by the state of atmosphere,

lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biota.

In this small article we do not state the goal to

analyze the role of all the above-mentioned tasks

and their peculiarities in detail because their deep

analysis has been done by specialists, including

the authors of [5]; we like just underline some

basic negative moments, without the account of

which in vital functions, our civilization may stop

its existence already in the nearest future.

3.2 The greenhouse effect and dramatic

Earth population’s growth

The main component of the greenhouse effect is the

presence of huge amount of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere and the rate of its anthropogenic

emissions (about 20 bn. tons per year).

For various reasons, its concentration in the air

has increased by 30% compared to pre-industrial

levels and continues to rise (it is believed that by

2060 the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere will

determine the increase in the average surface

temperature of 1-3 °C [7]). The second most

important greenhouse gas methane, as a natural

component of life on the planet, provides 15% of

global warming.

The ages of prolonged warming and icing of the

Earth are quite natural for the life of the planet in the

space. But it just happened so that a modern

civilization living at the crossroads of epochs might

suffer and even cease to exist without taking any

measures to reduce at least the anthropogenic

contribution to the possibility of their own death.

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In fact, only during the recent years major

environmental negatives began to show, and experts

have started to comprehend the extent of their

impact in the near future. The effect of global

climate change of the planet was officially

recognized as a scientific fact on Interstate Madrid

Conference of the United Nations in 1995, when it

became clear that if humanity cannot significantly

slow the rate of warming in the next 15-20 years, a

quarter of a century will have to quickly adapt to the

completely new conditions of life (existence!).

Global warming is the most serious threat of all

of the threats facing humanity for the whole period

of its historical existence. It is estimated that up to

2065 the amount of damages incurred by the

humanity from this disaster can exceed the gross

world product and will result in the tough food

shortages, especially in the current fantastic

population growth rate (1% per year!).

3.2.1 Transparency of the atmosphere

Due to the ecological (anthropogenic) crisis and its

impact on the transparency of the atmosphere of the

planet in the infrared range of the spectrum now, in

order to return to the previous temperature regime,

the amount of solar radiation on the Earth urgently

needs to be reduced by at least 1 % (we did not even

mention the contribution of the World Ocean, in the

waters which CO2 is dissolved 60 times more than in

the atmosphere).

Therefore, respectable international forums of the

environmentalists and climatologists decided for

such urgent and extraordinary measures as the

release of the near-Earth space in the huge amount

of confetti made of aluminum foil, which would

reflect part of the solar radiation into the space.

Another solution to this problem is to put on orbit a

giant mirror film. We do consider even technically

feasible "hang" solar sail over the problematic area

(the ozone hole) for the controlled screening against

solar radiation.

3.2.2 Defense of the glaciers

With a similar to above aim the experiments on

local defense of one of glaciers in Switzerland by

white polyethylene film (as a carpet) are conducted,

that must prevent intensive melting, because the

calculations show that 70% of glaciers of this

country can disappear totally in 25 years.

Unfortunately it is impossible to perform solar

reflection by such kind mirror on the greatest most

ancient glacier of the North hemisphere on an island

Greenland that occupies an area 1834 thousand km2,

which for example exceeds the territory of Ukraine

three times. According to computer models, the

irreversibility point of its melting (it is 2.5 million

km3 of ice) will be attained already in the middle of

ХХІ century.

3.2.3 Deforestation for agriculture

It is supposed that a rise in temperature on the Earth

conditioned not only by natural reasons began 8

thousand years ago as a result of massive removal of

the forests for agriculture [8].

It resulted in breaking the natural processes of the

carbon dioxide absorption by biota and in the

gradual accumulation of CO2 in atmosphere. 5 000

years ago the man-made bogs appeared for till of

rice that were a reason for another greenhouse gas -

methane - accumulated in the atmosphere.

As a result, during many millenniums there was a

gradual warming-up of atmosphere and environment

because of an additional greenhouse effect. And in

the period of revolutionary industrial development a

speed of carbon dioxide accumulation in an

atmosphere grew substantially, as the "man-made

volcanoes" began to throw out this gas in an

environment considerably more than the natural

volcanoes at any time before. Therefore in the last

half of century the anomalous (on scales) warming-

up of atmosphere and environment in general on 0.6-

0.8 oС was happened on a planet, threatening to life

of many types of vegetable and animal kingdom.

3.2.4 Withdrawal of soils from productive use

It is known that from 3.5 billion hectares of a fertile

Earth’s cover mastered by humanity for agricultural

goals during many thousand years of its history, as a

result of different ecological reasons already fully 2

milliard hectares became infertile.

In the last 50 years a withdrawal of the soils from

productively used ones still remaining in a use was

substantially accelerated, on the average we lose up

to 15 million hectares of agricultural soils annually,

i.e. in 3 years the humanity loses agricultural

territory of biggest country of Europe - Ukraine.

Thus, in 50 years the half of present fields will be

withdrawn from productive use; and

forecasted on that period of time 9 milliards of

people must be fed from only remaining 750 million

hectares [9]. It is set that the increase of the

average temperature on a planet only on 1 оС results

in reduction of rice productivity, which is basic

cereals of south hemisphere, on 10% (International

institute of rice - IRRI); the indexes of loss of the

productivity of soy and corn are similar.

Cruel droughts and total poor harvests in

equatorial Africa in recent years already are ordinary

phenomenon and a few ten millions of people are

suffering. Soon two third of territory of Africa can

become the naked stony deserts. A desertization

threatens for many regions at other continents

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because humidity circulation in every locality is

provided only by vegetation peculiar to this locality.

Thus, further increase of temperature in the nearest

decades means insolvency of agriculture in general.

3.2.5 Factors influencing a climate change

The world meteorological organization, undertaking

long-term studies, came to the conclusion that the

anthropogenic part of the attained level of climate

change on a planet makes no less than 50%.

The permanent industrial extras in the

atmosphere in planetary scale of a number of

originally anthropogenic gases during already two

centuries successively - carbon dioxide (60% of the

already attained additional "greenhouse effect"),

methane (15%) and other compounds of carbon

(8%), oxides of nitrogen (5%) and ozone (12%) led

to the negative for humanity surplus in warming-

up the atmosphere and general anomalous rise of

temperature was.

These extras already notably changed the

contents of indicated natural gases in the atmosphere

of a planet. "Climatic stress" resulted in beginning of

the thawing of enormous areas of permafrost in

Siberia, because an average temperature in Arctic

(as well as in Greenland) changes 2 times faster than

in other regions of the planet and rose already

by 3 оС. But enormous volumes of methane - up to

25000 billion m3, or about 18 billion tons, are

"celled" in Siberia, which already began gradually to

pass in atmosphere.

At the end of ХХ century the Black sea – largest

in the world water reservoir of methane already

“burned" twice. On the bottom of the sea about 400-

meter layer of heavy "warm ice", gas-hydrate, every

cubic meter of which contains the 220 m3 of

dissolved methane appeared long time ago.

4 Prognoses for future climate changes

According to the above-described it may seem that

some countries can avoid a sad fate. It would be

desirable to caution the governments of such outwar

dly "safe" countries, as, for example, Ukraine,

Russia and others. Really, what can that threaten to

Ukraine that was historically formed on a territory,

where the natural ecosystems have been during

millenniums in a state of dynamic equilibrium and

saved a capacity for independent renewal?

However, it is necessary to step back from politics

of regional egoism and face the truth.

4.1 Ukrainian specific features

The experts estimated [10] that Ukraine is the

"critical" regions of planet, where the considerable

changes for temperature gradients may be expected

in the nearest future. They forecasted anomalously

cold winters with sharp over falls of temperatures

and shortage of snow, and droughts expected in a

summer periods. Ukraine is the traditionally "cereal"

country.

By opinions of the prominent scientists and

engineers we tried very shortly to light up only some

ideas about the state of the Earth’s ecology from the

point of view of prospects for our civilization. And

we must note that we are unable to do any consoling

conclusions. Humanity does not dig, it dug up a

grave for itself and, whether or not a future will take

a place now depends only on us altogether but today

there seems to be no political force able to force

such efforts for our common future.

4.2 What and how to do for improvement of

the ecological situation?

Not expect an "apocalypse" submissively but make

an effort by all forces to prevent it! We agree with

specialists offering a set of measures directed to

minimization of consequences of global greenhouse

effect, actual, in opinion of the authors [5], for the

national economy of the Ukraine, in particular:

reduction the rate of atmosphere contamination,

pollutions of soils and waters 5 times to 2050 year;

renewal of natural biota on 2/3 territories of the

Earth, expansion of areas of the forest planting and

protected landscapes 5 times; stabilizing the Earth

population at the level of 7-7.5 billions of people;

reduction of the arable areas with the simultaneous

increase of the agriculture productivity due to

introduction of highly productive sorts, breeds of

animals, modern technologies; substituting the out-

of-date power and industrial technologies with the

scientifically capacious, resource saving and

ecologically clear ones.

A substantial role is going to the plant-breeding

works by increase of productivity and adaptation

to the expected climate changes. Biologists express

that in the arsenal of methods for fighting against the

global warming a leading role must belong to

renewal of natural ecosystems – forest planting,

bogs, meadows, marine and freshwater reservoirs, to

reduction of arable areas, improvement of bio-

agrotechnologies, search and selection of high-yield

sorts for agriculture that differ in the considerable

coefficients of assimilation of sunny energy and

carbon dioxide.

Modern science has to develop the newest

agrotechnologies, adopted to addition the humic

compounds into soils. It will not just solve the

problem of fertility-improving the soil but also will

assist the reliable depositing surplus carbon in soil.

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5 Our original scientific results for

improvement of ecology

Taking into account the stated, the field of the

authors’ research and other activities embrace the

questions of the environment protection against

negative influence of technogenic factors using the

natural minerals, namely their modified forms. In

other words, we try to help the Nature in its auto

rehabilitation with the use of its own resources.

The results of approbation of some stages of our

project not only refute existing at administrative

level in Ukraine an opinion about unprofitable

financial means investment in implementation of

works of the ecological orientation, but also prove

separate stages of the project be reimbursed in 3–5

years. Probably the fate of Ukrainian nation will

decide in the nearest years and to a great extent it

depends on the state of ecology.

Degradation of all living standards in Ukraine

during “independence" times - in politics, culture,

economy and ecology resulted in the inevitable

decrease of man’s quality and continuous falling of

the physical and spiritual levels of population and

its elects is one of the reasons of non-recoverable

destruction of ecological equilibrium.

It is necessary to substantially change the quality

of life and do it from below, without expecting an

order or help from the top managers! To the global

climate catastrophe we are approaching in the terms

of already almost ecological catastrophe.

5.1 Ukrainian specific features and Zeolite

products for soil cleaning

In relation to Ukraine, the erosion of soils,

degradation and considerable degree of the soil

muddiness, not only in connection with Chernobyl

accident on the nuclear power plant but also with the

saturation of territory by ecologically harmful

products, stipulated an absolute necessity using of

such facilities for soil treatment that provide terms

an ecologically clean management even in muddy

regions.

5.1.1 Ukrainian Zeolite minerals

The bowels of country are rich on natural minerals,

including Zeolite-containing minerals that would be

able to provide ecologically clean management even

in polluted regions and thus to create the conditions

for making healthy nation, even for maintenance of

its gene pool. The best deposits of natural Zeolites in

the World (on quality) - Clinoptilolite and Mordenite

(see in the table below) - there are in the West

Ukraine (the supplies of Zeolites in Ukrainian

Carpathians estimated in 4 billion tons).

Presence of Zeolite-containing natural minerals

in the bowels of Ukraine is basis for development of

selective sorbents and organo-mineral composites

(ОМC- fertilizers for bio-agriculture). It allows

complex solving the discussed problems, using the

results of our works [11-13]. Primary quality of such

minerals, except presence of microelements, which

are necessary for growing the vegetable and animal

organisms, is an ability to "take in”, to link the

cations of metals (only univalent - natrium, caesium

and other) by the internal structure, numerous pores,

ramified zeolite channels.

The size of entrance windows of such channels is

insufficient for penetration of two-valent cations

(Ca2+, Sr2+) and all heavy metals (lead, cadmium,

zinc) into the channels. Synthetic zeolites would

solve this task but their price, absence of necessary

raw material and technological base under condition

of the degraded economy make impossible their

production and application in any perceptible scales.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITE

of the SOKIRNITSA CLINOPTILOLITE

Compo-

nent SiOAl2 O3Fe2O3TiO2CaO MgO Р2О5K2O+

Na2OFAs Pb Cu

content,%71,5 13,1 0,9 0,5 3,44 0,68 0,014 3,03 0,025 0,0015 0,002 0,02

Content of microelements, g/ton:

Mn-242, Zn-45, Ga-20, Th-12, Rb-110, Y-22, Zr-235, Nb22, Ba-232, Ce-52

Chemical characteristics

porosity - 44 %; density - 2,370 kg/dm3

specific surface –50 -65 m2/g content of Clinoptilolite –60-70%

capacity of cation change - 1,5 mg.eq./g thermal stability - up to 700 0 С

humidity -up to 7% attrition value - up to 4%

Total specific activity of natural radionuclides -144,5 Bc/kg

Mechanical durability at compression - 200 kg/cm2

Ionchange characteristics

BASIC CATIONS, ABSORBING FROM SOLUTIONS

Оs+, Pb+, K+, NH4+, Ag+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ba2+, Sp2+,

Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Co3+, Al3+, Cr3+ MAIN ABSORBING GASES

СО, СО2, SO2, H2, NH3, HCHO, Ar, O2N2, H2S, He, K

freon, formaldehyde , mercaptanes

Na6[Al6Si30O72] х 20Н2О

5.1.2 Zeolite organo-mineral compositions

Taking into account the above-mentioned, jointly

with the scientists of the NAS of Ukraine the

organo-mineral composites (ОМC) on the modified

zeolite basis, which contains 1-5 mass % sorbents of

selective action, were created. It binds the cations of

heavy metals and radioisotopes of strontium in a soil

and in water solutions that prevents their passing to

ground water and in a biomass of plants.

It is known that among measures that bring down

entering of radionuclides into plants, a substantial

role belongs, for example, to removing the top 4-

5 cm layer that decrease radioactive contamination

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E-ISSN: 2732-9984

Volume 2, 2022

by one order of magnitude. But for this purpose it is

needed to remove about 750 tons of soil from 1

hectare. Burying of such volumes of soil is unreal.

The considerable losses of the soil fertility would

take place.

OMC is prepared by soaking (saturation) of

natural Zeolite (1-3 or 5 mm fractions) with solution

containing mixture of humic acids and sodium

humate. Also 1-5% modified Zeolite P is added to

this treated Zeolite probe. Humic acid and its salts

are obtained by hydrothermal treatment of lignite

according to patented procedure. It has shown:

- transition coefficient of radioactivity in soil-plant

system is reduced for the majority of cultures by 2

times,

- on the other hand high degree of radioactivity

transition from soil into radish and rape plants

provides a method for bioremediation of soils, for

turf (peat) soils with increased acidity (pH 4.7-5.6)

at contamination level 5 Ci/km2 (185 kBq/m2) and

lower (below 2%), humic content is recommended

to add 4 tons/ ha of OMC with 2% Zeolite P during

the spring time main cultivation, at humic content

>2%, the OMC dose can be reduced to 2 tons/ha,

- at contamination level > 5 Ci/km2 (185 kBq/m2),

the dose of Zeolite in OMC should be increased

from 2% to 5%.

5.1.3 Ukrainian technology of the soil cleaning

The technologies that envisage removing arable

layer of muddy soil, its washing, drying, enriching

and return on the fields need the expenses about 1-

3 million USD/ha. Thus, as it is appropriately noted

in the advertisement on the web-site of International

firm "Terra Humana Clean Technology Engineering

Ltd" (USA - Sweden - Hungary) that executes these

works, the soil as a result of such washing becomes

biologically dead. In "cleaning" by our technology

there is no requirement for removing the muddy

soil, for the process of "in situ" it is necessary on the

average from 2 to 4 tons of Zeolite composites that

can be evenly sent flying on an arable soil layer

or brought in small holes under vegetable sprouts.

By the way, mixing the soil washed by

technology of "Terra Humana" with OMC would be

the mean for partial renewal of soil quality (anyway

such soil needs to be enriched by black soil!).

5.1.4 Our experience in the soil cleaning

Beginning from 1994 the organo-mineral composites

and selective sorbents have been created and tested

for providing an ecologically clean management on

muddy soils, including cleaning the soil in Budapest

suburb polluted by the extras of storage-battery plant

(1994). Numerous tests were done at the Institute of

Phytophysiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine

(1995), at Agrarian University in Godolle (Hungary,

1996), at Institute of agroindustrial production of

Academy of agrarian sciences of Ukraine in

Transcarpathia (1996-98).

In 1998 by order of the Ministry on emergencies

of Ukraine a pilot project was successfully executed

for rehabilitation of 100 hectares of the territories

contaminated by radionuclide. Recommendations

have been worked out for use of organo-mineral

composites for the return of radioactive-muddy

territories in productive land tenure [13].

The results of analysis of soil probes on the

contents of heavy metal cations, mg/kg:

The probes of soil polluted by waste of battery plant

(Nagyteteny – a Budapest suburb) are subjected to

processing. In the Table above the cations’ content

in soil probes during 8 hours after mixing with

“Zeolite P” in ratio 10:1 a reduction of increase a

crop capacity of agriculture due to using the organo-

mineral composites is shown.

• (UzhSPE «ОМC»)

• Name of culture: Increase of harvest,

• centner/hectare

• o Potatoes 30-46

• o Cucumbers 62-71

• o Cabbage 9-12

• o Tomatoes 8-12

• o Pepper sweet 6-9

• o Eggplants 28

The tests were made on experimental base of

Transcarpathian Institute of Agriindustrial complex

ААS of Ukraine (Trop L.)

5.2 Selective sorbents on Zeolite basis

Selective sorbents on the natural basis (Zeolite P or

A) intended for clearing of soils from heavy metal

cations, radionuclides and ensuring the conditions of

the ecologically clean husbandry.

5.2.1 Zeolite organo-mineral compositions

Organo-mineral composites on the base of modified

Zeolite-containing minerals raise an effi-ciency of

agricultural production on 25-60 %.

Treatment of soils contaminated by radio-

nuclides nearly 100 ha of soil in Zhytomir province

(Ukraine) polluted by 2-5 Ci/km2 Cs137 and Sr90

was done by a mixture of organo-mineral composite

(OMC) and Zeolite P (in ratio 1:10), which prevents

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Volume 2, 2022

the transition of toxic cations and radionuclides

(strontium) into ground water and biomass by 3-4

times. In 1999 on the order of Ukrainian Research

institute of agricultural radiology the parties of

organo-mineral composites were made for the

prolonged and selective action that was later on

tested as means of decontamination in the conditions

of field experiments.

5.2.2 Production of the organo-mineral

compositions and selective sorbents

Block-diagram of the plant for production of the

selective sorbent, OMC and fire-extinguishing

powders is shown in Fig. 1:

FEP -

line

SS-

and

Ros-

tok-

line

OMC

line

Aco-

us-

tics

tur-

bu-

lent

mill

Bottling

Reac-

tor

Mixer Chiller

Drying Mill

Na–car-

bonate SiO2and

additives

Carbon

dioxide

Zeolite

NaOH

Water

Coaly

clay

Dezin-

tegra-

tor

Mixer

Reac-

tor Reac-

tor

Reac-

tor Reac-

tor

Drying

Evapo-

ration

Rostoc`s

mixture

Zeolite

Electro-

separa-

tor

0,2 mm

Fraction

3-5 mm

Fraction

Mixer for NPK

and others Zeolite

Mixer

Pour out of

exhaust solutions

Block-diagram of the plant for selective sorbents (SS), organo-mineral composites (OMC)

and fire-extinguishing powders (FEP)

OMC

…………………………………………………………………………………… ……...................

FEP

…………………………………………………………………………………… …….................

Fig. 1 Block-diagram for selective sorbent plant

In 1999-2002 an OMC was produced for

common experiments with the Hungarian scientists

(within framework of international cooperation by

the grant of Ukrainian Department of education) and

for continuation of the field researches. In this

period on the soils with the different degree of

muddiness the wide approbation of ОМC was

realized for the conduct of ecologically clean land-

tenure and increases productivity.

The important role of ОМC in the question of

counteraction to a global warming consists of

recultivation of bad soils, in planting of greenery of

the deserted regions in particular. Taking into

account the soil and climatic features of such

territories, on the basis of modified natural zeolites

the totally sufficient organo-mineral composite,

which allows developing the sprouts of the plants

without additional feed and watering during the

long period is created [11].

Creation of an industrial production for the three

mutually constrained technological lines for

producing the selective sorbent, organo-mineral

composites and even fire-extinguishing powders on

the basis of zeolite, as raw material, and utilization

of intermediate products, is planned. The chart of

production makes fast reimbursement of the

investment and the plant is fully zero-emission.

5.2.3 Non-waste production

The Great Russian chemist D. Mendelejev said that

“there are no industrial wastes; there is only the

badly processed raw material”. In the indicated chart

the wastes of one line are the raw material for

other line, and working waters are corrected for

obtaining the secondary products.

The scopes of this article do not allow to go into

detail of the got results but, if shortly, the data of our

works confidently confirmed a high efficiency of

using an ОМC and selective sorbents on the basis of

modified natural zeolites (of Carpathian deposits)

for binding the heavy metal cations and

radionuclides into complexes that are not washed in

a water environment, directly in a soil.

Strictly speaking, this recultivation technology is

not only "cleaning" the muddy soil but, what is

more, it makes "defence" of subsoil waters and

biomass against penetration of toxic elements.

The particles of fine-dispersed Zeolite-containing

substances are concentrating the cations that become

more accessible for the rootage of industrial crops

(long-term herbares, lupin and other) on the next

stages of crop rotation.

5.2.4 Future life on the Earth planet

For the sake of life on the Earth the humanity must

do a lot and very fast. Exigent integration of all

resources and facilities of planet, especially from

developed, front-rank countries, for development

and practical realization of technologies for survival,

or simply speaking for renewal the green planet is

needed urgently. Otherwise only the microorganisms

- the first colonialists of planet - will survive.

We wish a health and progress to our great-

grandchildren. For the moment a few ideas are

discussed for elaboration and implementation, for

example:

 to create and place on an orbit "sunny sail"

for the managed screening of solar radiation

over the problematic regions (with the presence

of ozone holes),

 to plant trees and shrubs (but reasonably, taking

into account an albedo) sterile territories and

clear the sources of drinking-water;

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2022.2.10

William A. Sobolev, Ivan V. Kazachkov

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

Volume 2, 2022

 to begin realization an ideology of the "sunny

Vegetariums" able to feed population by the

products compactly grown including in the

condition of territorial isolation, with

simultaneous recultivation and preservation

of the landed resources in behalf on subsequent

generations;

 to put covering force on the way of thoughtless

decision making of bowels of the Earth and to

compel a petroleum mafia and petroleum lobby

(including Parliament of Ukraine) to sponsor a

development of alternative energy…

It is a minimal list of practical ecology tasks, and

their solution will allow the modern Humanity

expecting a survival and progress. Realization of

intellectual part of these extraordinarily important

tasks is fully feasible even by forces of the small

Institute or scientific and production firm.

5.2.5 Our achievement in production of the new

unique materials based on Zeolite

Our achievements in the area of development and

production of the new materials and technologies for

ecological orientation prepared a base for realization

of idea on creation the fully reserved zero-emission

chart of the autonomous vital functions and self-

providing on the muddy, as well as sterile

territories [15].

In particular, it was worked out the chart of an

ecologically clear settlement for 5 thousand persons

(1,5 thousand families) that even in sterile regions

may fully provide themselves by ecologically clean

foodstuffs (vegetable, meat and milk, mushrooms,

phyto-preparations, even by high-protein meat of

snails), by water and alternative energy-carriers due

to functioning of helioglasshouses, adsorption-Na-

cation system for water-treatment including the

water demineralization solutions by the drinkable

standards, pyrolysis system for complex processing

of bio-wastes, etc.

Surpluses of products can be realized at the free

market. In this connection, it would be worthwhile

to remind that the well-known English science-

fiction writer Arthur Clark predicted for 2045 the

creation of dwelling of the fully closed cycle with

complete self-providing and with processing of bio-

waste (magazine "Universe, space, time", 2006, №5,

p.6; in rus.).

The necessity of self-providing for habitants

determines inevitability of people’s activity in such

socio-eco-settlements. I have to assist the increase

of intellectual and productive culture that creates

the backgrounds for development of creativity and

initiative of population and is a necessity though not

sufficient. And it is a condition for democratization

of the community groups of population in the

settlements.

6 Conclusions

We have to conclude that we believe it would

possible in a way described here to support the

ecology and help the Earth cope with ecological

problems, which appeared during the last century

and critically increased during a few last decades.

The Humanity would get the guarantees due to such

activity for further existence without all destroying

cataclysms, for implementation and enriching of

own energy-information space.

Thus, one aspect of possible counteraction of

Humanity to the consequences of global climate

change has been fragmentary considered. The

offered measures are based on a wide and skilled

application of inexhaustible mineral supplies of

the planet and have an ecology-economical

meaningfulness, as pursue not only possibility for

prevention of the negative consequences of

anthropogenic activity but also largely decisions a

food problem, in particular in developing countries.

An additional feature of such approach is prevention

of mass migration of population from unhappy

regions!

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William A. Sobolev, Ivan V. Kazachkov

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Volume 2, 2022

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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

DOI: 10.37394/232022.2022.2.10

William A. Sobolev, Ivan V. Kazachkov

E-ISSN: 2732-9984

Volume 2, 2022