Quick Response Code As A Game-Changer of Indonesian Digital

Transactions

ANGGUN ARIKATUS SOFWATUNNISA, BUDI RUSTANDI KARTAWINATA, ALDI AKBAR,

MAHIR PRADANA

Department of Business Administration,

Telkom University,

Jalan Terusan Buah Batu, Bandung 40257,

INDONESIA

Abstract: - The purpose of this study is to elaborate on the Quick Response Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS)

and its significant impact on digital transactions in Indonesia are covered in this publication. The QRIS

standard for QR codes is a cutting-edge and effective electronic payment solution. The purpose of this study is

to assess QRIS adoption and its effects on digital transactions in Indonesia. We use a systematic review and

bibliometric analysis to discuss QRIS in this work. We draw some significant conclusions about this topic's

writers and literature from our investigation.

Key-Words: - QRIS, digital payment, digital innovation, Indonesia

Received: October 17, 2022. Revised: August 29, 2023. Accepted: September 27, 2023. Published: October 12, 2023.

1 Introduction

QR Code payments have grown in popularity as cell

phones have become popular which also invited

more and more innovation in payment systems, [1].

Response Code in Rapid Using a QR Code, the

Indonesian Standard (QRIS), often known as QRIS

or frequently pronounced KRIS, unifies several

varieties of QR from different Payment System

Service Providers (PJSP). The development of

QRIS by the payment system industry and Bank

Indonesia aims to make transactions with QR Codes

simpler, quicker, and more secure, [2]. QR code

payments have several benefits over traditional

payment systems, [3]. Aside from its convenience,

and security, it also allows cashless transactions,

which certainly lessens the risk of theft and fraud,

[4].

Bank Indonesia explained that QRIS

accommodates two different models of using QR

Code Payments, namely Merchant Presented Mode

(MPM) and Customer Presented Mode (CPM), [5].

However, the implementation refers to the QRIS

standard set by Bank Indonesia as a national

standard, [6]. Bank Indonesia also limits the amount

of QRIS transactions to a maximum of IDR

10000000 (Ten Million Rupiah) per transaction, [7].

Although the first QR code was used in

Indonesia around 2011-2012, Bank Indonesia

declared it as an official payment tool in 2019, [8].

Since then, thousands of vendors have now

convenient to use QR codes in providing customers

with convenient payments, [9]. Nowadays, QR

codes are being used in stores across the country to

allow customers to access product information, and

QRIS are widely used in closing the payments, [10].

Various banks, e-wallet providers, and other

payment platforms such as pay later and fintech

apps also use this system, [1], [11]. For its

versatility and ease of use, QRIS are now popular

for business owners and consumers, [12].

Understanding the elements that impact

consumer decision-making when it comes to

purchasing products and services is a difficult issue.

QR-code payments have grown in popularity around

the world as a method to make cashless transactions

easier and safer. Despite its broad use, some

customers are still apprehensive about using this

payment option. It is vital to understand the aspects

that impact customer behavior toward QR-code

payment to boost its adoption, [2], [12], [13].

Factors influencing consumer intention to adopt

mobile payment services, include QR code

payments. This study found that perceived

usefulness, ease of use, perceived security, social

influence, and trust in technology are significant

predictors of consumer intention to adopt mobile

payment services, [13].

Three significant characteristics influence

customer behavior toward QR code payments in

China: perceived utility, perceived simplicity of use,

and perceived security, [14]. It was found that

perceived utility, perceived ease of use, and

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DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.43

Anggun Arikatus Sofwatunnisa,

Budi Rustandi Kartawinata, Aldi Akbar,

Mahir Pradana

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perceived harm are the most important elements

influencing customer behavior towards QR code

payments in Bangladesh, [15]. Furthermore, in

Vietnam, five main factors influence consumer

behavior toward QR code payments, namely

perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,

perceived trust, perceived cost, and perceived social

impact, [16]. In Bangladesh, it was found that

perceived utility, perceived simplicity of use,

perceived security, and social impact were the most

important elements influencing customer behavior

toward QR code payment, [17]. Convenience,

security, and availability are factors affecting the

adoption of QR code payments in Indonesia.

Customers appreciate the convenience and

quickness of QR code payments, as well as the

security safeguards that safeguard their personal and

financial information. Furthermore, the availability

of QR code payment solutions at a variety of stores

and businesses has enhanced their adoption rate,

[18].

Enjoyment as a factor influencing QR code

adoption highlights the importance of considering

hedonic aspects (such as pleasure, fun, and

enjoyment) when adopting the technology, [19].

This emphasizes the importance of technology that

is not only functional but also comfortable to use,

especially among the younger generation, such as

students. Social influence implies that social

variables such as peer pressure and social norms

have a significant impact on technology adoption

behavior. This supports the Social Influence Model

(SIM), which argues that social factors can

influence technology adoption behavior, [20].

Unfortunately, just a few empirical studies have

been undertaken to better understand consumers'

intentions to use mobile payments in emerging

nations, [21]. As a result, there is still a research gap

among Indonesian students to study specific mobile

payment systems is insufficient to build

generalizations of consumer behavior toward

acceptance of mobile payments.

The Quick Response Code Indonesia Standard

(QRIS) implementation of digital transactions is one

of the "game changer" measures taken by the Bank

of Indonesia to address this issue, and this study

attempts to expound on it by conducting basic

bibliometric analysis.

2 Literature Review

2.1 Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion is an idea that arises from the

concept of financial inclusion. Financial exclusion is

the process by which persons and socioeconomic

groups are denied entry to the formal financial

system, [22]. Financial inclusion is the process that

makes sure all participants in the economy can

easily access, avail themselves of, and profit from

the established financial system. All initiatives

aiming at lowering obstacles to financial services

for people—both financial and nonfinancial—are

referred to as financial inclusion, [23]. Inclusive

finance is sometimes considered as a national policy

to promote economic growth through several ways,

including income distribution, poverty reduction,

and financial system stability, [24]. It is an

important aspect of economic development because

it enables people to save, borrow, make payments,

and manage risk. Financial inclusion also refers to

the accessibility and use of financial services by

individuals and businesses, especially those in

underserved and marginalized populations, [25].

Mobile banking technology allows individuals

who do not have access to formal financial

institutions to store, transfer, and receive money

using their cell phones, [25].

2.1.1 Social Influence

Social influence is one of the significant factors

influencing the adoption and recommendation of

mobile wallet services, [26]. As a result, the social

backdrop has a significant impact on views

regarding the new system, [27]. In the Theory of

Reason Action, social impact is comparable to the

subjective norm, [28]. This social construct is made

up of two fundamental and sequential factors that

determine whether people are encouraged or

discouraged from engaging in specific actions.

Initially, customers form opinions based on the

acceptance and responses of persons they consider

to be references. The second criterion is the

motivation of the person to behave in line with the

intentions of their reference group. While

complicated and vulnerable to various variables,

social influence plays a crucial role in technological

adoption. It has three mechanisms for influencing

customer behavior: compliance, internalization, and

identification, [25]. In the behavioral sciences,

social influence has been recognized as an essential

factor in people's decision-making process, [27].

Payment is typically made in a public or social

setting where individuals may see the conduct of

others and, as a result, may be affected by persons

who are important to them, [28]. There is research

in developing countries, especially Malaysia, that

finds that social influence is a key factor in the

adoption of mobile banking services. The study

found that individuals are more likely to adopt

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mobile banking if they feel that their peers use it and

if they feel that it is socially acceptable, [29]. Social

influence has a positive impact on mobile payments,

[30]. According to the aforementioned literature

review, social impact can influence mobile payment

acceptance.

2.1.2 Habit

Habits consist of three elements: cues are triggers

that initiate behavior, routines are behavior

themselves, and rewards are positive outcomes that

reinforce behavior, [31]. Habits in the use of

technology are important for designing effective

interventions and promoting positive behavior, [32].

Mobile services have become an integral part of

people's daily lives. The widespread availability and

adoption of smartphones and mobile devices have

led to the development of a variety of mobile

services that meet a variety of needs, including

communication, entertainment, productivity, and

outreach, [33]. Users of mobile technology services

often unknowingly depend on them because of their

convenience and ease of use, [34]. Habit is a

significant predictor of continuous use of mobile

phones for online services, [35]. Habits play an

important role in mobile app use, with users

developing automatic behaviors in response to

environmental cues such as seeing app icons on

their phones, [36]. Habit formation is an important

factor in the continued use of mobile payment

services, [37]. Technology usage habits play an

important role in the adoption of mobile payments,

and promoting positive technology habits, such as

regular use of mobile services, can help increase

user intentions to use mobile payments, [38]. Habit

is a key factor in the adoption and use of mobile

payments, including QR code payments, [1].

Customs plays an important role in the use of QR

code payments in several countries. the more

frequently consumers use QR code payments, the

more likely they are to develop a habit of using

them. The habit of using QR code payments is

positively related to the intention to continue using

it in the future, [39].

2.1.3 Innovativeness

Innovativeness is one of the three dimensions of

consumer behavior, along with cognitive and

affective orientations. Innovativeness has been

widely studied in marketing and consumer research,

as it is an important determinant of consumer

adoption and diffusion of new products or

technologies, [36]. Personal innovativeness in

information technology is described as an

individual's eagerness to try out any new

information technology, [37], [40]. Personal

innovativeness in information technology refers to

personal trait variables, individuals are generally

more open to taking risks and comfortable with

uncertainty, which makes them more likely to adopt

and use new technologies. Individuals with high

levels of personal innovation in technology

innovation tend to have better attitudes and

intentions in using new technologies, [40]. Personal

innovation in information technology (PIIT) was an

important factor in facilitating the early adoption of

mobile payment services, [1].

2.1.4 Behavioral Intention

Behavioral intention refers to a person’s

intentional plans or choices to engage in certain

behaviors, [3]. Previous studies have shown that

behavioral intention is driven by individual attitudes

toward actual behavior and social norms, [41].

According to the Technology Acceptance Model

(TAM), two major aspects impact customers'

willingness to accept new technology: perceived

utility and perceived ease of use. If customers find a

new technology beneficial and simple to use, they

are more likely to accept it and eventually become

adopters, [14], [40]. Consumer intention to adopt

mobile payment technology is a strong predictor of

their actual adoption behavior, [40].

2.2 Quick Response Indonesian Standard

Code (QRIS)

The payment industry is one of the many sectors of

the digital economy where technological innovation

is advancing. Among the inventions that surfaced

and gained widespread usage is the QRIS. When

used in the context of payment transactions, a QR

Code is a set of codes that may be scanned with

particular tools and contain data or information, the

identification of the merchant or user, a nominal

payment, and currency, [1]. The payment system

industry worked with Bank Indonesia to produce

QRIS. Thus, it is possible to make the QR Code

transaction process easier, quicker, and safer. QR

Code Payments need service providers to integrate

QRIS, [2].

Currently, any merchant can use QRIS by

simply opening an account or an account with one

of the QRIS suppliers. From the user's perspective,

QRIS offers numerous advantages, such as being

faster and more up-to-date, eliminating the need to

carry cash, and eliminating the need to worry about

the QR e-wallet installation, [34]. On the other

hand, it offers benefits to merchants such as staying

current and improving branding, increasing sales

because it can accept any QR-based payment, being

more practical, lowering cash management costs,

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facilitating reconciliation, avoiding counterfeit

money, and eliminating the need to provide change,

automatically recording all transactions, and

developing credit profile information to facilitate

future credit, [34].

2.3 Efficiency

The term efficiency refers to getting the most output

from the fewest inputs or resources. Efficiency is

frequently associated with "doing things right,"

which implies not wasting resources, [5]. Efficiency

is the accuracy of the way (effort, work) in running

something without wasting time, effort, and cost and

should be regarded as a measure of the quality of

work in technology, [41]

2.4 Economic Growth

Economic growth is a sustained improvement in a

nation's capacity to supply its population with an

expanding range of economic products.

Technological ability is a factor that determines the

ability to provide various kinds of goods to the

population. Widespread and effective use of

technology necessitates changes in the institutional

and ideological realms so that the innovations

produced may be used effectively, [3]. Long-term

economic growth is driven by capital accumulation,

population growth, and technological advances.

Technological change is considered the most

important factor in the process of economic growth.

These changes relate to changes in production

methods that are the result of innovation or the

result of new research techniques.

3 Methodology

We search for the keywords 'QRIS', 'Digital

Payment', and ‘Financial Inclusion’ using publish or

perish software, [35]. However, in this study, no

data analysis activities were carried out by grouping

data according to variables and types of

respondents. Even though no variable test was

employed in this study, the outcomes were used to

address and then to answer the formed problem, [3].

The bibliometric method is the employment of

quantitative tools with bibliographic data. Many

other scientific fields, including management, have

adopted bibliometric research as a recognized topic

of study, [10]. Researchers can now manage

enormous amounts of bibliographical data without

prejudice.

4 Result and Discussion

This study examines QRIS as ‘A Game-Changer of

Digital Transactions in Indonesia’, and looked for

publications about QRIS which were published

between 2018 and 2023. The data shows that the

QRIS research fluctuated but reached its highest rate

in 2022 (Table 1).

Table 1. Number of Paper (2017-2023)

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Total

201

The analysis aims to identify articles that have

the most significant impact in the QRIS field for A

Game-Changer of Digital Transactions in Indonesia.

Table 2 displays the top 3 authors by paper title.

Table 2. Top authors

Author

Numbers

of Paper

Paper Title

MF Silaen, S

Manurung

The Effect of Using Indonesian

Standard Quick Response Code

(QRIS) on Increasing Sales to

Merchants in Pamatangsiantar

City

Effect Analysis of Benefit

Perception, Ease Perception,

Security, and Risk Perception of

Merchant Interest in Using

Quick Response Indonesia

Standard (QRIS)

OB Saputri

Consumer preferences in using

the Indonesian Standard Quick

Response Code (QRIS) as a

digital payment tool

SWOT Analysis Digital

transformation of local

government financial

transactions in support of

financial inclusion

Sriekaningsih

Qris and the New Era of

Payment Transactions 4.0

Level of Public Understanding

of the Use of the Indonesian

Standard Quick Response Code

(QRIS) in Tarakan City

Table 2 shows that there is one author who

published the most articles (2 publications) in the

2020 -2023 period. Most of the citations were

dominated by papers released in 2020, as shown in

Table 3 for the top ranking of reference article titles

from publication until the preparation of this paper.

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Table 3. Top citations

Citation

First

Author

Titles

Year

Journal

IWA

Setiawan,

Mahyuni

QRIS in the

eyes of

MSMEs:

exploration of

perceptions

and intentions

of MSMEs

using QRIS

2020

Ekon E-Journal. and

Business Univ.

Udayana

OB Saputri

Consumer

Preference in

Using Quick

Response

Code

Indonesia

Standard

(QRIS) as a

Digital

Payment

Instrument

2020

FEB UnMul Journal

Performance

Kurniawti,

Izuhroh, N

Malik

Literacy and

education of

non-cash

payments

through the

QR Code

Indonesian

Standard

(QRIS)

application

for the

Millennial

group

2021

Economic Innovation

Case Study, Ejournal.

ummm

The most quoted rankings are shown in the table

above. Article in 2020 ‘QRIS in the eyes of MSMEs:

exploration of perceptions and intentions of MSMEs

using QRIS’ is currently (in 2023) in the top

position with 73 citations published by E-Journal

Economy and Business Univ. Udayana. This article

is also the most recent publication among the

articles on the list.

5 Conclusion

The purpose of this study is to assess QRIS as a

game of change in digital payments in Indonesia.

QRIS has succeeded in increasing financial

inclusion, transaction efficiency, and digital

economic growth. It is hoped that QRIS will

continue to grow and become a strong foundation

for accelerating digital transformation in Indonesia.

Experts and academics are encouraged to carry out a

more formal study of Qris. By using bibliometric

results, such as preferred keywords and choosing

references based on authors, journals, and highest

citations, researchers can gain deeper insights into

the literature around Qris, digital payments, and

financial inclusion. Using tools such as Publish or

Perish inferences around these themes can

contribute to topic development. We admit there is a

limitation since we only focused on materials from

Google Scholar sources. In order to create more

diverse bibliometric maps, it is advised that future

research concentrate on more specialized and

trustworthy sources like the Web of Science index

or Scopus.

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Anggun Arikatus Sofwatunnisa and Mahir

Pradana carried out the field survey, data analysis,

and optimization.

- Budi Rustandi Kartawinata was responsible for

the conceptualization and review.

- Aldi Akbar, Agus Maolana Hidayat, and Adrianza

Putra were responsible for the field survey.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

The authors report no source of funding.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International , CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH

DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.43

Anggun Arikatus Sofwatunnisa,

Budi Rustandi Kartawinata, Aldi Akbar,

Mahir Pradana

E-ISSN: 2415-1521

485

Volume 11, 2023