A Global Review of Consumer Behavior Towards Sustainability
Environmental and Implications for the Circular Economy
Abstract: - This research delves into the attitudes and approaches of consumers in Albania towards the circular
economy, aiming to analyze their perceptions and potential adoption of circular practices. The circular
economy, which emphasizes resource efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability, aligns with
the principles of the Green Economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study includes a survey,
gathering responses from 399 randomly selected respondents. In order to reduce the possibility of errors, the
data were randomly chosen in Excel before being analyzed with the statistical software SPSS, and multinomial
regression is used to establish the connection between the anticipated benefits of the circular economy and
consumer attitudes. The findings reveal a positive and supportive consumer stance towards transitioning from a
linear to a circular economy. Also, the study provides valuable insights for future researchers interested in
understanding the consumer-driven shift towards a circular economy, with a primary focus on preserving
environmental sustainability.
Key-Words: - Circular economy, Consumer Attitudes, Sustainability, Multinomial Regression.
Received: July 21, 2022. Revised: June 4, 2023. Accepted: July 2, 2023. Published: July 24, 2023.
1 Introduction
The circular economy is a system that aims to
reduce various global challenges, including climate
change biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution, [1]. It
is an approach to the traditional linear economy,
which follows a model where resources are
extracted, used to create products, and then
discarded as waste. The circular economy
emphasizes recycling, reusing, and repurposing
materials and products. Maintaining materials and
products for a long time led to the return from a
linear to a circular economy, [2]. In Albania, the
concept of the circular economy is new and our
research makes consumers closer to this
phenomenon that is changing the world. In this
study, during discussions with a panel of experts in
the field of circular economy, it is necessary to
initiate strategies and compose policies for bringing
the consumer closer to this approach. Also, the
concern of consumers for the maintenance of the
environment has led them more and more towards
the substitution of green products. The circular
economy induces an opportunity to decouple
economic growth from resource consumption and
environmental degradation, offering a more
sustainable and better future, [3]. By considering the
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
206
Volume 11, 2023
ALERTA BASHA
Faculty of Economy and Agribusiness,
Mathematics and Informatics Department,
Agricultural University of Tirana,
Tirana,
ALBANIA
ERALDA NOÇKA
Faculty of Economy and Agribusiness,
Economics and Rural Development Policies Department,
Agricultural University of Tirana,
Tirana,
ALBANIA
ANA KAPAJ
Faculty of Economy and Agribusiness,
Mathematics and Informatics Department,
Agricultural University of Tirana,
Tirana,
ALBANIA
additional benefits of green products, consumers can
make a more informed choice that aligns with their
values, which will contribute to a greener and more
sustainable future, [4]. Green marketing, also known
as sustainable marketing or environmental
marketing, aims to meet customers’ needs and
desires while minimizing negative impacts on the
natural environment. The goal of the green economy
is to promote products or services that are
environmentally friendly and encourage sustainable
practices, [5]. Also, green products offer numerous
benefit product for firms and economies, ranging
from environmental preservation and cost savings to
improved market positioning and long-term
sustainability. Investment in green products can
contribute to the transition to a more sustainable
environment. Green marketing can drive operational
improvements, leading to cost reductions.
Additionally, streamlining production processes and
supply chains can result in cost savings by
eliminating unnecessary steps and reducing waste.
Green economy policies often promote renewable
energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture,
and eco-friendly technologies. By transitioning to a
green economy, countries can reduce their carbon
footprint, enhance resource efficiency, create green
jobs, and stimulate innovation in environmentally
friendly sectors, [6]. The bio-economy involves
utilizing renewable biological resources, such as
plants, animals, and microorganisms, to produce
food, energy, and various products. It emphasizes
the sustainable use of biological resources,
including agricultural residues, forestry by-products,
and bio-based materials. By promoting the bio-
economy, countries can reduce reliance on fossil
fuels, mitigate climate change, support rural
development, and foster the sustainable production
of bio-based products, such as biofuels, bioplastics,
and bio-based chemicals. The business has a chance
to behave in an environmentally responsible manner
and use the financial resources to establish the
firm’s innovative environmental products and
technologies to aciform profitability and ensure
environmental sustainability. Green innovation can
open doors to new market segments and
partnerships. Many governments, organizations, and
investors prioritize sustainability initiatives, creating
opportunities for firms that actively engage in green
practices, [7]. According to [8], describe green
innovation is a transformation process that
comprises novel ways of doing things (e.g.,
production–manufacturing, construction,
procedures, systems, etc.) that provide direct and
positive benefits to the environment. According to,
[9], green innovation is a novelty used in
technologies that incorporate energy saving,
pollution prevention, waste recycling, green product
designs, and corporate environmental management.
Consumers are now more knowledgeable about
environmental issues such as climate change,
deforestation, and pollution. This awareness has led
to a growing demand for products that minimize
harm to the environment, [10]. The circular
economy promotes the development of closed-loop
systems, where materials are recycled and
reintegrated into production processes. This reduces
the need for virgin resource extraction and
minimizes the environmental impact associated with
resource depletion, [6]. Circular economy principles
encourage the design of products with durability,
reparability, and reusability in mind. By creating
products that last longer and can be easily
maintained or upgraded, the need for new products
and the associated resource consumption can be
reduced. The struggle to maintain environmental
sustainability is a challenge, and this challenge is
met by substituting and using green products. Most
consumers use them even though they do not have
enough information about why they serve today in
the environment. The transition from a linear to a
circular economy (implementation in a green
economy) has become a necessity. The research
study is focused on the transition from a linear to a
circular economy, specifically in relation to its
characteristics, dimensions, limitations, effects, and
coping mechanisms employed by the population.
The study aims to evaluate and provide important
information regarding this transition as it relates to
consumer behavior and its impact on the
environment and individual well-being. The overall
goal is to highlight the benefits of transitioning to a
circular economy for environmental sustainability
and the assurance of high quality of life. Qualitative
and quantitative analysis include interviews, focus
groups, or surveys which gain insights into
consumers’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors
related to the circular economy. The research studies
consist to shed light on how consumers are
confronting the transition from a linear to a circular
economy and emphasize the positive impacts this
transition can have on the environment and
individuals’ lives. By providing evaluation and
important information, the researchers aim to
promote awareness and support for the adoption of
circular economy practices as a means to achieve
sustainability and improve quality of life.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
207
Volume 11, 2023
2 Literature Review
The circular economy is indeed focused on
transforming economic systems and contributing to
sustainable development. The concept of a circular
economy aims to move away from the traditional
linear “take-make-waste” model of production and
consumption and instead promotes the idea of a
closed-loop system circular economy (CE) seeks to
decouple value creation from waste generation and
resource use by fundamentally transforming
production and consumption systems, [11]. Due to
such changes, consumption issues, particularly
consumer and user acceptance, have been
highlighted as a significant factor hindering the
diffusion of ‘so-called’ circular business models,
[12]. Implementing CE-related activities and
policies occurs in various geographic contexts and
scales, [13]. Consumer approach, today in the world
is very important for a better future and a safe life.
Despite the relatively recent interest in circular
economics, recycled materials are being returned to
manufacturing processes at much lower levels, [14].
In contrast to the economy of the linear type, this
stimulates the consumer to change items of
consumption always to replace them with newer
ones, [14]. The European Development Plan for a
Circular Economy is one of the best-developed
practical guidelines for the transition in today’s
economic environment to the new, more sustainable
production and consumption patterns. The European
plan considers the formation of sustainable
consumption as one of the priority areas of the
circular economy, [15].
From a Linear to a Circular Economy
In a circular economy, the goal is to keep resources
in use for as long as possible, extracting the
maximum value from them, and then recovering and
regenerating products and materials at the end of
their life cycle. [16]. In this new economic system,
both producers and consumers would shift their
focus towards reprocessing, renovating, and
recycling previously used materials and products.
According to [17], the revised Strategy of Integrated
Management of Waste is developed on the vision or
perception of the concept of "zero waste", so that
waste is collected and treated as raw materials, and
management is done following the concept of
circulating systems, serving the criteria of using and
preserving raw material resources. Companies
would need to redesign their business models to
incorporate the principles of a circular economy.
This might involve developing products that are
more durable, repairable, and upgradeable, rather
than promoting a culture of planned obsolescence.
The circular economy has become a dominant factor
in economic development, increasing well-being or
creating new jobs by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, waste, and pollution.
From circularity to sustainability
The circular economy is indeed a key component of
the European Commission's 2030 Green Agenda.
The Green Agenda, also known as the European
Green Deal, is a comprehensive strategy that aims to
make the European Union (EU) climate-neutral by
2050 and transform the region into a sustainable,
resource-efficient, and circular economy, [18].
Circular Economy is based on three dimensions,
economic, social, and environmental. The
cooperation of these dimensions makes the
environment more sustainable. It also results in
healthier generations. Sustainable development
refers to a development approach that addresses the
needs of the present generation while ensuring that
future generations can meet their own needs. It
involves balancing economic growth, social
progress, and environmental protection.
Empowering consumers and providing them with
cost-saving opportunities is a key building block of
a sustainable environment, [19].
Green products and green innovation
Green Innovation refers to all forms of innovation
that minimize environmental damage and ensures
that natural resources are used in the most effective
way possible. According to, [20], environmental
degradation has turned into a major threat to human
survival. A successful Green Innovation improves
the market position attracts customers, provides
green services, and gains a competitive advantage,
[20]. Consumers' green awareness is a key market-
driven factor that promotes the sustainable supply
chain, and their demand for green products has
elicited extensive attention in the world, [21]. Green
innovation encompasses various fields and sectors,
including energy, transportation, agriculture,
manufacturing, construction, and more. Green
innovation supports the transition to a circular
economy by developing technologies and processes
that enable the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of
materials and products. This includes innovations in
waste management, recycling technologies, and
resource recovery systems.
3 Materials and Methods
The purpose of the study is to highlight the impact
that the new generation today have on the circular
economy and how they can face the challenges of
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
208
Volume 11, 2023
buying and consuming green products. A
questionnaire with 399 samples was designed face-
to-face with consumers of Albanians. Quantitative
and qualitative data were processed with the SPSS
statistical program. In this study, descriptive
analysis with tables and graphs as well as the
multinomial regression model are included. The
answers to the interviewers are random and real.
The questionnaire includes socio-demographic
variables, also specific questions about the circular
economy and green products. This literature will
serve new generations as valuable information
transitions from a linear to a circular economy,
where the main priority is saving the sustainability
of the environment. The less waste, the more
sustainability and, above all, the health and well-
being of the consumer. Based on the results, it was
found that the new generation is willing to pay more
for green products to contribute to the sustainability
of the environment. The study suggests that
reducing waste is associated with increased
sustainability and, importantly, the health and well-
being of consumers. These findings highlight the
potential market demand and positive attitudes
towards environmentally friendly products among
the surveyed population.
4 The Results of the Study
A swot matrix of Albania is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary SWOT matrix – Albania
WEAKNESSES
Lack of environmental
consciousness and awareness
Consumers' low purchasing
power for green products
Firms have poor information
about the circular economy
THREATS
Most companies focus on
economic benefits rather than
on environmental impacts
Economic agents are ignorant
in terms of green knowledge
Green products remain a
niche market
Source: Author, 2023
Table 2. Gender of the interviews
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid
Female
207
51.9
51.9
51.9
Male
192
48.1
48.1
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
Table 2 shows the gender of the interviewees.
51.9% are female and 48.1 % are male from 399
respondents.
Table 3. Age of the interview
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
18-25
221
55.3
55.3
55.3
25-35
118
29.5
29.5
84.8
Over
35
60
15.2
15.2
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
The results above, show the age of the
interviewees. According to this data, 55.3% are 18-
25 years old, and 5 years old, and 15.2 % are over
35 years old.
Table 4. Living place
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Urban
319
79.9
79.9
79.9
Rural
80
20.1
20.1
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
The table above shows the living place of the
interviewees. Most of them live in an urban area
(79.9%) and only 20.1 % lives in a rural area. The
level of education is presented in Figure 1.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
209
Volume 11, 2023
Fig. 1: The level of education
Source: Author, 2023
Of 399 respondents, 3% have middle school,
10% with high school, 27% with post-university,
and 60% with university degrees.
Table 5. Monthly income
Description
Frequ
ency
Perce
nt
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
400 – 500€
96
24.1
24.1
24.1
500– 600€
56
14.0
14.0
38.1
600 - 700€
56
14.0
14.0
52.1
700- 800€
32
8.0
8.0
60.2
Over 800€
159
39.8
39.8
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
The table above shows the monthly income of
the interviewees. 24.1% of respondents have 400-
500€, 14% have monthly salary 500-700€, 8% have
monthly salary 700-800€, 38.8% have monthly
salary over 800€.
Table 6. Do you think that the transition from a
linear to a circular economy is beneficial for the
environment today?
Description
Freque
ncy
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulati
ve
Percent
Valid
Yes
247
61.9
61.9
61.9
No
24
6.0
6.0
67.9
Maybe
128
32.1
32.1
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
The results above show the data of the transition
from a linear to a circular economy. 61.9% agree
with this phenomenon, 6% no and 32.1% are not
sure about this change. The consumer approach
shows a percentage above half of the probability,
which means they are ready for this change to
maintain the sustainability of the environment.
Table 7. Have you heard of green products before?
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulati
ve
Percent
Valid
Yes
359
90.0
90.0
90.0
No
40
10.0
10.0
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
Nowadays, technology is at its peak, and the
access of youth to social networks is at a very high
level. As can be seen from the above results, they
have heard about the green economy.
Table 8. Do you think that the use of green products
affects the conservation of exhaustible resources?
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumula
tive
Percent
Valid
Yes
263
65.9
65.9
65.9
No
40
10.0
10.0
75.9
Others
96
24.1
24.1
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
65.9% of interviewees think that green products
are necessary for environmental sustainability.
Table 9. Do you buy green products in your family?
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid
Yes
311
77.9
77.9
77.9
No
24
6.0
6.0
84.0
Others
64
16.0
16.0
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
The results above show that 78% buy green
products, 6% didn’t buy and 16% are confused
about this new concept of production.
3%
10%
60%
27%
The level of education
Middle School
High School
University
Post university
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
210
Volume 11, 2023
Table 10. How ready are you to pay more for green
products?
Description
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
0-10%
112
28.1
28.1
28.1
10-15%
160
40.1
40.1
68.2
15-20%
111
27.8
27.8
96.0
20-25%
16
4.0
4.0
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author, 2023
According to the percentage, the interviewers
are ready to pay more for green products. This
choice shows that today it is necessary to invest
more than ever in the sustainability of the
environment, clean air, and the renewal of
exhaustible resources.
Table 11. If the logic of the circular economy is so
compelling, why companies didn't do it already?
Description
Frequ
ency
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulati
ve
Percent
Valid
It has High
costs
128
32.1
32.1
32.1
Information
missing
120
30.1
30.1
62.2
Pressure of
time
31
7.8
7.8
69.9
Lack of
interest
120
30.1
30.1
100.0
Total
399
100.0
100.0
Source: Author
The most important indicators are the high cost,
missing information, and no high interest. The
answers to the question “How useful forms of social
media are for promoting the circular economy?” are
presented in Figure 2.
Fig. 2: How useful forms of social media are for
promoting the circular economy?
Source: Author, 2023
Social media is the most important international
network today. The Internet has become an integral
part of every family and business in the world. This
is clear from the responses of the respondents that
the most important information is provided by social
networks. 82% of the information is gained from
Google.
Multinomial Regression
“Galton compared the height of children to that of
their parents. He found that adult children are
closer to average height than their parents are”.
Francis Galton (1885) is commonly regarded as the
founder of the statistical techniques of correlation
and linear regression, [22].
Regressive analysis And Correlation
This part of the method will deal with the
development of regression models, thus analyzing
the relationships and interdependencies between the
characteristics, dimensions, limitations, and effects
of pandemics and how they are faced by the
population/employees.
A regression model has this general form:
𝒀 = 𝜷𝟎+ 𝜷𝟏𝑿𝟏+ 𝜷𝟐𝑿𝟐+ ⋯ 𝜷𝒌𝑿𝒌+ 𝒆
In this model, Y is the dependent variable and
𝑿𝟏 to 𝑿𝒌 are independent factors or variables. The
coefficients 𝜷𝟏to 𝜷𝒌 are regression coefficients and
show the effect of each independent variable on the
dependent variable Y. The model will be evaluated
based on the data for the variables Y and 𝑿𝟏 to𝑿𝒌.
Different models will be built to be able to explain
all the questions or assumptions raised on the
influencing factors, limitations, effects,
opportunities, effectiveness of online work,
differences between genders, job categories, etc.
In 1885, Sir Francis Galton first defined the term
"regression" and completed the theory of bivariate
correlation. A decade later, Karl Pearson developed
the index that we still use to measure correlation,
Pearson's r
The Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient is a dimensionless index, which is
invariant to linear transformations of either variable.
Pearson first developed the mathematical formula
for this important measure in 1895:
∑∑∑∑ 2222 )(-)(-
-
YYnXXn
YXXYn
RYX
Thus Equation describes r as the centered and
standardized sum of the cross-product of two
variables. Therefore, the value of a correlation
82%
12%
4%
2%
How useful forms of social media are for
promoting the circular economy?
Valid Google Valid Twitter Valid Radio Valid TV
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
211
Volume 11, 2023
coefficient ranges between -1 and +1. The
correlation coefficient is +1 in the case of a perfect
direct (increasing) linear relationship (correlation),
and −1 in the case of a perfect inverse (decreasing)
linear relationship (anti-correlation), [23].
Hypothesis: The transition from a linear to a
circular economy has a positive impact beneficial
for consumers.
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F
Sig.
1
Regressi
on
8.704
4
2.176
2.592
.036b
Residual
330.804
394
.840
Total
339.509
398
a. Dependent Variable: Do you think that the transition
from a linear to a circular economy is beneficial?
b. Predictors: (Constant), Monthly Income, Age, Gender,
Level of education
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandard
ized
Coefficient
s
Stan
dard
ized
Coef
ficie
nts
t
Sig.
95.0%
Confidence
Interval for B
B
Std.
Erro
r
Beta
Low
er
Bou
nd
Upper
Bound
(Co
nsta
nt)
1.75
0
.303
5.7
73
.00
0
1.15
4
2.346
Edu
cati
on
.210
.061
.171
3.448
.001
-.214
.175
Age
.084
.100
.050
.84
0
.40
1
-
.112
.280
Gen
der
-
.139
.108
-
.077
-
1.2
87
.19
9
-
.350
.073
Mo
nthl
y
Inco
me
.097
.030
.172
3.2
13
.00
1
.037
.156
a. Dependent Variable: Do you think that the transition
from a linear to a circular economy is beneficial?
Source: Author
5 Conclusion and Discussion
A total of 399 consumer responses were used for
analysis, excluding responses with vague and
missing responses and outliers. Based on the
information provided, it seems that the consumer
responses were analyzed to understand their
attitudes and preferences regarding the transition
from a linear economy to a circular economy, with a
focus on sustainability and green products. Here are
the key findings from the analysis:
About 48.1% of the respondents were male and
51.9% female with a majority (44.7%) from the 25–
35 age group. The data collected from the
questionnaire were analyzed using the SPSS
program to build a process model using a regression
linear equation. It is a popular statistical technique
because of its ability to model selected independent
variables and consider all possible forms of
measurement error to test an entire theory. Most of
them live in an urban area (79.9%) and only 20.1 %
lives in rural areas and also have a university
education (60%).24.1% of respondents have a 400-
500€, 14% have a monthly salary of 500-700€, 8%
have monthly salary 700-800€, 38.8% have a
monthly salary over 800€. The consumer approach
shows a percentage above half of the probability,
which means they are ready for this change to
maintain the sustainability of the environment.
65.9% of interviewees think that green products are
necessary for environmental sustainability from 399
respondents. This choice shows that today it is
necessary to invest more than ever in the
sustainability of the environment, clean air, and for
the renewal of exhaustible resources. Social media
is the most important international network today.
The Internet has become an integral part of every
family and business in the world. This is clear from
the responses of the respondents that the most
important information is provided by social
networks. 82% of the information is gained from
Google.
Level of education (Sign=0.001 <0.05) has
positively affected the transition from the
linear economy to the circular economy
Monthly income (Sign= 0.001<0.05) has
positively affected the transition from the
linear economy to the circular economy
Gender and age do not affect the circulating
economy.
The results indicate that the consumer approach
towards sustainability and the transition to a circular
economy is positive and aligns with recent studies
on the green economy. The findings suggest that
education and income are important factors
influencing consumers' willingness to adopt
sustainable practices.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
212
Volume 11, 2023
References:
[1]
E. M. Foundation, Towards to Circular
Economy,
https://www.aquafil.com/assets/uploads/ellen-
macarthur-foundation.pdf.
[2]
IOM, The Circularity Challenge: Expect
Disruption and Get Out in Front of It,
https://www.bain.com/insights/circularity-
challenge-expect-disruption-and-get-out-in-
front-of-
it/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA37KbBhDgARIsAIzce16
sPT6v92AK1FIH0TXfCbmzV4db-
wralu_vXbdc6ENV1i-
MsZ02VFIaAor9EALw_wcB, 2019.
[3]
Y. K. Yan, The Concept Of Green Marketing
And Green Product Development On Cb,
G.J.C.M.P.,Vol.3(2): 33-38, ISSN: 2319-
7285, (March–April,2014)
[4]
C. D` Souza, Green products and corporate,
http: / / hdl.handle.net/ 10536/ DRO/ DU:
30008943, 2006.
[5]
S. T. D. M. S. U. &. Y. P. K. Tiwari. Green
marketing - emerging dimensions. Journal of
Business, snhu.
edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/doc
view/1010336807?accountid=3783, 2011.
[6]
K. S. Gura1, Circular Pathways Influential
Factor in Albania through Green Products
Approximation, Albania: http://acta.uni-
obuda.hu/SulcajGura_Kokthi_Kelemen-
Erdos_118.pdf, 2021.
[7]
M. Xue, The Penetration of Green Innovation
on Firm Performance: Effects of Absorptive
Capacity and Managerial Environmental
Concern, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092455,
2019.
[8]
S. Yim and J. Fung, Use of high-resolution
MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system: SO2
apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong,
Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 4850–4858..
[9]
Y. Chen and S. Lai, The Influence of Green
Innovation Performance on Corporate
Advantage in Taiwan.,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s105
51-006-9025-5, 2006.
[10]
B. B. Schlegelmilch, G. M. Bohlen and A.
Diamantopoulos, The link between green
purchasing decisions and measures of
environmental consciousness, European
Journal of Marketing, 1996, Vol. 30 No. 5,
pp. 35-55. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/030905696101187
40
[11]
E. M. Foundation, Towards the Circular
Economy 1: Economic and Business
Rationale for an Accelerated Transition,
ISSN: 2319-7285, G.J.C.M.P.,Vol.3(2): 33-
38, (March–April,2014)
[12]
J. Camacho-otero, Consumption in the
Circular Economy: A Literature Review,
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-
1050/10/8/2758#B1-sustainability-10-02758,
2018.
[13]
K. Campbell-Johnston, How circular is your
tyre: Experiences with extended producer
responsibility from a circular economy
perspective,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S0959652620320898, 2020.
[14]
S. Ratner, https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
3417/11/1/46, 2020.
[15]
S. Revinova, S. Ratner, I. Lazanyuk and K.
Gomonov, Sharing Economy in Russia:
Current Status, Barriers, Prospects and Role
of Universities., Sustainability 2020, 12, 4855,
2020.
[16]
E. Hysa, Circular Economy Innovation and
Environmental Sustainability Impact on
Economic Growth: An Integrated Model for
Sustainable Development,
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-
1050/12/12/4831/htm, 2020.
[17]
IPPM, Ekonomia Qarkulluese si mundësi
zhvillimi për Ndërmarrjet e Vogla dhe të
mesme, http://www.ippm.al/wp-
content/uploads/2021/11/Ekonomia-
Qarkulluese-analiz.pdf.
[18]
A. Kruja, Sustainable Economic
Development, a Necessity of the 21st Century,
Vol 4, No 10 (2013),
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p93
[19]
E. Commission, Circular Economy Action
Plan/EU Green Deal,
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-
economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan
.pdf.
[20]
S. Takalo, Green innovation: A systematic
literature review,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
abs/pii/S095965262032521X, 2021.
[21]
GuoLi, Contracting green product supply
chains considering marketing efforts in the
circular economy era,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
213
Volume 11, 2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
abs/pii/S0925527321000177, 2021.
[22]
Michael Prosser, Paul Walker and Rosemary
Millar, Differences in students' perceptions of
learning physics,
opscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-
9120/31/1/022/meta?casa_token=MTIQpOEO
qeoAAAAA:UYp0aZSr1k02sqXZy08WE0o
MskkCvXJWzY4-
GbGRbjdSXEY_q_0LMWR2kqc5oQUXVRg
rOwgtQj6VrA.
[23]
W. A. N. Joseph Lee Rodgers, "Thirteen
Ways to Look at the Correlation Coefficient ",
The American Statistician, Vol. 42, No. 1.
(Feb., 1988), pp. 59-66.
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
-Alerta Basha designed the questionnaire and
processed the data with the statistical program
SPSS.
-Eralda Noçka has realized the introduction,
purpose, and hypotheses of the study.
-Ana Kapaj has carried out and compared the
studies of foreign authors with our research
(literature review).
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.19
Alerta Basha, Eralda Noçka, Ana Kapaj
E-ISSN: 2415-1521
214
Volume 11, 2023