Serious Games in Digital Gaming: A Comprehensive Review of

Applications, Game Engines and Advancements

ALEXANDROS GAZIS1*, ELEFTHERIA KATSIRI1,2

1Democritus University of Thrace, School of Engineering,

Department of Electrical and Computer,

Engineering, Xanthi, 67100,

GREECE

2Institute for the Management of Information Systems,

Athena Research & Innovation Center in Information Communication & Knowledge Technologies,

Marousi, 15125,

GREECE

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: - Serious games are defined as applied games that focus on the gamification of an experience (e.g.,

learning and training activities) and are not strictly for entertainment purposes. In recent years, serious games

have become increasingly popular due to their ability to simultaneously educate and entertain users. In this

review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different types of digital games and expand on the serious

games genre while focusing on its various applications. Furthermore, we present the most widely used game

engines used in the game development industry and extend the Unity game machine advantages. Lastly, we

conclude our research with a detailed comparison of the two most popular choices (Unreal and Unity engines)

and their respective advantages and disadvantages while providing future suggestions for serious digital game

development.

Key-Words: - serious games, serious digital game middleware architectures, gamification, digital games, Unity

Engine, Unreal Engine, game engines, game development, cloud gaming, virtual reality digital games

Received: May 19, 2022. Revised: January 9, 2023. Accepted: February 11, 2023. Published: March 22, 2023.

1 Introduction

Digital games can bring our dreams to life and this

distinctive feature separates them from other forms

of interactive entertainment. Specifically, their

notable difference from other sources of

information/education/entertainment, such as books

and films, is that their potential is tightly connected

to the imagination of the individual. This happens as

they do not allow the viewer to engage and interact

thus feeling he is an active member of an online

virtual community, [1], [2].

In recent years, digital games have become an

integral part of our everyday life and due to the

increase of smartphones and smart devices, the new

generation is spending more and more time on so-

called "gaming". For this reason, it is necessary to

further study and thoroughly understand the

characteristics of the digital games that young

people like to create games with similar qualities.

The aim of researchers should be to understand the

behavior, opinions, and political beliefs of the

younger generations and focus on the psychological

effects of games, [3] not only emphasizing violent

games, [4]. According to the current literature, it has

been shown that digital games can have a positive

impact on both mood and behavior of players, [5],

[6], [7].

Furthermore, "serious games" (SG) are a genre

that focuses on story-telling experience “outside the

context of entertainment, where the narration

progresses as a sequence of patterns impressive in

quality ... and is part of a thoughtful progress”, [8]

i.e., applications that aim to "gamify" learning

processes in a modern learning environment, [9]. In

particular, this is achieved by creating an application

that simulates a -usually learning- process or

through the construction of virtual worlds and

communities alike. These games aim to promote

interactive and experiential learning so that players,

in their efforts to win the game, gain a rudimentary

knowledge of various concepts and experiences.

These games can significantly help in the

development of critical thinking and the ability to

solve problems rapidly as, through feedback

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(usually through a point or life collection system),

they reward or not each player's choices and thus

educate them on correct decisions. Therefore, in the

context of exploring a virtual world, the player is

educated, learns, chooses, and decides what is a

correct decision in a realistic (real-life) manner.

In addition, there are 2 categories of players

based on their gameplay style, the "core" and the

"casual", [10]. More specifically, the first type of

player refers to people who usually spend more

hours playing a game and enjoy beating each

quest/level. This category enjoys the increased

difficulty in a game and can overcome multiple

obstacles and challenges in each game to move to

the next level. In contrast, the second type prefers

easier games and enjoys the overall experience of

the game with medium to low-difficulty gameplay.

Our study focuses on providing a

comprehensive look at the current state of serious

games in digital gaming, with insights into their

applications, game engines, and advancements, as

well as future directions for the industry. In the next

sections, firstly we provide a literature review of

digital gaming. Then, we define the different genres

of games and compare digital games with serious

games providing real-life examples of released

games. Secondly, we present the most widely used

game engines used. Thirdly, we focus on the

advantages of the Unity engine and its middleware

architecture, arguably one of the most commonly

used engines for game development worldwide. In

addition, we compare Unity with Unreal, i.e., the

two most widely used game engines. Lastly, we

conclude our study and suggest future research steps

based on our publication.

2 Related Work

Worldwide, the creation and adoption of educational

computer games have been rapidly and steadily

increasing. In particular, the introduction of the use

of electronic devices in everyday life and the

increase in their capabilities, combined with their

decreasing price over the years (Moore's Law), [11]

has provided a large part of the population with

accessibility to digital consoles able to play complex

and highly demanding (in computer resources)

games. Specifically, in our everyday life, a cheap

electronic device (tablet or mobile) can support a

multitude of different types and categories of games,

offering the owner the possibility to enhance their

game experience with low-cost devices.

In particular, digital games are a highly

successful and popular means of engaging the

interest of young people - a particularly difficult

task to achieve through traditional practices - and

are often used as a means of studying how they

interact with society, [12]. More specifically, they

can contribute to shaping young people's behavior

and assist in learning about the principles and

functioning of societies. As mentioned in [13],

digital games can encourage young people to take

on new roles as well as social identities (profiles) by

providing strong incentives to receive and

understand new information and knowledge in

general. It is worth mentioning that the gamer’s age

is particularly susceptible to receiving new

communicative stimuli as well as learning from new

experiences, [14]. Finally, these options may result

in changing their respective behavior, their way of

thinking, their opinions, and in some cases even

their political beliefs.

Moreover, one of the key issues that must be

taken under consideration when designing a game is

the characteristics of the audience (age, gender,

culture) and the main types of players it will

address. In addition, concerning the technical

characteristics of a game, it is particularly important

to consider the technological tools that will be used,

such as the development platform (Windows, Xbox,

Mac, PlayStation), the game engine, the navigation

experience in the game, the elements (graphics,

sound), the way and the number of options that the

player can enter and the overall interaction with the

game. In this respect, it is highlighted that serious

games are a means of education for both minors and

adults depending on the design and subject matter of

each game.

2.1 Categories of Digital Games

Different genres of games exist based on both their

content and the way each player interacts with the

game, but typically digital games can be categorized

into one of the following [15]:

1. Strategy games: involve the careful planning

and efficient resource management of small

virtual worlds/online communities. Specifically,

this type usually aims at mature (age) audiences

and is usually referred to as “thinking games”.

2. Real Role-playing Games: this category has

similar characteristics to "Strategy games". The

notable difference in this category is that the

user can use multiple characters with different

skills, emphasizing the development of a

character (player avatar/player profile) through

a reward system. Specifically, the player aims to

upgrade their character through the

accumulation of points and promotion to

different "classes".

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3. Massively Multi Role Playing Games: they

consist of multiple virtual worlds and involve

the parallel interaction of multiple users. These

game worlds are highly interesting for

researchers who aim to study user behavior.

Specifically, due to the emergence of Web 2.0,

[16] and the subsequent social networking

phenomenon, the creation of a Multi-User

Virtual Environment (MUVE) has become

particularly simple as it depends solely on 3

distinct processes: hosting server,

software/interfaces for user communication with

the game and user identification. Upon

identification and successful login, the user is

part of the digital world and can communicate

and exchange information with other members

of the small virtual worlds/online communities.

4. Simulation games: they aim to simulate a

specific activity realistically, taking into account

not only the laws of physics but also the real-life

constraints and operating rules of everyday life

(i.e., the real world).

5. Government Simulation Games: while this

category of games has identical characteristics

to both "Simulation Games" and "Strategy

Games", due to their unique features, i.e.,

discouraging the player from making arbitrary

decisions and removing overall elements of free

action and navigation, they are considered a

separate game genre.

2.2 Digital Games and Serious Digital Games

Digital games are categorized into various

categories depending on their purpose of creation,

[17]:

1. Commercial games designed to entertain and

amuse the user

2. Serious games designed for learning purposes.

Similarly, they are divided into the

following categories, depending on their design

focus, [18]:

1. Design is driven by a specific didactic approach,

2. Design without an educational purpose but with

the possibility for users to learn.

3. Design based on a specific learning theory but

without a specific teaching approach.

The third category can be used for educational

purposes without the intervention of a teacher.

Indicatively, some examples of digital games, [19]

are "Sims Pets" which involves the development of

problem-solving skills, "Age of Empires III" for the

development of social skills and "Harry Potter and

the Goblet of Fire" for the development of writing

skills.

According to [20], [21], SGs are defined as

digital games aiming to be used as learning models

rather than as a means of user entertainment. In

particular, SGs have been widely used in various

fields of human activity to train users. In this study,

the focus is on SGs, i.e. games that were developed

and used exclusively for educational purposes. In

particular, an SG in the field of education is defined

as an application in which: “the player competes

cognitively with a computer system according to

certain predefined rules. These games aim to use the

user's entertainment as a means of learning concepts

related to government or business, education, health,

public policy, and strategic communication

objectives”, [22]. Therefore, the purpose of SGs is

to motivate players in the light of an educational

environment to transmit ideas, and values, and often

to motivate them to a specific action or to think

about a specific concept/idea, [23]. In this way, the

players' behavior is changed as they think about

their actions and their possible impact on real-life

situations in everyday life i.e., the real world, [24].

SGs have been widely used in the last decade, [25]

in the field of education as they offer the following,

[26]:

1. Enhancing the instructor-trainee interaction

2. Increase the instructor's concentration, [27]

3. Improve critical thinking and logical

thinking.

2.3 Serious Digital Games Applications

SGs help students to apply factual knowledge, learn

on demand, adapt to new situations, and, gain new

experiences and knowledge, [28]. SGs assist in

making the learning process more effective and

efficient as they maintain high levels of interest

among participants and promote the active

participation of users in problem-solving. As a

result, SGs are a particularly important training tool

as they follow the so-called situated learning model,

[29], [30], [31]. Over the years, SGs continuously

incorporate new features and are enriched with new

game and graphical methods.

Finally, some indicative applications of SGs

include corporate training, [32], entrepreneurship,

[33], foreign, [34] and programming, [35], [36]

language learning, cultural heritage, [37], ecological

awareness, [38], [39], military service, [40], [41],

pharmacology [42], health, [43], [44], [45] and

health care, [46], circular economy, [47], stress

management, [48], engineering risk management

[49], cyber security, [50] and law enforcement, [51],

[52], [53].

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3 Game Engines for Game

Development

Many different game engines exist that are used

depending on the needs of the project. In this

section, we will present the most widely used game

engines and focus on Unity.

3.1 Defining: Game Engines as Middleware

Software Solutions

There are 2 ways to develop a game, [54], [55]:

a. the traditional way of development where

the developer develops the game from

scratch using a programming language or

b. the modern approach which is based on

software packages, i.e., a framework of

software development tools that deal with

predefined game functions.

More specifically, in the last decade, many

application packages, also known as frameworks,

have emerged which have provided the software

engineer (developer) with useful tools and methods

to assist at all stages of the game development, [56],

[57]. These tools, in addition to assisting in the

design and implementation process, provided a way

of modeling and standardizing many continuous

integration and continuous operation processes. As a

result, the application frameworks contributed in the

long run to reduce the necessary time for

development, maintenance, and deployment time of

the applications, [58], [59], [60].

These middleware approaches, in the field of

digital game development and design, are the so-

called game engines that provide the necessary tools

to create a game regarding its basic functions such

as:

 the player's movement,

 the sound,

 the development and code execution

interfaces, etc.

In particular, these middleware provide a bundle

for all the necessary software packages as well as all

the predefined rules and methods regarding the

following:

 networking of player computers,

 operation of the graphics of an application,

 or, more generally, various functions such

as the development platform of the digital

game (windows/Linux).

More specifically, these software properties,

although they are purely related to the early stages

of game development, i.e., the so-called backbone-

core of the application, they are of paramount

importance for the development of digital games

with continuous integration and continuous delivery

of the information flow within the schedule, [61].

With the use of machines, developers focus their

development efforts and time purely on the

application itself and do not have to "reinvent the

wheel" i.e., deal with questions such as what

communication protocol the application will work,

what are the possible login/verification options for

the user, what will be the resolution of the game

depending on the execution surface (screen), etc.

In addition, a particularly interesting feature of

game engines as middleware entities is the "game

editor", i.e., the graphical tool that allows the

creation of a game usually through a drag-and-drop

menu with multiple elements and different options.

Unfortunately, this feature has several limitations

but, in the early stages of a game's development, it

allows developers to easily and quickly create initial

functional prototypes. Finally, this is particularly

important as it allows non-technical members of the

game development team, such as graphic designers

and other specialists, to start contributing to the

game development project from the early stages of

the project. In this way, non-technical members'

working hours are not wasted waiting for long

periods, i.e., until the developers have completed the

programming and the necessary testing-testing of

the prototype versions of the programming code for

the execution of the game.

3.2 Defining: Game Engines Frameworks

Specifically, there are several digital game

development engines, of which the most widely

used are the following:

1. OpenSimulator, [62] an open-source

software engine with capabilities of running

on multiple platforms, multi-user

interfacing, and running in 3D virtual world

environments. In particular, this engine can

be used to create virtual environments in

which users can access a server through the

use of clients of different interface

protocols. In particular, it has a very useful

optional installation (Hypergrid) that allows

users to visit other active OpenSimulator

installations on the Internet. This is

accomplished through the software license

installed on a personal computer, which

creates a kind of distributed network of

computers (Metaverse type). OpenSimulator

is written in C# and runs both on Windows

via the .NET framework and on Unix

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software machines via the Mono

framework. The source code is made

available for free through a Berkeley

Software Distribution (BSD) license. In

particular, this code may be used as-is or

incorporated into existing commercial

products without any restriction on use or

future requirement, thus enhancing the

integration of OpenSimulator into

commercial applications and products.

2. Unreal Engine, [63] one of the best-known

game engines developed by Epic Games

and first used in the late 1990s in the "first-

person" game Unreal. Subsequently, this

engine was further developed and focused

on games that mainly involved shooters or

"first-person" mode games. Its ease of use

as well as the multitude of tools it provided

quickly allowed it to be used in "Massively

Multi-Role Games" as well as "Real Role-

Playing Games". The Unreal engine is

written in the C++ programming language,

it is open source, and due to the language

chosen for its development, it is

characterized by high speed and a high

degree of portability. This means that it

provides the possibility of migration to

different environments and platforms

without the occurrence of compatibility

problems. This engine operates under a

subscription service (monthly payment) and

supports several elements such as fully

dynamic lighting modes, instant game

updates without interrupting game

execution, full-screen game viewing during

software development, interactive

visualization tools for code flow, and

sophisticated bug detection and debugging

methods.

3. CryEngine, [64], [65] a game engine

technology developed by Crytek. It was

originally developed as part of Ubisoft's Far

Cry game which was released in 2004 and

was a game landmark in terms of the

realism of graphics as well as the detail of

objects in small virtual worlds/online

communities. The latest version of

CryEngine supports multiple elements such

as natural lighting manipulation,

dynamic/painted shadows, dynamic global

illumination of game world objects in real-

time, automated grid generation for

navigation and user exploration via artificial

intelligence systems, automated motion

blur, depth of field switching and

stereoscopic 3D support for all platforms.

CryEngine engine technology has been used

in recent years to create games on various

software platforms, including Windows,

Linux, OS X, Xbox, Play Station, Wii, iOS,

and Android as it is particularly popular in

3D game development.

4. Unity, [66] composes a game engine

capable of running on multiple platforms

and was developed by Unity Technologies

in 2005. In particular, it is characterized by

a multitude of features such as Mecanim, an

animation system for representing any

character or object, real-time shading and

lighting options for all development

platforms, system updates with particle

collision control to avoid bugs, and dynamic

disable-enable links between objects and

obstacles. Additionally, it is worth pointing

out that while the Unity game engine is not

as powerful as CryEngine or Unreal, it

stands out due to its efficiency as well as its

multitude of settings for publishing digital

games across multiple platforms, [67], [68].

In particular, the aforementioned elements

are worth noting as by using Unity,

developers select and focus their efforts on

developing code on a specific platform

without spending hours configuring

implementations to make the application

run on other platforms. This capability

makes software development cycles less

time-consuming and rapidly agile thus

ultimately increasing development

efficiency throughout the project lifecycle.

In addition, as of 2018, the engine has been

extended to be able to support 27 platforms

including iOS, Android, Windows,

BlackBerry 10, OS X, Linux, Internet

browsers, Flash, PlayStation 3, PlayStation

Vita, Xbox 360, Windows Phone 8 and Wii

U. Finally, Unity can be used to create 3D

and 2D games as well as simulations for the

majority of commercial products and

platforms available on the market, [69].

Finally, it is emphasized that there is a

particularly large number of available digital game

development engines that are extensively used in the

industry such as Game Maker, [70], [71] or the

more recent Godot, [72], [73] but, in the context of

this technical report we chose to briefly mention the

most widely used in the industry.

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3.3 Defining: Unity Game Engine

Unity is used worldwide in both industrial

productions and academic research projects. One of

the main reasons for its choice is that it provides a

full version freely without any limitation or fee, as

long as the annual earnings of the game project do

not sum up to more than 100,000 US dollars, [74].

This amount is difficult to reach as during the early

prototype versions of the games, developers may

harness the full power of the engine but, it is

difficult to scale their application that rapidly and

have annual earnings of that amount. At the same

time, unlike its competitor (Unreal), although it

requires more computational resources for the same

processes, it provides the possibility of easier export

of the final exported file to a multitude of different

computer systems without requiring multiple

simultaneous developments on different platforms,

[75], [76], [77].

When installing the Unity engine to a

workstation, a developer will be forced to work with

the following software components:

1. Unity Editor: the tool used for developing

game programming objects, connecting

game graphics/audio, and overall, the basic

functionality and processes of our game.

2. Unity Hub: an application that provides the

ability to manage Unity Projects, and install

and monitor all the necessary elements of

our game. As an example, it is worth

mentioning that this management

application provides a multitude of settings

such as the configuration of the Unity

version, support for different exported files

(builds) on different platforms, the version

of Visual Studio, and the IDE for

development and debugging.

Furthermore, Unity handles its game aspect as a

separate object or game component, [78].

Analytically, all object properties, i.e., the behaviors

in a virtual world of a digital game, are determined

by automated programs (scripts) that assign

properties to objects such as movement and rotation.

Specifically, in the Unity engine these programs

have been developed using the C# language, which

is a general-purpose object-oriented language

created and maintained by Microsoft, [79]. More

specifically, in the Unity engine, the properties of

the architectural design principles of the middleware

used consider the individual attributes of game

objects to be stored as follows, [80]:

 Project: refers to the specific folder all the

elements related to the digital game as well

as its components are stored (libraries, files,

etc.)

 Assets: refers to the actual files and sub-

folders of a software project such as image

files, audio files, programs, etc.

 Objects: are entities with which the player

interacts. Each object in a game may

contain information regarding its behavior

such as lighting options, programs to be

executed, etc.

 Components: i.e., the properties of an object

that can be accordingly modified to give the

necessary structure and function to the

digital game. These are the cornerstone

pieces that are used in a game and combine

all the above options to determine the final

behavior of the game.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that the Unity

engine supports event-driven development. In

particular, this software method is based on the

operating principle that after the game is started,

programs can run when a certain event (defined by

the developer) occurs and add new functions and

features. More specifically, the above element is

particularly important as it makes the digital game

being developed less demanding in terms of

computational resources. It also adds interactive

elements to the player as well as more immediacy

and interactivity since his choices determine the

final actions of the game. As a result, the game is

not a monolithic application with predefined actions

but a dynamic application that adapts to every

playing style and players’ personal decisions, [81].

Lastly, it is worth noting that Unity’s Projects

are usually structured via convention over

configuration and the do not repeat your

architectural approaches. This means that the

structure of actual development files is usually as

follows (separation of concerns):

 Assets: storage space for the components

used during the game process that relate to

all the functions of the core quests

performed by the user.

 Prefabs: where the predefined game objects

are stored. These objects are used multiple

times during the gameplay and are

replicated in multiple parts of our game

(e.g., graphics for the missions, player

interaction effects, etc.).

 Scenes: the actual scenes of our game, i.e.,

the various menus and levels of our game.

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 Scripts: the programming codes, i.e., the so-

called C# programs (scripts .cs) of our

game.

 All other folders are not used for more than

1 object, so they are stored individually.

3.4 Defining: Unity vs Unreal Game Engine

Regarding the game engines that exist, we studied

several of the aforementioned game engines, [82],

[83], [84], [85], [85], [86] and concluded that the

best choices in terms of performance, features, and

software cost were Unity and Unreal, [87], [88]. In

particular, after studying the software architecture as

well as the capabilities of each solution, the Unity

engine was chosen for the following reasons:

 It provides a free development license for

gross annual developer/company revenues

of less than 100,000 US dollars (USD), [74]

 It offers easy migration and porting of the

application to different platforms

 It has been developed in a programming

language supported by the well-known

software company Microsoft therefore the

engine has excellent documentation and is

regularly updated.

 The use of C# (while Unreal in C++)

provides the possibility of easier extension

of the game, especially in case of making it

available to the public via cloud

infrastructure as, by using C# one can

support both the back-end and the front-end

of the application. More specifically,

through C# developers can create an

infrastructure in .NET, [89] using Azure

SQL Server (back-end), [90] that will host

the Unity digital game (application) and

provide a feedback menu (communication

screen) with the player on a website using

Asp.Net or other well-known frameworks

such as Blazor (front-end), [91]. That is, the

Microsoft software and application

ecosystem can cover all aspects of the

development, deployment, and upgrading of

this application.

In addition, for the selection of the Unity

engine, emphasis is placed on the following

features, [92], [93]:

 Free license for the development of digital

games which is only slightly inferior in

terms of features to the professional-

commercial distribution of the engine

 Support for the development of any type of

game from two to three dimensions in all

available game categories

 Existence of an extensive software

ecosystem through the provision of several

features for setting lighting, graphics,

sound, etc.

 Provide editing tools for scenarios, images,

and audio and optimize the performance of

two-dimensional models

 Providing a standardized asset pipeline, i.e.,

game properties such as application code

and audiovisual effects can be compressed

and reused across different platforms and

environment versions. This is important as

it allows easier development and

maintenance of legacy versions

(dependency tracking)

 Participation in a highly active online

community of developers, [94].

 Machine support for LTS releases and more

general software updates regularly, which

are usually accompanied by major fixes to

software security vulnerabilities

 Encourage the adoption of modern agile

software development approaches through

the iterative development model

 Ability to create a game on any platform:

Mac, Windows, WebGL, Android, etc.

Special mention should be made of the

support of the WebGL platform, a software

interface (API) in JavaScript that allows the

execution of a multitude of games through

simple web browsers, [95]. Furthermore, it

is stressed that although the -actual- size of

digital game files increases significantly

when they are converted (built) to this

platform, the possibility of fully integrating

games into web browsers, at a time when

mobile devices have dominated the market,

is probably the future of many digital games

 Support the development of new forms of

digital games using innovative technologies

such as virtual reality (e.g., using special

glasses)

4 Conclusion

Our study provided a comprehensive overview of

what is a digital game, its different genres, and the

importance of serious games in digital gaming.

Furthermore, while focusing on serious games, we

presented the most popular game engines and

provided their key features as new technological

advancements in the industry. Moreover, we have

made a detailed comparison of the two most widely

used game engines, Unreal and Unity, and

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highlighted the pros and cons of each approach

while also discussing the advantages of the Unity

engine and its middleware architecture. Lastly,

throughout this article, we have presented real-life

examples of released games and methods to

illustrate the different genres of games and compare

digital games and serious games alike.

Overall, our review emphasizes the potential of

serious games to educate and entertain users, as well

as future directions for the industry. This study can

be a valuable resource for game developers,

educators, and researchers interested in serious

games and their potential applications.

5 Future Research

We suggest that future research should focus on

exploring the effectiveness of serious games in

various fields and the impact of emerging

technologies, such as virtual reality and cloud

gaming. According to the current literature,

increasing use of Virtual Reality technology in

existing infrastructures has been observed. We

believe that due to the extensive software support

and the large number and active participation of the

Unity community, this engine will most likely

support -without backward compatibility issues- the

transition of existing games to cloud-based

infrastructures. Cloud infrastructures are important

as they will shift the game workload from a local

computer to a remote server thus providing the

opportunity to game to a bigger audience. This is

extremely important as it will enable SGs to reach

people with limited access to funding that can only

use low-power and low-cost computers to educate.

As a result, this feature will enhance the main goal

of serious games, namely, the gamification of the

learning experience, and will pave the way for

focusing on new technologies in SGs such as Virtual

Reality, [96], [97], [98].

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Alexandros Gazis, was responsible for

conceptualization, investigation, methodology,

software, validation, visualization, writing the

original draft, review-editing resources, carrying out

simulations and writing the original draft.

- Eleftheria Katsiri, contributed to the

conceptualization, formal analysis, funding

acquisition, investigation, methodology, project

administration, resources, supervision, validation,

visualization, review, and editing of the original

draft.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTER RESEARCH

DOI: 10.37394/232018.2023.11.2

Alexandros Gazis, Eleftheria Katsiri

E-ISSN: 2415-1521

Volume 11, 2023

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.