<doi_batch xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/4.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="4.4.0"><head><doi_batch_id>da3a55e6-486a-4700-a590-4a9647565de4</doi_batch_id><timestamp>20240226062814594</timestamp><depositor><depositor_name>wseas:wseas</depositor_name><email_address>mdt@crossref.org</email_address></depositor><registrant>MDT Deposit</registrant></head><body><journal><journal_metadata language="en"><full_title>WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS</full_title><issn media_type="electronic">2224-2872</issn><issn media_type="print">1109-2750</issn><archive_locations><archive name="Portico"/></archive_locations><doi_data><doi>10.37394/23205</doi><resource>http://wseas.org/wseas/cms.action?id=4026</resource></doi_data></journal_metadata><journal_issue><publication_date media_type="online"><month>1</month><day>9</day><year>2023</year></publication_date><publication_date media_type="print"><month>1</month><day>9</day><year>2023</year></publication_date><journal_volume><volume>22</volume><doi_data><doi>10.37394/23205.2023.22</doi><resource>https://wseas.com/journals/computers/2023.php</resource></doi_data></journal_volume></journal_issue><journal_article language="en"><titles><title>Drift Detection and Model Update using Unsupervised AutoML in IoT</title></titles><contributors><person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author"><given_name>Mohamed Khalafalla</given_name><surname>Hassan</surname><affiliation>University Technology Malaysia, MALAYSIA</affiliation></person_name><person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author"><given_name>Ibrahim Yousif</given_name><surname>Alshareef</surname><affiliation>Faculty of Telecommunication Engineering, Future University, SUDAN</affiliation></person_name></contributors><jats:abstract xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1"><jats:p>This paper addresses the challenges of concept drift on the Internet of Things (IoT) environments and evaluates a machine-learning model's performance under varying data drift conditions using unsupervised Automatic Machine Learning (AutoML) anomaly detection techniques. By implementing a dynamic learning framework and employing advanced analytics, the study showcases the resilience of the proposed methodology against evolving data patterns. The results demonstrate the model's robust predictive capabilities, even in high drift scenarios, underscoring the importance of adaptive models in maintaining effective IoT security measures. The achieved improvement percentages can reach 46% for the F1 score.</jats:p></jats:abstract><publication_date media_type="online"><month>12</month><day>31</day><year>2023</year></publication_date><publication_date media_type="print"><month>12</month><day>31</day><year>2023</year></publication_date><pages><first_page>332</first_page><last_page>337</last_page></pages><publisher_item><item_number item_number_type="article_number">38</item_number></publisher_item><ai:program xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" name="AccessIndicators"><ai:free_to_read start_date="2023-12-31"/><ai:license_ref applies_to="am" start_date="2023-12-31">https://wseas.com/journals/computers/2023/a785105-035(2023).pdf</ai:license_ref></ai:program><archive_locations><archive name="Portico"/></archive_locations><doi_data><doi>10.37394/23205.2023.22.38</doi><resource>https://wseas.com/journals/computers/2023/a785105-035(2023).pdf</resource></doi_data><citation_list><citation key="ref0"><doi>10.3390/s23135941</doi><unstructured_citation>E. C. P. Neto, S. Dadkhah, R. Ferreira, A. Zohourian, R. Lu, and A. A. Ghorbani, "CICIoT2023: A real-time dataset and benchmark for large-scale attacks in IoT environment", Sensors 2023, 23, 5941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135941. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref1"><doi>10.1007/s42452-019-1925-y</doi><unstructured_citation>S. Selvaraj and S. Sundaravaradhan, "Challenges and opportunities in IoT healthcare systems: a systematic review," SN Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 139, 2020. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref2"><doi>10.3390/fi11040094</doi><unstructured_citation>F. Zantalis, G. Koulouras, S. Karabetsos, and D. Kandris, "A review of machine learning and IoT in smart transportation," Future Internet, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 94, 2019. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref3"><doi>10.1007/978-3-030-24513-9_12</doi><unstructured_citation>M. Al-Emran, S. I. Malik, and M. N. AlKabi, "A survey of Internet of Things (IoT) in education: Opportunities and challenges," Toward social internet of things (SIoT): Enabling technologies, architectures and applications: Emerging technologies for connected and smart social objects, pp. 197- 209, 2020. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref4"><doi>10.1109/ccnc.2018.8319163</doi><unstructured_citation>J. Pate and T. Adegbija, "AMELIA: An application of the Internet of Things for aviation safety," in 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC), 2018: IEEE, pp. 1-6. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref5"><doi>10.1016/j.compeleceng.2023.108702</doi><unstructured_citation>M. Amin, F. Al-Obeidat, A. Tubaishat, B. Shah, S. Anwar, and T. A. Tanveer, "Cyber security and beyond: Detecting malware and concept drift in AI-based sensor data streams using statistical techniques," Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 108, p. 108702, 2023. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref6"><doi>10.1109/access.2023.3333000</doi><unstructured_citation>R. K. Z. S. M. S. Noori, A. Sali and F. Hashim, "Feature Drift Aware for Intrusion Detection System Using Developed Variable Length Particle Swarm Optimization in Data Stream," IEEE ACCESS, vol. 11, pp. 128596-128617,2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3333000. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref7"><unstructured_citation>M. K. Hassan et al., "DLVisor: Dynamic Learning Hypervisor for Software Defined Network," IEEE Access, 2023. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref8"><doi>10.3390/s22093592</doi><unstructured_citation>M.K. Hassan et al., "Dynamic learning framework for smooth-aided machinelearning-based backbone traffic forecasts," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 3592, 2022. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref9"><doi>10.1109/iotm.0001.2100012</doi><unstructured_citation>L. Yang and A. Shami, "A lightweight concept drift detection and adaptation framework for IoT data streams," IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 96-101, 2021. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref10"><doi>10.37394/232017.2022.13.17</doi><unstructured_citation>D. Kim, Y.-H. Han, and J. Jeong, "Design and Implementation of Real-time Anomaly Detection System based on YOLOv4," WSEAS Transactions on Electronics, vol. 13, pp. 130-136, 2022, https://doi.org/10.37394/232017.2022.13.17. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref11"><doi>10.37394/23209.2023.20.1</doi><unstructured_citation>D. Lee, H. Choo, and J. Jeong, "Anomaly Detection based on 1D-CNN-LSTM AutoEncoder for Bearing Data," WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications, vol. 20, pp. 1-6, 2023, https://doi.org/10.37394/23209.2023.20.1. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref12"><doi>10.37394/23207.2022.19.43</doi><unstructured_citation>N. Baci, K. Vukatana, and M. Baci, "Machine learning approach for intrusion detection systems as a cyber security strategy for Small and Medium Enterprises," WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, vol. 19, pp. 474-480, 2022, https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.43. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref13"><doi>10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109749</doi><unstructured_citation>B. Pishgoo, A. A. Azirani, and B. Raahemi, "A dynamic feature selection and intelligent model serving for hybrid batch-stream processing," Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 256, p. 109749, 2022. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref14"><doi>10.1016/j.jss.2016.07.005</doi><unstructured_citation>J. P. Barddal, H. M. Gomes, F. Enembreck, and B. Pfahringer, "A survey on feature drift adaptation: Definition, benchmark, challenges and future directions," Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 127, pp. 278-294, 2017. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref15"><doi>10.1016/j.future.2019.07.069</doi><unstructured_citation>S. Sahmoud and H. R. Topcuoglu, "A general framework based on dynamic multiobjective evolutionary algorithms for handling feature drifts on data streams," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 102, pp. 42-52, 2020. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref16"><unstructured_citation>M. Ali, "PyCaret: An open source, low-code machine learning library in Python," PyCaret version, vol. 2, 2020. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref17"><doi>10.1016/j.iot.2019.100112</doi><unstructured_citation>N. Balakrishnan, A. Rajendran, D. Pelusi, and V. Ponnusamy, "Deep Belief Network enhanced intrusion detection system to prevent security breach in the Internet of Things," Internet of things, vol. 14, p. 100112, 2021. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref18"><doi>10.1109/jiot.2020.3007130</doi><unstructured_citation>Z. Lv, L. Qiao, J. Li, and H. Song, "Deeplearning-enabled security issues in the internet of things," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 9531-9538, 2020. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref19"><doi>10.3390/s19091977</doi><unstructured_citation>G. Thamilarasu and S. Chawla, "Towards deep-learning-driven intrusion detection for the internet of things," Sensors, vol. 19, no. 9, p. 1977, 2019. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref20"><doi>10.1109/gciot47977.2019.9058410</doi><unstructured_citation>C. Nixon, M. Sedky, and M. Hassan, "Practical application of machine learning based online intrusion detection to internet of things networks," in 2019 IEEE Global Conference on Internet of Things (GCIoT), 2019: IEEE, pp. 1-5. </unstructured_citation></citation><citation key="ref21"><doi>10.1109/access.2021.3076264</doi><unstructured_citation>A. Abbasi, A. R. Javed, C. Chakraborty, J. Nebhen, W. Zehra, and Z. Jalil, "ElStream: An ensemble learning approach for concept drift detection in dynamic social big data stream learning," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 66408-66419, 2021.</unstructured_citation></citation></citation_list></journal_article></journal></body></doi_batch>