impedance matching over their operational
bandwidths. In paper [2], the 225 and 450 MHz
bands are used by the suggested antenna for
operation.
Data on input impedance and return loss as a
function of different antenna characteristics are
provided, demonstrating that tuning can be
optimized by adjusting the parameters. Data on the
radiation pattern of the antennas installed on the
roofs of two different kinds of cars are provided.
While the high-frequency band pattern is directional
and normal to the antenna surface, the low-
frequency band pattern is omnidirectional. This
antenna can be appropriate for dual-band GSM
900/1800 MHz phone applications with the right
scaling.
In the paper [3], a small microstrip inverted F
antenna design is showcased for GPS purposes. The
suggested type is an Inverted-F antenna that can
pick up all of the GPS receiver operating
frequencies, which are used in cars and range from
1.176 GHz to 1.575 GHz. To accomplish circular
polarization and preserve the axial ratio of 2dB to
3dB, the antenna structure is constructed. FR4:
Fiber Glass (Epoxy), which has a Dielectric
Constant of 4.4, is utilized as the substrate. One type
of radiating element is copper. Version 13 of the
HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator)
program simulates the parameters of the suggested
model, including frequency, return loss, VSWR,
impedance, radiation pattern, and directivity.
In paper [4], for small-size dual-wideband
operation in mobile communication devices,
particularly thin tablet PCs, a coupled-fed Inverted-
F antenna is suggested for long-term
evolution/wireless wide-area network
(LTE/WWAN) operation. An Inverted-F coupling
feed and a folded radiating strip make up the
antenna. The former capacitive is grounded to the
device ground plane and is excited by the Inverted-F
coupling feed. The antenna generates two broad
working bands in the 704–960 and 1710–2690 MHz
bands to support LTE/WWAN operation.
In paper [5], the small high gain Microstrip
antenna with a split ring resonator, a set of Inverted-
F slots, and a matching stub for sub-6 GHz 5G
applications is designed, optimized, manufactured,
and measured in this work. In this study, inverted F
slots, a split ring resonator, and a matching stub in
the transmission line are used to display various
iterations. Precisely 2.1 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 4.1 GHz
resonances are displayed by the specified antenna.
The suggested antenna is appropriate for 5G bands
such as the n78 band (3.3 GHz), n77 band (4.1
GHz), and LTE band (2.1 GHz). Every band yields
a gain that is greater than 5 dB.
In paper [6], the suggested antenna is only
17.1x17.8x0.933 mm3 and is constructed on a single
side of a premium Teflon substrate. Due to its 5.9
GHz operating frequency, it can be utilized for
Internet of Things applications. It is designed to be
installed as an integrated antenna into an IoT device
and is composed of a range of H shapes. Three key
performance metrics were evaluated between these
two antennas: bandwidth, gain, and return on loss.
The main findings of this study show that, in
comparison to a conventional antenna, the antenna
with an improved array-shaped enhanced
bandwidth, gain, and return on loss. Furthermore,
the improved antenna attained an operating
frequency of 5.9 GHz, making it appropriate for
IOT applications.
In paper [7], the incorporation of blockchain
technology enables meticulous documentation and
monitoring throughout the entire production
process, thus strengthening data integrity and
augmenting traceability.
Moreover, the integration of smart contracts
simplifies operations through process automation,
facilitating the prompt detection and resolution of
problems. The improved study results show the
enormous potential of using cutting-edge
technology in manufacturing, providing a strong
framework for maintaining industry competitiveness
in a world that is becoming more digital and
networked.
In paper [8], agriculture systems can be
improved by a promising method that uses diverse
and multiple data sources, such as cattle, crops, or—
even better—mixed farming systems with AI
capabilities. These technologies promise users
accessibility, customization, and precision, and they
aim to change farmers' daily lives, but they also
have serious drawbacks. Specifically, security,
integrity, and auditability have emerged as critical
concerns that require attention. Distributed ledger
technologies (DLT), like blockchain, are one
method to address the aforementioned.
In the paper [9], the authors suggest using
blockchain technology, which is still in its infancy
but provides cryptographically secure accounting
while protecting participant privacy. We show that
the use of mobile blockchain techniques enables an
increase in the offloading gains that are not
incremental through system-level evaluations. This
indicates that the described concept has the potential
to be a successful mechanism in the upcoming B5G
systems.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS
DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.8
Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,
Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene Fouchal