Designing of Inverted F Antenna and Utilizing of Blockchain in

Vehicle Systems

RAED DARAGHMA1, EMAN DARAGHMI2, YOUSEF DARAGHMI3, HACENE FOUCHAL4

1Department of Communication Engineering and Technology,

Palestine Technical University (PTUK),

Tulkram,

PALESTINE

2Department of Computer Science,

Palestine Technical University (PTUK),

Tulkram,

PALESTINE

3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Palestine Technical University (PTUK),

Tulkram,

PALESTINE

4Department of Mechanics and Computer Science,

University de Reims Champagne-Ardenne,

REIMS,

FRANCE

Abstract: - This paper is the first to integrate a blockchain system to improve the manufacturing efficiency and

reliability of 5G F Inverted antennas. The recommended antenna is constructed from a single side of

a premium aluminum conductor, the width of the radiator is 0.564 mm, the thickness of the conductor is 0.77

mm ground plane is 29.3 x 29.3 mm2 dimension. The antenna is designed to work at a frequency of 5.9 GHz,

therefore it can be used for vehicle applications. It is designed to be inserted as an integrated antenna into an

IOT device and is composed of Microstrip F shapes. Therefore, a rectangular Microstrip patch F antenna was

built and its performance was examined in this work. 5.9 GHz is the antenna's resonance frequency range,

which is suitable for vehicle applications. The simulation software for this work was Computer Simulation

Technology (CST) software. Antenna performance was compared concerning gain, bandwidth, and return on

loss. By enhancing the production efficiency and reliability of 5G Inverted F antennas, our study sets a new

benchmark for the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies, paving the way for ground-

breaking advancements in manufacturing techniques. The relevance of creating an inverted F antenna for the

Vehicle Systems environment is increased by this research. Typically, rod antennas are found in automobiles.

However, the Vehicle Systems industry's requirements for meeting the demands of human resources with a

variety of applications at different frequencies are not met by the rod antenna now in use. Because of their

important characteristics, which include wideband matching, omnidirectional pattern, high efficiency, and

compact size, microstrip patch Inverted F antennas are highly favored in the Vehicle Systems industry.

Key-Words: - IOT, F Inverted antenna, Vehicle, Bandwidth, Blockchain, Gain, Microstrip, CST.

Received: September 9, 2023. Revised: August 5, 2024. Accepted: September 4, 2024. Published: October 1, 2024.

1 Introduction

In paper [1], a low profile slotted planar inverted F

antenna (PIFA) for multiband use is shown in this

research paper on a reactive impedance surface

(RIS). The quad-band frequency antenna for

wireless applications operates at 2.4 GHz (WLAN),

4.2 GHz (C-band satellite downlink), 7.1 GHz (C-

band satellite uplink), and 9 GHz (X-band). The

antenna demonstrates the advantages of multiple

PIFA by displaying radiation pattern, gain, and

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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.8

Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene Fouchal

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

impedance matching over their operational

bandwidths. In paper [2], the 225 and 450 MHz

bands are used by the suggested antenna for

operation.

Data on input impedance and return loss as a

function of different antenna characteristics are

provided, demonstrating that tuning can be

optimized by adjusting the parameters. Data on the

radiation pattern of the antennas installed on the

roofs of two different kinds of cars are provided.

While the high-frequency band pattern is directional

and normal to the antenna surface, the low-

frequency band pattern is omnidirectional. This

antenna can be appropriate for dual-band GSM

900/1800 MHz phone applications with the right

scaling.

In the paper [3], a small microstrip inverted F

antenna design is showcased for GPS purposes. The

suggested type is an Inverted-F antenna that can

pick up all of the GPS receiver operating

frequencies, which are used in cars and range from

1.176 GHz to 1.575 GHz. To accomplish circular

polarization and preserve the axial ratio of 2dB to

3dB, the antenna structure is constructed. FR4:

Fiber Glass (Epoxy), which has a Dielectric

Constant of 4.4, is utilized as the substrate. One type

of radiating element is copper. Version 13 of the

HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator)

program simulates the parameters of the suggested

model, including frequency, return loss, VSWR,

impedance, radiation pattern, and directivity.

In paper [4], for small-size dual-wideband

operation in mobile communication devices,

particularly thin tablet PCs, a coupled-fed Inverted-

F antenna is suggested for long-term

evolution/wireless wide-area network

(LTE/WWAN) operation. An Inverted-F coupling

feed and a folded radiating strip make up the

antenna. The former capacitive is grounded to the

device ground plane and is excited by the Inverted-F

coupling feed. The antenna generates two broad

working bands in the 704–960 and 1710–2690 MHz

bands to support LTE/WWAN operation.

In paper [5], the small high gain Microstrip

antenna with a split ring resonator, a set of Inverted-

F slots, and a matching stub for sub-6 GHz 5G

applications is designed, optimized, manufactured,

and measured in this work. In this study, inverted F

slots, a split ring resonator, and a matching stub in

the transmission line are used to display various

iterations. Precisely 2.1 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 4.1 GHz

resonances are displayed by the specified antenna.

The suggested antenna is appropriate for 5G bands

such as the n78 band (3.3 GHz), n77 band (4.1

GHz), and LTE band (2.1 GHz). Every band yields

a gain that is greater than 5 dB.

In paper [6], the suggested antenna is only

17.1x17.8x0.933 mm3 and is constructed on a single

side of a premium Teflon substrate. Due to its 5.9

GHz operating frequency, it can be utilized for

Internet of Things applications. It is designed to be

installed as an integrated antenna into an IoT device

and is composed of a range of H shapes. Three key

performance metrics were evaluated between these

two antennas: bandwidth, gain, and return on loss.

The main findings of this study show that, in

comparison to a conventional antenna, the antenna

with an improved array-shaped enhanced

bandwidth, gain, and return on loss. Furthermore,

the improved antenna attained an operating

frequency of 5.9 GHz, making it appropriate for

IOT applications.

In paper [7], the incorporation of blockchain

technology enables meticulous documentation and

monitoring throughout the entire production

process, thus strengthening data integrity and

augmenting traceability.

Moreover, the integration of smart contracts

simplifies operations through process automation,

facilitating the prompt detection and resolution of

problems. The improved study results show the

enormous potential of using cutting-edge

technology in manufacturing, providing a strong

framework for maintaining industry competitiveness

in a world that is becoming more digital and

networked.

In paper [8], agriculture systems can be

improved by a promising method that uses diverse

and multiple data sources, such as cattle, crops, or—

even better—mixed farming systems with AI

capabilities. These technologies promise users

accessibility, customization, and precision, and they

aim to change farmers' daily lives, but they also

have serious drawbacks. Specifically, security,

integrity, and auditability have emerged as critical

concerns that require attention. Distributed ledger

technologies (DLT), like blockchain, are one

method to address the aforementioned.

In the paper [9], the authors suggest using

blockchain technology, which is still in its infancy

but provides cryptographically secure accounting

while protecting participant privacy. We show that

the use of mobile blockchain techniques enables an

increase in the offloading gains that are not

incremental through system-level evaluations. This

indicates that the described concept has the potential

to be a successful mechanism in the upcoming B5G

systems.

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Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

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E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

In the paper [10], the role of UAVs in the

SAGIN is reviewed by the authors. Subsequently,

three use cases for the UAV network envisioned by

blockchain are shown via multiple categories. There

is also a description of upcoming difficulties and the

related open research areas.

In the paper [11], the authors suggest a

blockchain-based infrastructure that is energy-

intensive for managing drone operations while

guaranteeing security and confidence for all

stakeholders. This work aims to investigate the

degree of sensitivity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

(UAVs) to misleading Global Navigation Satellite

System (GNSS) signals by defining the prerequisites

for UAVs using GPS (Global Positioning System)

spying.

In paper [12], an overview of the blockchain's

integration with aerial communications (BAC) is

presented in this study. First, the authors examined

the security problems that currently plaguing aerial

communication networks, blockchain technology's

advantages, and the viability and potential of using

the blockchain to address these problems.

Subsequently, the authors categorized the solutions

and evaluated and contrasted them. Lastly, they

suggested a few lines of inquiry for further study.

In the paper [13], a 900 MHz RFID-linked

sensor with a small feature size was created and

tested for real-time sensor data gathering. Every

time, a tamper-proof digital database of the food

packets is created with the help of the blockchain

architecture. A thorough security analysis was

conducted to find out how vulnerable the suggested

architecture would be to various cyberattacks.

In paper [14], presenting a compact dual-band

planar Inverted-F antenna operating in the

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

band (3300–3800 MHz) and GPS (Global

Positioning System) band (1565–1585 MHz) is an

inverted L-shaped parasitic and decreased ground-

plane structure. Strict space criteria for portable

devices are met by the antenna. It is made up of

several branches that have been appropriately

spaced and dimensioned to produce resonances at

the necessary frequencies.

In paper [15], a genuine PIN-diode-based

frequency reconfigurable planar Inverted-F antenna

(PIFA) is described for global mobile microwave

access (m-WiMAX) applications. This antenna uses

PIN-diode switching to change the WiMAX’s

frequency band. It also uses a capacitive load inside

a FR4 dielectric constant substrate to provide a

compact profile. The antenna operates over the

global m-WiMAX bands of 2.3–2.4, 2.5–2.7, and

3.4–3.6 GHz depending on whether the diodes are

on or off. The suggested antenna's entire set of

measured and simulated data is shown, and they all

exhibit excellent agreement.

In paper [16], for a radar application operating

at 94GHz, a 3x4 Microstrip patch antenna array has

been developed. And analyzed in this study. The

operating frequency, 94GHz, is chosen using CST

and MATLAB. For radar applications, this is the

higher frequency range. The array size is kept at 3

by 4, or a total of 12 elements. The rectangular

arrays employ the antenna array configuration. Four

distinct metrics have been analyzed: resistance,

reactance, voltage standing wave ratio, and S-

parameter. It displays the Scattering-parameter

response. When the threshold value is -10 dB, it can

be seen that the maximum bandwidth for the s-

parameter is between 9.0 and 9.2 GHz bandwidth.

VSWR has a minimum value of 3V and a maximum

value of 58V.

In the paper [17], it is suggested to build a ten-

element multi-antenna terminal with wide

impedance bandwidth (IBW) for huge multiple-

input multiple-output (MIMO) in the fifth-

generation (5G) sub-6 GHz. An Inverted-F stub

connected to a hybrid loop antenna element is fed

by a grounded coplanar waveguide. The lowest

measured isolation of 18 dB was reached. The

results show that the maximum simulated envelope

correlation coefficient is about 0.21 and the

minimum antenna effectiveness is 78.4%. Each

element is printed on a 1.52 mm thick Rogers 4003

substrate with ϵr = 3.38 and tan δ = 0.0027, and has

a shape factor of 17.2 × 3.8 mm2 (0.018λ2 g).

In paper [18], an integrated Triple-Inverted-F

antenna (TIFA) with three radiating strips and two

hybrids (inductive and capacitive) shorting strips

with a compact structure is presented. This allows

for triple-wideband operation in smartphones for

(4G/5G) communications. The integrated TIFA can

cover the 4G long-term evolution low band (LTE

LB) in 617–960 MHz, the 5G bands in 3300–4200

MHz, and the 4G LTE middle/high bands (LTE

M/HB) in 1710–2690 MHz Because the proposed

TIFA features three integrated Inverted-F antenna

structures (IFA1, IFA2, and IFA3) that may

independently regulate the three bands, it is easy to

manufacture for practical use. Furthermore, the

necessary isolation between the LTE LB, LTE

M/HB, and 5G bands is achieved by positioning two

TIFAs at the top and bottom short edges of the

smartphone, which improves multi-input multi-

output performance for 4G/5G applications.

A ten-element multi-antenna terminal with a

wide impedance bandwidth (IBW) is proposed in

the paper [19] for massive multiple-input multiple-

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Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene Fouchal

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

output (MIMO) in the fifth-generation (5G) sub-6

GHz. A grounded coplanar waveguide feeds a

hybrid loop antenna element via an Inverted-F stub.

The lowest measured isolation of 18 dB was

reached. The results show that the maximum

simulated envelope correlation coefficient is about

0.21 and the minimum antenna effectiveness is

78.4%. Every element has a form factor of 17.2 ×

3.8 mm2 (0.018λ2 g) and is printed on a 1.52 mm

thick Rogers 4003 substrate with ϵr = 3.38 and tan δ

= 0.0027.

As stated in the publication [20], this study

describes the design, optimization, fabrication, and

measurement of a compact, high-gain Microstrip

antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. It features a

split ring resonator, a set of Inverted-F slots, and a

matching stub. This study displays different

iterations using inverted F slots, a split ring

resonator, and a matching stub in the transmission

line. Precisely 2.1 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 4.1 GHz

resonances are displayed by the specified antenna.

The suggested antenna is appropriate for 5G bands

such as the n78 band (3.3 GHz), n77 band (4.1

GHz), and LTE band (2.1 GHz). Every band yields

a gain that is greater than 5 dB.

Numerous experts have evaluated and analyzed

several types of car communication antennas. The

goal of this research project is to create an Inverted

F Microstrip antenna that is smaller, lighter, and

more affordable to produce in large quantities.

The study's primary contribution is to:

• Create a microstrip planar and rectangular

Inverted F-shaped coplanar antenna that can be

used in microwave band applications by

applying thorough mathematical calculations

and taking design considerations into account to

optimize the various antenna parameters.

• The unique Microstrip patch F Inverted antenna

model was the subject of thorough parametric

research to produce the best possible antenna

design for superior impedance matching.

• We outline the intricate blockchain architectures

that are employed in the 5G Inverted F antenna

fabrication process, which is meticulously

designed. The tight specifications for efficiency,

security, and interoperability required in a high-

tech manufacturing environment have been

carefully considered in the design of these

combinations.

The structure of the paper is as follows. Part

II covers the general aspects of Microstrip patch

F Inverted Antenna Design. In Part III,

suggested antennas are analyzed and simulated.

Part V concludes with conclusions, while Part

IV displays the findings and conversations.

2 Antenna Design

In this section, we describe the complex blockchain

structures that have been closely created and used in

the production of Inverted F antennas. These

configurations have been carefully designed to

satisfy the strict requirements for efficiency,

security, and interoperability that are necessary in a

high-tech manufacturing setting. As shown,

integrating blockchain technology into the 5G

Inverted F antenna production process offers a

strong answer to today's manufacturing problems.

Fig. 1: Analysis for 5G Inverted F antenna

manufacturing

In Figure 1, we present a blockchain-based

business model created especially for the production

of 5G inverted F antennas. This paradigm differs

from conventional methods in that it guarantees data

integrity and streamlines the supply chain, utilizing

blockchain's intrinsic security and transparency to

meet contemporary industrial difficulties. We used

the same model as in [7] in this section, but we

applied 5G using an inverted F antenna. We present

a blockchain-enabled manufacturing process where

blockchain-based process integrity verification

supports every stage of the process. This

improvement raises the bar for auditability and data

integrity right now. After production, smart

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Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

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contracts provide real-time, unchangeable recording

of each antenna's conformance to predetermined

quality standards, automating compliance

monitoring and simplifying operations. If a product

fails at any point, the smart contract starts an

assessment procedure to identify remedial actions

before moving forward, improving responsiveness

to quality problems. The proposed antenna is

printed on a Teflon substrate with a thickness of

0.933 mm and has a loss tangent (d) of 0.002. The

planned antenna prototype and measurement setup

are shown in Figure 2. The ground plane length was

calculated using the parametric study and is shown

in Figure 2. The planned antenna works at 5.9 GHz.

This frequency is dedicated to applications for the

Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE).

The parameter for antennas with the recommended

work is covered in Table 1.

Fig. 2: Structure of designed antenna.

3 Simulations and Analysis

An innovative patch Microstrip Inverted F antenna

designed for automotive communications is

examined in this article. The radiator and feeder

widths of an inverted F coplanar antenna are 0.564

mm2 and 0.564 mm2, respectively. The suggested

microstrip Inverted F antenna configuration has a

ground plane of 0.0293 x 0.0293 mm2 and is made

of high-conductivity aluminum with a thickness of

0.77 mm2. Table 1 covers the parameters for

antennas with the given word.

Figure 3 shows the characteristics of the

proposed antenna. For the simulated s-parameter,

there is just one resonance available (5.8 GHz–6

GHz). The measured results of the simulation for

return loss are shown in Figure 3. The return loss is

-16 dB at 5.9 GHz and -14 dB at 5.8 GHz.

Furthermore, the antenna operates at S11< -10 dB at

0.2 GHz (5.8–6 GHz), as can be seen. Figure 4

shows the surface current distributions at 5.9 GHz to

explain the Patch microstrip Inverted F antenna's

UWB responses. The surface current is mostly

concentrated along the linearly tapered feeding line

with a high current value.

Table 1. Simulation parameter

Parameter

Configuration

Width of radiator (mm)

0.564

Width of the feeder (mm)

0.564

Shorting Arm width (mm)

0.564

Length to open end (mm)

8.83

Length to short end (mm)

1.7

Ground Plane Length (mm)

29.3

Ground Plane Width (mm)

29.3

Conductor Type

Aluminum

Conductivity (S/m)

37700000

Thickness of conductor (mm)

0.77

Fig. 3: Simulated S- Parameter Results.

As seen in Figure 4. At this resonance frequency

of 5.9 GHz, it is found that the current is not

followed at the upper patch of the radiating patch,

functioning as a frequency function.

Fig. 4: Current follow concentrations at frequency

5.9 GHz

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Figure 5 shows the measured and analyzed

radiation patterns of the proposed antenna. The gain

was around 3.86 dBi.

Fig. 5: 3D Radiation pattern

Figure 6(a) and Figure 6(b), respectively,

display the azimuth and elevation radiation patterns

for Microstrip Inverted F antennas operating at

5.9GHz. The antenna's maximum gain is

approximately 3.8 dB in azimuth and -0.65 dB in

elevation patterns.

Fig. 6(a): Azimuth plane pattern.

Fig. 6(b): Elevation plane pattern

Figure 7 shows that our design antenna is good

since the resistance (blue line) should be about 50 Ω

and the reactance (red line) should be zero at the

operating frequency of 5.9 GHz.

The radiation pattern of the patch Microstrip

Inverted F antenna is shown in Figure 7. The

enhanced gain of the improved antenna was 11 dBi.

Because of its higher gain value, the optimized

antenna can be classified as a powerful signal

antenna that can transmit or receive strong signals in

a particular direction.

Fig. 7: Impedance versus frequency

4 Results and Discussion

The low-profile antenna is designed to operate at the

5.9 GHz resonant frequency, which is suitable for

vehicle communication. Using the arrays enhanced

the bands' impedance bandwidth and higher

frequency range. The recommended antenna is

dependable and versatile for usage in vehicle

communication situations due to its total size

reduction, performance enhancement. The F

Inverted antenna is stacked in an orthogonal

configuration to minimize dimensions, enhance

isolation, and produce an 11 dBi maximum gain. It

proves that the agreement is reasonable in a driving

context. Measurements are made of the S-parameter

and radiation pattern simulation findings at

matching frequencies.

Given the specifications, an 11 dB diversity

gain is attained for the suggested design.

Furthermore, an examination of onboard simulation

is conducted, and the outcomes are confirmed.

The work initially proposes the basic Microstrip

patch Inverted F antenna. The return loss and gain

characteristics are used to verify the suggested

antenna's performance. At 5.9 GHz, the highest gain

is 7 dBi, while the return loss is less than -10 dB. As

a result, building an antenna with the essential

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Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

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features listed above is necessary. With the

transition of all other technologies to 5G technology

for communications, the millimeter waves and sub-6

GHz frequencies of 5G are now well recognized.

Bands of operation in-vehicle communication.

Through the establishment of communication across

an unlicensed 5.9 GHz national information

infrastructure, the V2N platform improves road

safety and traffic efficiency.

5 Conclusion

This studies thorough investigation clarifies

important insights into the manufacturing process

optimization of the 5G Inverted F antenna, which

represents a major advancement in the

telecommunications industry.

While many researchers have investigated

various ways to enhance the performance of

Microstrip The performance of the microstrip

Inverted F structure is assessed using a variety of

metrics, such as radiation patterns. The blockchain

is considered the security layer where accessing data

can be performed through smart contracts embedded

inside the F-inverted antenna. We offer a thorough

analysis of our research strategy, emphasizing the

creative fusion of technological and analytical

techniques to progress the production of 5G

Inverted F antennas.

Diversity strategies increase the number of

antennae that must be carried onto the vehicle's

body because newer cars have more spots where

antennas can be attached while using the diversity

strategy for the best radio signal reception. To avoid

hurting the car's appearance or any nearby radiators,

it is imperative to determine which parts of the

vehicle can accommodate the antennae. The

antennas used for diversity reception must be far

enough apart to ensure good diversity performance.

This implies that the antennas should be at least one

wavelength apart to ensure good spatial diversity.

To study simulation software, the last recommended

antenna is installed on the car.

About the intended operating frequency, the

patch's length should be half its wavelength. For

radiating to produce efficient radiation. In a

different dimension, the patch's breadth regulates

the antenna's input impedance. The sections of

modern cars where antennas can be integrated while

utilizing the diversity strategy for the best radio

signal reception are those with the highest radiation

levels. This study presents the Inverted F antenna,

which is intended to handle 5G/Wi-Fi for vehicular

communication. The design approach's noteworthy

characteristic is how tiny the radiator's overall

dimensions 0.564 × 0.564 mm2 are. The consistency

between the simulated and measured results for

gain, radiation patterns, and S-parameters is good.

Furthermore, it is noted that among the structure's

antenna elements, the S-parameter is attained below

-10 dB. For this reason, the suggested design is a

good fit for automotive applications.

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Volume 23, 2024

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Raed daraghma, carried out the simulation and the

optimization.

- Eman Daraghmi has implemented the Algorithm

at Figure 1.

- Yousef Daraghmi has organized and executed the

experiments of Section 3.

- Hacene Fouchal was responsible for the technical

writing.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

The authors express their gratitude to the French

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE),

the French Ministry for Higher Education, Research

and Innovation (MESRI), the Consulate General of

France in Jerusalem, and Palestine Technical

University Kadoorie and Al Maqdisi program for

their support.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.8

Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi,

Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene Fouchal

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024