Vicsek Small Antenna for Low-Range Applications and Future Bands

for 5G

DANIEL ALONSO LUCAS1, EDGAR ALEJANDRO ANDRADE-GONZALEZ1,

MARIO REYES-AYALA1, HILARIO TERRES-PEÑA2, RENÉ RODRÍGUEZ RIVERA2,

SANDRA CHÁVEZ SÁNCHEZ2, GERARDO SALGADO GUZMÁN1

1Electronics Department,

Metropolitan Autonomous University,

MEXICO

2Energy Department,

Metropolitan Autonomous University,

MEXICO

Abstract: - Various types of antennas with fractal geometry have high frequencies and considerably high

bandwidths of up to 20 GHz. However, modern applications with low latency and high transmission speeds

make it necessary to use antennas with higher bandwidths. The dielectric used was FR4 substrate with

dielectric constant εr = 4.4 and thickness of substrate 1.544 mm. The S11 scattering parameter was obtained. The

simulations of this article were carried out using Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).

Key-Words: - Wideband antenna, WPAN, Viseck antenna, UWB, SWB, small antenna, HFSS, 5G.

1 Introduction

Today there are multiple communication services in

portable devices for both short-range and medium-

range communications in different fields such as:

telemedicine, monitoring, short-range radars that

allow high-precision walls to be passed through,

display systems, military, Control systems in

automobiles, etc.

Applications demand the management of low

latency, high transmission rates, large volumes of

information, low weight, low volume, mobility, etc.

which determines the complexity and cost of the

transmitting and receiving devices of the

communication system.

The systems that allow hosting the applications

require devices that handle modulation, coding,

access scheme and multiplexing techniques such

that they provide greater channel capacity, as well

as quality of service, [1].

Some various systems and technologies allow

the requirements of the aforementioned applications

to be provided, such as Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

systems.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology operates

with bandwidths from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. in

systems that require high transmission speeds over

short distances and even radars that allow you to see

through walls, which are ideal for Wireless systems.

Personal Area Network (WPAN). In UWB systems

multipath fading is reduced with the use of PPM

modulation. Since they are used from low to high

frequencies, despite reflecting bodies such as walls

and other objects, the low frequencies penetrate

these bodies, improving the detection capacity.

Furthermore, another characteristic of UWB

systems is their high electromagnetic compatibility

with other systems due to their low power (short

range), [2], [3], [4]. Among the best features that

this technology presents we can mention:

 High channel capacity.

 High robustness to multipath effects.

 High temporal resolution.

The characteristics allow the development of high-

precision radars, low power consumption,

robustness against multipath, and high

electromagnetic compatibility, among others, [5].

There are applications of UWB systems, like [6],

[7]:

 Imaging Systems.

 Vehicular Radar Systems.

 Communication system.

 Measurement systems.

Received: August 24, 2023. Revised: July 11, 2024. Accepted: August 17, 2024. Published: September 5, 2024.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.5

Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade-Gonzalez,

Mario Reyes-Ayala, Hilario Terres-Peña,

René Rodríguez Rivera,

Sandra Chávez Sánchez, Gerardo Salgado Guzmán

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

Various systems such as Wireless Personal Area

Networks (WPAN), currently have a wide range of

applications, especially in the field of medicine,

sports, security, etc. [8], [9], [10].

Although UWB systems offer various

advantages mentioned above, the aim is to operate

at higher frequencies such as Super Wide Band

(SWB) systems, where there is a greater diversity of

applications. However, the complexity of terminal

equipment increases, for example, the antenna

design must operate with very large bandwidths,

[11], [12], [13].

Among the antennas that offer characteristics

such as low profile, low cost, small size and large

bandwidths, we have fractal antennas. These

antennas are suitable for mobile applications due to

their low profile, low cost, high bandwidth handling,

and small size, [14], [15], [16], [17].

There are various types of antennas with fractal

geometry, among them, is the antenna called Vicsek

which has a small size, zero area and infinite

perimeter, which is why it is also used in Multiple

inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) systems, thus

showing large bandwidths. in cellular, WLAN and

WiMAX applications, [16], [18], although it is also

used in 5G systems.

In this article, a Vicsek antenna is presented

which is suitable for SWB applications up to 48

GHz. The simulations were carried out using Ansys

HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator).

2 Antenna Design

The design of the Vicsek antenna has the same

principle as several other fractal antennas, it

performs segmentations of its area or length, as well

as variations or repetitions of the geometry on a

smaller scale including specific rules.

The initial geometry of the Vicsek antenna

consists of a regular square polygon, which is

divided into 9 squares of equal size (Figure 1). From

here, there are two ways to perform segmentation.

Case 1: The corner squares are removed (Figure 2a).

Case 2: Squares 2, 4, 6, and 8 are eliminated,

leaving only squares 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, forming an

“X” with the remaining squares (Figure 2b).

The approximation of case 1 was used, from

which the rule was made again (Iteration 2) with the

remaining tables (squares 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8) as shown

in Figure 3.

Fig. 1: Original Vicsek geometry

Fig. 2: Construction cases, (a) Case 1, (b) Case 2

Fig. 3: Vicsek antenna iteration 2

Finally, an iteration of order 3 was proposed as

shown in Figure 4.

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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.5

Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade-Gonzalez,

Mario Reyes-Ayala, Hilario Terres-Peña,

René Rodríguez Rivera,

Sandra Chávez Sánchez, Gerardo Salgado Guzmán

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

Fig. 4: Vicsek antenna iteration 3

The broadband antenna was designed over a

FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a

thickness of 1.544 mm.

For the future frequencies of the use of 5G

systems according to the European Broadcasting

Union (EBU), 48GHz frequencies are viable, and

using equation 1, we calculate the dimensions of the

Vicsek antenna.

𝑊 = 𝑐

2𝑓√𝜀𝑟

(1)

Donde:

W: width.

fr: operation frequency.

𝜀𝑟: dielectric constant.

Because 𝑊 = 1.49𝑚𝑚., hence, the width of the

antenna is 𝑊 = 40.23𝑚𝑚. as seen in Figure 5.

Fig. 5: Vicsek antenna dimensions

The antenna feeder transmission line is based on

the λ/4 transformer model and also the decoupling

network.

3 Results

The Vicsek antenna was modeled and simulated in

HFSS (Figure 6).

Fig. 6: Vicsek antenna model in HFSS

The return losses were obtained showing a big

bandwidth (from 28.8 GHz to 50 GHz) as can be

shown in Figure 7.

Fig. 7: Return Losses (S11 Parameter)

The Vicsek antenna is coupled in a bandwidth

of 21.8 GHz, with a small decoupling point at 39

GHz, which can be neglected.

4 Conclusion

In future work we will seek to increase the

bandwidth of the antenna since there are

insignificant decoupling points. The Vicsek antenna

can be used in MIMO antennas, so this analysis will

be carried out in the short term for 5G applications

improving isolation between the elements like in

[19].

The antenna has considerable operating

frequencies and bandwidths for its application in

broadband systems and high transmission speeds

(5G systems).

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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.5

Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade-Gonzalez,

Mario Reyes-Ayala, Hilario Terres-Peña,

René Rodríguez Rivera,

Sandra Chávez Sánchez, Gerardo Salgado Guzmán

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024

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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.5

Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade-Gonzalez,

Mario Reyes-Ayala, Hilario Terres-Peña,

René Rodríguez Rivera,

Sandra Chávez Sánchez, Gerardo Salgado Guzmán

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“Improving Isolation in MIMO Antenna for

WLAN Applications,” WSEAS Transactions

on Communications, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 43-

48, 2023,

https://doi.org/10.37394/23204.2023.22.4.

Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade

González and Mario Reyes Ayala carried out the

Vicsek antenna design.

- Hilario Terres and Sandra Chávez carried out the

simulation in HFSS to get de scattering parameter

S11.

- Gerardo Salgado Guzmán and René Rodríguez

Rivera described the introduction of the paper and

checked spelling and grammar. Also, he wrote,

review and edited. Finally, he helped with

supervision.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

This work was supported by the research project

“Diseño, Desarrollo y evaluación de antenas de

banda ultra ancha (UWB) para aplicaciones en la

banda de 3.1 GHz a 10.6 GHz.” (EL002-20). From

Metropolitan Autonomous University –

Azcapotzalco.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23204.2024.23.5

Daniel Alonso Lucas, Edgar Alejandro Andrade-Gonzalez,

Mario Reyes-Ayala, Hilario Terres-Peña,

René Rodríguez Rivera,

Sandra Chávez Sánchez, Gerardo Salgado Guzmán

E-ISSN: 2224-2864

Volume 23, 2024