Enhancing the Wireless Network's Energy Efficiency to Reduce
Security Challenges in 5G Systems: A Review
UMAR DANJUMA MAIWADA1, KAMALUDDEEN USMAN DANYARO1, ALIZA BT
SARLAN1, M. S. LIEW2, UMAR ISMAILA AUDI1
1Department of Computer and Information Science,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas,
32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak,
MALAYSIA
2Civil & Environmental Engineering Department,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas,
32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak,
MALAYSIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - The desire for faster data speeds and increased Energy Efficiency has prompted the
development of femtocells, which are short-range, low-cost, customer cellular access points. However, in a
situation of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) which is caused by inefficient energy, distributed attack
sources could be employed to amplify the assault and increase the attack's impact. By flooding the network
with packets and creating malicious traffic, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks try to deplete the
network's communication and processing capability. A DDoS assault must be identified and neutralized
quickly before a valid user can reach the attacker's target for 5G network to have an effective Energy
Efficient service. For the next Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Network, there is a pressing need to build an
effective Energy Efficient mobile network solution. Despite their evident promise in assisting the
development and deployment of the complicated 5G environment. The physical product, the digital
product, and the relationship between both the physical and virtual goods are said to make up Digital
Twin (DT). On the other hand, DT allows real-time communication with both the physical twins. The
synergy of energy efficiency and security improvements in this research contributes to a more holistic
optimization of 5G networks. This approach seeks to minimize energy consumption while fortifying the
network against evolving security threats. Integrating energy-efficient practices with robust security
measures enhances the overall resilience and sustainability of 5G systems. This is crucial for ensuring
continuous, reliable, and secure communication in the face of dynamic challenges.
Key-Words: - Digital Twin, Energy Efficiency, DDoS, 5G network, Wireless-Network, Intrusion
Detection, SDLM.
Received: July 13, 2022. Revised: September 9, 2023. Accepted: November 2, 2023. Published: December 4, 2023.
1 Introduction
The exponential expansion of customers who
rely on the internet and network with paradigm
shift in mobile networks necessitates
modifications to the security architecture due to
new security issues that do not exist in previous
mobile networks. In contrast, scientists are
currently working to improve the Energy
Efficiency of every network tier. Creating green
networks or Energy-Efficient computer network
architectures is one such attempt, [1].
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A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
assault on one 5G femtocell could influence
other 5Gs. For instance, overloading the host
machine's network link would have an effect on
the hosted 5Gs, [2]. Security takes priority when
these important developments work together.
Additionally, the possibility of a Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS) assault is real, and the
effects it would likely have on 5G enabled IoT
applications will be greater. There is need to
have a defense system that is more effective than
the current ones, [3].
The notion of Digital Twin (DT) arose to
make physical objects and relevant data sources
available to software and clients on digital
channels. The terms digital counterpart, virtual
twins, virtual product, research agents, and
avatars are used to describe notions that are
comparable or partially overlap, [4]. The
physical product, the digital product, and the
relationship between both the physical and
virtual goods are said to make up DT. Hence, DT
allows real-time communication with both the
physical twins. Interested entities, such as
workflows, can use a DT to read data from a
physical product, evaluate it, and run
simulations. With the use of a DT, actuation
orders, control signals, and data may be
transferred to the physical twin, [5].
Furthermore, smart phones have made it feasible
to monitor numerous data sources in real time as
from user without the need to elaborate the
purpose-built sensor installations. This
information may be utilized to enhance virtual
worlds with real-world features, [6].
Global adoption of fifth generation (5G)
mobile communication systems is imminent.
Currently, 5G is being implemented in modest
locations across practically all continents, with a
greater number of networks being made available
in Europe and the USA, [7]. In future, 5G is
predicted to account for at least 15% of the total
mobile communications market by 2025, [8]. As
a result, there is a high need to look at the impact
of 5G on major areas of data management and
processing research, such as databases,
distributed systems, block-chain, machine
learning, and cryptography.
The 5G Digital Twin is a novel approach to
testing and assurance that provides a software
duplicate of the 5G physical network which
enables continuous prototyping, testing,
assurance, and self-optimization of the living
network. Therefore, a virtual solution that can
construct a digital model and correctly replicate
the 5G ecosystem is also required. This will
assist in overcoming all the above challenges to
meet the 5G needs. The DT can evaluate
performance, predict the influence of
environmental change, and optimize 5G network
processes and decision-making for that matter.
The Digital 5G model will coexist with the
physical 5G network in the 5G DT to conduct
operational forecasts and enforce optimum
decisions into the living network and associated
systems. A dependable, high performance,
incredibly fast internet connection using cutting-
edge networking technology is a crucial
necessity for the integration and deployment of
all the technologies in the digitization process.
One of the primary pillars of the modernization
process is the Digital Twin technology. It enables
the creation of digital representations of physical
systems, which has a number of advantages like
security, real-time monitoring, greater
productivity, and efficiency, [9].
2 Research Problem
In wireless networks, Energy Efficiency is a
major challenge, especially with the introduction
of 5G technology. To power and sustain the
network infrastructure, 5G systems' increasing
data speeds, higher network density, and
proliferation of connected devices require a
considerable quantity of energy. But in addition
to adding prices, this increased energy use has
negative effects on the environment, [3]. In
parallel, 5G security issues are getting more
complicated and varied. There are various
potential vulnerabilities for attackers to take
advantage of due to the large number of
connected devices and the massive network
infrastructure. Unauthorized access, data
breaches, identity theft, and other malicious
actions are examples of potential threats that
could jeopardize the availability, confidentiality,
and integrity of network resources and services.
An attempt to interfere with an online service
is made by a Distributed Denial-of-Service
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(DDoS) attack. Such an attack might have
disastrous effects, especially in the chaotic
economy of today, when many companies now
offer services online and many workers work
from home. For instance, if any video
conferencing services, such as Microsoft Teams,
Zoom or Google Meet, are disrupted, it would
not only have a negative effect on the service
provider but also have disastrous effects on other
companies that depend on these internet
platforms to conduct business, [10], [11], [12].
5G is quickly becoming a central topic of
discussions about connectivity and digital
transformation in general. Low latency, high
bandwidth, high capacity, excellent reliability,
enhanced mobility, and extended battery life are
among the features that potentially alter industry
use cases for WSN, [13]. In complicated
systems, however, such precise prediction is
generally difficult to attain. Since connected
devices are frequently used to conduct
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) assaults,
mobile operators must keep an eye on their
network security infrastructure, traffic patterns,
and capacity demands to avoid potential damage
from incoming and outgoing attacks. DDoS
assaults pose a danger to 5G's capacity to supply
high-bandwidth, low-latency services, which are
required for the efficiency of energy, [6], [8]. As
a result, the research problem seeks to identify
novel approaches that can improve wireless
networks' Energy Efficiency in the 5G era while
successfully addressing security issues. It entails
looking into ways to reduce power consumption
in different network elements such as base
stations, user devices, and network protocols
without compromising network performance or
security precautions. The objective is to create
plans that strike a balance between security and
Energy Efficiency, allowing 5G systems to
operate sustainably and securely. There is no
research and development of user-centric
security solutions that empower end-users to
actively participate in securing their devices and
data. There is need for extended research which
includes future generations of wireless networks
(5G and beyond) and their energy efficiency and
security requirements.
2 Review of Some Related
Literatures
According to, [6], they concentrated on resource
allocation, power management, sleep mode
operation, and energy harvesting technologies in
5G networks. They find out more on the security
issues that are unique to 5G networks, such as
mobile verification, privacy-preserving
protocols, secure key management, secure
network slicing, and defense against new threats
like jamming, spoofing, and network slicing
assaults.
According to, [2], to balance energy
consumption and security requirements in 5G
networks, the research looks at some suggested
energy-aware security techniques. It investigates
efficient Intrusion Detection and prevention
systems (IDPS) designed for resource-
constrained devices in 5G networks, as well as
Energy Efficient encryption techniques,
lightweight authentication protocols, and IDPS.
They examined how NFV and SDN can improve
the security and Energy Efficiency of 5G
networks. Their research touches network
slicing, dynamic resource allocation, and
virtualized security services in the context of safe
and Energy Efficient network operations.
According to, [14], the pillars of the digital
transformation process are numerous, and they
included all parts of research units, from IT
operations to automation and intelligence, as
well as training employees for such a change. In
a survey of research that has successfully
digitally changed.
According to, [15], 5G DT is viewed as a
catalyst for new emergent services, including a
city management technologies that could aid
poor countries in managing crucial difficulties
like a traffic control, water and sanitation
management, and urban security. Considering the
current global pandemic crisis, a 5G DT might
genuinely aid in the understanding of COVID-
19's spread and depending on 5G DT's AI which
could predict the approximate position of
epidemic hotspots. Developing a DT using a 3D
model of the metropolitan area and overlapping
the 5G system with additional data, including a
transportation system, street lines, structures, IoT
data, individual movements and operations, and
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epidemic data from recent and past pandemic
trends, may be used to achieve this.
According to, [16], [17], the DT may assess
the overall performance of a 5G connected
vehicle and enable customized services to be
delivered. AI is used to forecast a vehicle's
performance under a variety of dynamic
scenarios, diagnose issues, and implement
improvements, making the user's driving
experience safer. Before deploying the
technology on public roadways, it must be
thoroughly tested using emulations. The Spirent
5G DT uses a 3xD drive-in simulator to simulate
a 5G network for evaluating the behavior and
performance of connected vehicles in a
controlled realistic environment.
According to, [18], In relation to the density
of femtocell deployment, the UE simultaneously
achieves enhanced QoS and significantly reduced
energy consumption per bit. More complex HO
decision algorithms with the inclusion of LTE
femtocells are necessary, alongside an Energy
Efficient HO decision procedure for the
macrocell - femtocell LTE system that seeks to
lower power transferred at the mobile terminals,
thus allowing to optimally utilize the native
femtocell authority in terms of improved QoS
and lower consumption of energy.
According to, [19], different service levels in
terms of throughput, latency (delay), jitter (delay
fluctuation), and packet errors or loss are
provided for different types or streams of data to
offer QoS. The goal of their work is to present a
basic QoS principle for the 5G LTE service.
According to, [20], they uses WLAN models
from network simulators to create Energy
Efficiency and secure wireless networks. The
main contributions of this study include the
effect of proposed Energy Efficient WTLS
security protocol modifications on the energy
used by the IPsec protocol, principles to enhance
the precision and effectiveness of WLAN energy
models to effectively simulate massive and
intricate wireless networks, and design and
verification of energy models for WLAN
situations using real-world measurements.
According to, [21], Modeling and Simulation
(M&S) has been used for a long time as a
method of decision-making for a range of
complex problem solutions, including the
application in Digital Twins. In contrast to the
overall multi-dimensional nature of real-world
complex systems, standard single type M&S
techniques, such as Discrete Event Simulation
(DES), System Dynamics (SD), and Agent-
Based Simulation (ABS), might encounter
significant challenges in accurately representing
such systems at various abstraction, temporal, or
spatial levels. To address these difficulties, a
variety of hybrid and multi-model M&S
techniques for simulation and modeling of
various aspects of complex systems have been
developed.
According to, [22], Attacks via Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS) damage the Internet's
digital accessibility. The user's expectation of
receiving prompt and efficient services could be
severely harmed by DDoS attackers. There are
numerous stories of DDoS attack incidents that
have had catastrophic repercussions on Internet
users and web services. Users are multiplying
daily in the current digital environment, which is
dominated by wireless, mobile, and IoT gadgets.
Because most users are inexperienced, DDoS
assaults frequently target their devices, or they
unintentionally join the DDoS attack Force.
According to, [23], Threats from the radio
interface can be deadly due to 5G's increasing
access speeds and the rapidly expanding IoT
technology. To address the three stages of a
DDoS attack, the breach or infection of
terminals, the weaponization of the terminal, and
the DDoS attack itself, DDoS detect, and
mitigation will be required. Even when under
attack, critical network services and customer
experience must be maintained. For 5G
enterprise customers, security reporting and
analysis will be crucial. These will comprise
attack mitigation records, event analysis, host
infection predictive analysis, and pattern reports.
According to, [24], The current research has
covered a range of 5G concerns as well as the
security risks posed by IoT. The repercussions of
the most serious cyberattack, known as a
Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS),
call for loT’s attention, making finding solutions
essential. As a result, it offers an overview of the
development of 5G, 5G-enabled IoT
applications, and the size of DDoS attacks in
such applications. Their study offers guidance on
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creating secure 5G enabled IoT apps by outlining
several DDoS attack defense strategies.
Table 1. Table of related works
NAME OF
AUTHOR
PROBLEM
METHOD
[28]
Complex difficulties in the real
world Consider the power grid.
Online investigation of the
power system using a
large-scale network
model.
[29]
Examine DT advancement in
product design and learn about
DT trends in prominent research
fields.
Conceptual design,
detailed design, design
verification, and redesign
are the four categories for
methodology adoption.
[30]
The radio resource allocation
problem
Game theoretical
framework
[31]
Current tools may not be able to
be integrated and utilized
concurrently for a certain goal
due to differences in formats,
protocols, and standards.
The research looked at
and summarized
technology and techniques
that make DT possible.
[32]
Too much energy is used, and
resource allocation and job
offloading strategies are not
optimized.
To train the DL algorithm,
like a Digital Twin of the
real network is used.
[33]
Several real-world issues with
sophisticated
telecommunications networks.
Design, building, and
operation of equipment, as
well as the creation of
modernization concepts.
From the research of, [25], IoT devices will
be able to communicate and share data with 5G
networks more quickly than ever before, but this
development is likely going to make existing
systems more vulnerable to security risks, like
those caused by malicious nodes. Studies have
proposed novel 5G network-compatible remedies
for several of the issues related to security, such
as an efficient control system for access that
addresses the challenge of one functionality
bottleneck which avoids unwanted procedure
within the network. Thus, however, it is not what
the model is intended to do; rather, it is focused
on a vehicular situation.
This study, [26], documents network
vulnerabilities from a wide angle and tracks the
status of traffic monitoring. By integrating and
combining many security service modules, it
effectively uses traffic flow detection to find
intrusions. Once the network flows were
classified using a combination of the kmean++
and the adaboost model algorithms, a selection of
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common traffic features was selected using
Random Forest, an automated learning technique.
Since there are not many suitable, sizable 5G
traffic datasets, a method for gathering data has
been proposed. This method examines beam-
selection techniques on automotive-to-
infrastructure via millimeter waves by generating
5G propagation channel data using a ray-tracing
simulator coupled with a vehicle traffic simulator.
Regression, classification, and learning by
reinforcement have all benefited from the
evaluation and analysis of deep learning.
Furthermore, it anticipates the best beam
combinations for mmWave to mobile networks
using machine learning, but it does not calculate
the necessary bit size to characterize the
properties of the entire network, [27].
Table 1 below shows the related works based
on the author’s name, problem talked about,
method used to solve the problem and lastly the
result they obtained at the end of their analysis. In
that case we formulated our research problem and
focused on the challenges of energy efficiency.
Upgrading existing infrastructure and
implementing energy efficient technologies may
require significant investment. Optimizing energy
efficiency while maintaining network
performance and security requires sophisticated
management mechanisms. Ensuring compatibility
and interoperability between different vendors'
equipment and protocols can be challenging. The
constantly evolving nature of security threats
requires continuous monitoring, updates, and
adaptation of security measures.
3 Methodology
3.1 Modelling Approaches of Digital Twin
In most research endeavors, several modelling
methodologies are expected. Digital Twins can
employ a variety of modelling techniques,
including geometric and geographical modelling,
as well as computational/mathematical/numerical
modelling. The model of the supply chain
scenario utilized an actor language, in which each
actor has a state machine-like behavior. The
researchers aren't constrained by any one
simulation paradigm, approach, or programme,
[34].
3.2 Tool for Modelling of Digital Twin
Digital Twins are discussed in numerous domains
of technology, economics, and medical in the
scientific literature. However, most of the
scholarly literature on the usage of Digital Twins
pays little attention to the creation of modeling
for Digital Twins. Frequently, the notion of a
Digital Twin is discussed, rather than the model
used to imitate an actual system. The scope of
simulation within the idea of Digital Twin defines
and justifies the demands for modeling in Digital
Twin. Models for Digital Twins are typically
necessary to correctly imitate the original system.
One of the prerequisites for Digital Twin
modelling is the integration of models throughout
the Digital Twin's lifespan, as well as a user-
friendly interface for managing and affecting the
model in a manner similar to the original system,
[35].
3.3 System Development Life Cycle Model
(SDLCM)
A comprehensive framework for managing the
development of systems is provided. The methods
of start determine the type and reach of the study.
It is doubtful that the approach will be adequate
for satisfying the needs of the research if this
phase is not carried out well. The research is
properly organized in depth after the initiation
stage. In addition to integrating and carrying out
the research's activities in line with the project
management strategy, it also involves organizing
people and resources. To identify possible issues
early and take corrective action when necessary to
regulate the model's execution, monitoring and
controlling methods are used to keep track of how
works are being carried out. Continue to maintain
and improve the system. Closing of model- that
is the end of the research, work has finished, [36].
3.4 Waterfall Model
Following the completion of each phase of the life
cycle in order, the results go on to the following
phase. Once a phase is finished (like a waterfall),
it is impossible to go back or very difficult to do
so as seen in Figure 1 below. The primary outputs
for each step are usually created on paper.
(Hundreds of pages in length). Each phase's
decisions are final, which means they cannot be
modified. The criteria are expressed precisely and
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concisely, and they hold true throughout the
entirety of the work's development. A new
developer can easily obtain all the essential
information through documentation of each phase
of development. This provides resilience for
alterations in human resources. Problematic issues
are less when the project management
organization is carefully planned. It is simple to
gauge progress because each phase has a defined
beginning and ending point, [37].
Figure 1 below shows the waterfall model
with the requirement analysis, system design,
implementation, testing and finally deployment.
Fig. 1: Waterfall Model
4 Result of Findings
Designing a framework for applying Digital Twin to
solve difficulties of Energy Efficiency which is
posed by DDoS attack. The DT model can be used
to detect attacks, and the solution may be helpful to
prevent DDoS attacks. In-depth study / analysis of
connected issues, as well as the 5G itself, which
would be used on EE. Finally, we discussed a DT
network model and tested some models of 5G in
Energy Efficiency. It is expected that DT network
will be used for the deployment of 5G network to
improve the Energy Efficiency of wireless network
to have security mitigation against DDoS attack in
5G Systems.
Figure 2 below shows the energy efficiency of
network between time series and throughput to
ensure seamless connection of the network.
Fig. 2: Throughput vs Time
The compatibility levels mentioned in the
matrix represent the current state of compatibility
between the application and the listed systems,
packets, throughput, delay, and jitter from Table 2
below.
Table 2. Application Metrics table
The movement of UE inside the network is
shown in Figure 3 below where there is a graph of
network moving with UE.
Fig. 3:Throughput Vs User Equipment
From Table 3 below, it is seen that the internal
links connect related packets, improving the UE and
facilitating navigation. For external links, focus on
linking to reputable and authoritative packets that
add value to the content.
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Table 3. Table of Link Metrics
Figure 4 shows UE in A3 state that UE is
relaxed for the period with no work done to avoid
unnecessary handover.
Fig. 4:UE in A3 State
A3_event=∣RSRP target−RSRP source ∣<Hysteresis
(1)
Here:
RSRP target is the Reference Signal Received
Power (RSRP) of the target cell.
RSRP source is the RSRP of the source cell.
Hysteresis is the hysteresis value, which is a
parameter set to avoid unnecessary handovers due to
small, rapid changes in the radio environment.
Energy Efficiency Metric (EEM) = Accuracy of
Mobility State Detection / Energy Consumption
(2)
Before a site visit, a virtual 5G rollout was
tested using the DT as seen in Figure 5.
Fig. 5: Digital Twin in 5G network protected
against DDoS attack.
The research has reduced the deployment of
random femtocells which makes mobility difficult.
Overall handover suffers because of cell type and
cell size, the research has helped in providing
solution to the handover in terms of DDoS attack.
Slice isolation is anticipated to be able to lessen the
effects of attacks by DDoS on a basic network
service. The 5G DT design has reduced human
participation in physical network design and
validation, which has two benefits: cheaper labor
costs and fewer human mistakes (Figure 6).
Fig. 6:Digital twin and 5G Systems
5G network testing involves network traffic,
data services, and signaling messages to ensure that
the network's functionalities and performance meet
the expected standards in improving energy
efficiency (Figure 7) below.
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Fig. 7:Energy Efficient 5G System
In the End-to-End 5G network architecture, the
network comprises various components, including
the 5G Access Network (gNB), Access and
Mobility Management Function (AMF),
Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Network
Slice Selection Function (NSSF), Unified Data
Management (UDM), Session Management
Function (SMF), Short Message Service Function
(SMSF), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and
User Plane Function (UPF) connected to Data
Server or Application Functions, and to EPC/IMS
core for interoperability from Figure 8 below.
Fig. 8:Energy Efficient 5G System with IMS core
5 Discussion
The introduction of 5G technology represents a
huge step forward in the evolution of wireless
communication systems, providing unparalleled
data rates, reduced latency, and connection in an
increasingly interconnected world. However, as 5G
system deployment advances, two important
concerns emerge: the urgent need for improved
energy economy and the requirement to combat
rising security vulnerabilities. This paper
investigates the complex link between these
difficulties, looking at how advances in Energy
Efficient network design can potentially mitigate
security risks in 5G networks from Figure 7. Energy
usage efficiency is a primary concern in the design
and operation of wireless networks, particularly in
the context of 5G systems. The expansion of high-
capacity base stations, complex network design, and
the significant energy demand of data centers
necessitate novel techniques to energy consumption
reduction as seen in Figure 8. As energy-saving
solutions, concepts such as dynamic spectrum
sharing, network virtualization, and improved power
management techniques have emerged. These
solutions not only decrease operational expenses but
also contribute to a lower carbon footprint, which is
in line with the global environmental agenda. The
transition to 5G opens new opportunities, but it also
presents a larger attack surface and a slew of new
security challenges. The integration of Internet of
Things (IoT) devices, as well as the convergence of
physical and digital infrastructure, expands the
potential vectors for cyberattacks. Vulnerabilities in
5G networks demand a holistic security paradigm,
from man-in-the-middle assaults to authentication
breaches. It is critical to protect sensitive user data,
preserve network integrity, and assure continuous
service availability. The symbiotic relationship
between Energy Efficiency and security provides a
thought-provoking aspect. While energy-saving
measures help to optimize resource allocation and
expedite network operations, they can have an
unintended influence on security. Mechanisms like
sleep modes and reduced computing overhead, for
example, may impede real-time threat detection.
Security measures, on the other hand, such as
encryption and frequent authentication processes,
can put a pressure on energy resources. Striking a
precise balance between these interconnected
considerations is critical to creating a strong and
comprehensive network design. Recent research
efforts have highlighted the possibility for novel
technologies that address both Energy Efficiency
and security simultaneously. Novel algorithms,
machine learning-driven anomaly detection
techniques, and blockchain-based authentication
frameworks have resulted from collaborative
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efforts. These developments have the potential to
reconcile the opposing objectives of energy
conservation and security reinforcement.
Researchers are pioneering ways that maximize
performance, reduce energy expenditure, and
strengthen protection mechanisms by exploiting
real-time data analytics and the capabilities of edge
computing. The goal of Energy Efficiency and
security in 5G networks is not without difficulties.
Striking the right balance between tight security
requirements and efficient energy use necessitates
meticulous calibration. Furthermore, the growing
technological landscape, including the possible
integration of 6G and beyond, provides dynamism,
necessitating flexible and responsive solutions. For
example, the fledgling possibility of quantum
computing adds an exciting dimension to the
security-energy equation. In an era of exponential
development and unprecedented connectivity, the
convergence of Energy Efficiency and security is
critical for the long-term evolution of 5G systems.
As demonstrated by the research presented, new
solutions at the intersection of these difficulties give
a look into a future in which seamless, secure, and
Energy Efficient networks benefit societies and
enterprises alike. Collaborative efforts among
researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulators
are critical to realizing this goal and ensuring that
the promise of 5G is fully realized while protecting
against new security threats.
6 Conclusion
In conclusion, a critical area of research and
development with significant consequences for the
future of telecommunications is the endeavor to
improve the energy efficiency of the wireless
network to concurrently reduce security concerns in
5G systems as seen in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure
4. This dual-focused strategy recognizes the
complex interrelationship between security and
energy efficiency and the ways in which
accomplishments in one area can strengthen and
support those in the other. To put it simply, the
process of improving 5G systems' energy efficiency
and reducing security risks is dynamic and
continuous. The results of this study could
completely reshape the possibilities of 5G
technology, offering not only quicker and more
effective communication but also a safe and long-
lasting basis for digitalization, (Figure 6). This dual
optimization strategy will be crucial in determining
how 5G develops and shapes the upcoming wave of
wireless networks. A cost-efficient solution in
virtualized networks requires appropriate resource
management. Networks that have been virtualized
have a variety of benefits and drawbacks. Virtual
networks have certain security flaws; however,
security is a necessity that is always being
enhanced. Attacks on networks, however, are also
increasing in frequency and sophistication. DDoS
attacks are simpler to launch and more difficult to
counter. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously
develop fresh defenses against DDoS attacks. The
safety of virtual networks was our main concern.
We focus on the co-residency problem in 5G
networks as well as the effects of DDoS assaults on
availability of services in 5G mobile networks and
EE. We ran tests in EE to see how DDoS attacks
affect service availability as in Figure 1.
The use of DT for 5G technology has lately
attracted a lot of attention, notably from major
telecoms. DT could evaluate performance, forecast
the impact of environmental change, and enhance
5G network operations and decision-making as a
result. The digital 5G framework in Figure 5 has
operated in tandem with physical 5G technology to
provide operational forecasts and implement
optimum decisions in the live network and its
related services. Deploying an experimental 5G
network would be prohibitively expensive,
especially in underdeveloped nations where the 4G
deployment is still underway. If the influence of 5G
cell deployment can be reliably forecast in advance,
this could tremendously assist decision-makers in
developing appropriate policies for their respective
nations, prevent costly and irrevocable investment
blunders.
The 5G DT design has reduced human
participation in physical network design and
validation from Figure 5, which has two benefits:
cheaper labor costs and fewer human mistakes.
Before a site visit, a virtual 5G rollout must be
tested using the DT. The model will be tested in a
genuine 5G DT environment developed, utilizing
5G environment model to evaluate the mechanism's
efficacy. The testing finding has confirmed that the
suggested approach is capable of efficiently
improving Energy Efficiency and mitigate DDoS
attack in 5G systems. In general, improving the
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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2023.22.16
Umar Danjuma Maiwada,
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Aliza Bt Sarlan, M. S. Liew, Umar Ismaila Audi
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Energy Efficiency of wireless networks to lessen
security issues in 5G systems could boost network
performance, cut costs, strengthen security, and
contribute to a sustainable and dependable 5G
infrastructure.
Subsequent investigations into augmenting the
energy efficiency of wireless networks to mitigate
security obstacles in 5G systems ought to
concentrate on multiple crucial avenues to tackle
nascent concerns and enhance the durability and
safety of 5G networks. Examine how edge and fog
computing might improve 5G network security.
Examine how putting security features closer to the
network edge can minimize energy consumption
and cut down on the latency of security checks. By
advancing research in these areas, 5G networks will
continue to develop and become more robust,
secure, and long-lasting in the face of new obstacles
and a variety of application scenarios. The
advancement of 5G technology depends on the
interdisciplinary nature of this study, which brings
together knowledge in networking, security, and
energy efficiency. Future developments in
technology, new threats, and the changing telecom
environment will probably influence how to
improve the energy efficiency of the wireless
network to lessen security issues in 5G systems.
These future paths demonstrate the necessity of a
thorough and flexible strategy for dealing with the
changing difficulties in 5G networks. The
relationship between security and energy efficiency
will remain crucial as networks develop and new
technologies appear. Researchers and industry
players will be key players in determining how
wireless communication develops in the future by
creating creative solutions that balance security and
energy efficiency.
7 Practical Application
Improving the energy efficiency of the wireless
network to lessen security issues in 5G systems has
a few useful applications that solve important issues
with network resilience, operating costs, and
sustainability. Here are a few real-world examples:
1. Green networking in smart cities: Putting
energy-saving techniques into 5G networks for
applications related to smart cities. Lowering
the carbon footprint of smart city infrastructure,
maximizing energy efficiency in crowded
regions, and encouraging environmentally
friendly urban growth.
2. Deploying 5G networks with improved
energy efficiency for industrial Internet of
things applications is the second use of energy
efficient industrial IoT (IIoT) deployments.
Reducing environmental impact and costs by
providing energy-efficient connectivity for a
wide range of IoT devices in industrial
environments.
3. Remote Healthcare Services: Putting secure,
energy-efficient 5G networks into place to
facilitate remote healthcare services. Optimizing
energy consumption and enhancing the security
and dependability of healthcare
communications to enable effective
telemedicine and remote patient monitoring.
4. Energy-Efficient Edge Computing: Including
edge computing features in energy-efficient 5G
networks. Optimizing energy usage for edge
nodes, lowering latency for edge applications,
and enhancing edge computing performance
overall.
5. Sustainable and Safe Rural access:
Expanding 5G networks that use less energy to
offer safe access in remote locations. Providing
dependable and secure communication and
bridging the digital divide in rural areas while
optimizing energy use for infrastructure.
6. Catastrophe Response and Public Safety:
Using secure, energy-efficient 5G networks for
public safety and catastrophe response.
Reducing the amount of energy required by
adaptable base stations and communications
equipment in disaster-affected areas, as well as
guaranteeing reliable and secure connection
during catastrophes.
7. Efficient Data Centers and Cloud Services:
Connecting 5G networks that are energy-
efficient with data centers and cloud services.
Improving network and cloud resource
connectivity will lower data center energy usage
and help create a more economical and
environmentally friendly cloud infrastructure.
8. Lowering Operational Expenses for Telecom
Operators: Energy-efficient technologies can be
integrated into 5G networks to lower operating
expenses. By enabling telecom operators to
reduce their energy costs, 5G installations will
be more economically sustainable overall.
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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2023.22.16
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9. Safe and Energy-Saving Mobile Banking:
Installing 5G networks that are both safe and
energy-saving to enable mobile banking
services. Improving financial transaction
security while maximizing mobile device and
network infrastructure energy utilization.
10. Energy-Efficient Smart Grids: 5G networks
that are energy-efficient are used in smart grid
systems to facilitate communication.
Optimizing energy consumption in
communication infrastructure for power grid
monitoring and management, as well as
enhancing the effectiveness and dependability
of smart grids.
These real-world uses demonstrate the range of
ways that improving 5G networks' energy efficiency
can address security issues and offer dependable,
long-term connectivity for a range of businesses and
services. The telecommunications ecosystem is
made more resilient, economical, and ecologically
friendly by the integration of security and energy
saving technologies.
8 Contribution
The research can help create energy-saving
approaches, algorithms, and protocols for 5G
systems by concentrating on Energy Efficiency. As
a result, the network operations may use less energy
and produce less carbon dioxide, improving their
environmental sustainability. For network operators,
increased Energy Efficiency can save a lot of
money. The research can assist in lowering
operational costs related to energy usage and
infrastructure maintenance by optimizing energy
consumption in various network components, such
as base stations and user equipment. In 5G
networks, user devices like smartphones and IoT
devices may have longer battery lives with Energy
Efficient network architecture and protocols. Hence,
the user experience may be improved, disruptions
may be minimized, and frequent battery charge may
be less necessary. By maximizing resource
allocation and lowering network congestion, Energy
Efficient approaches can increase network uptime
and reliability. As such, the network architecture
may become more stable and reliable, ensuring
consumers receive uninterrupted service and
minimizing downtime brought on by energy-related
problems. The research has suggested strategies to
improve the safety measures of 5G networks by
tackling security problems. This can involve
creating effective Intrusion Detection systems,
encryption methods, and techniques for
authentication that are customized for energy-
constrained devices. The dangers of data breaches,
unauthorized access, and other hostile activities can
be reduced with stronger security measures. The
study has helped discover and address new security
risks that are particular to 5G systems, like network
slicing attacks or flaws brought on by virtualized
network services. The research has improved the
overall security adaptability of 5G networks by
comprehending these threats and creating suitable
responses. It has applied secure and Energy
Efficient practices in 5G systems, the research has
offered network operators, service providers, and
regulators useful guidance and recommendations.
This can aid in the adoption of best practices, efforts
at standardization, and the establishment of policies
to build a secure and sustainable ecosystem.
DDoS attacks are increasing in frequency and
power as computing resources become more
affordable. A very few bots can overwhelm a server
during DDoS assaults, rendering the service
inaccessible to authorized users. We have discussed
the DT model in Figure 5, which provides
mitigation over DDoS attacks targeted at a
particular service by utilizing the technically virtual
design of Software-Defined Networks. The way DT
operates is by copying the network. The outcomes
of our experiments have demonstrated that DT
reduces DDoS attacks by increasing the
accessibility of a particular network resource
through a virtual environment.
The research has established a new model for
achieving Energy Efficiency using Digital Twin,
specifically in telecommunication sector by
providing a new way of treating DDoS in the
network. The research suggested the use of Digital
Twin’s network for handling DDoS and improving
EE. The research provides the reasoning model for
achieving Efficient Energy in networks and
mitigating the risk of DDoS. The contribution will
enhance the strength of virtual environment over the
real-world knowledge, not only in Malaysia but the
world in general.
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DOI: 10.37394/23204.2023.22.16
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Acknowledgement:
I wish to acknowledge the contribution of
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for giving me
the tools and materials while conducting the entire
preparation of this manuscript.
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed to the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
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