Geographic Routing Protocol Using Vanet Routing
B. N. MOHAN KUMAR
Electronics and Communication Engineering Branch, VTU, R R I T ,Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA
Abstract: - Previously, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) were designed by using several geographic
routing schemes. That doesn’t sustaining any routing configurations in the existing geographic routing
methods. Vehicular Ad hoc Network is networks which consist of mobile nodes, consequently it is very harsh
to make and remain up end-to-end links. The main aim of this research work is widespread inter vehicle
distance, high speed of vehicles also support the density of vehicle is altered. The exact real time location
information of vehicles is accessed with high reliability via vehicle to vehicle inter connection. Due to frequent
link entrapped and rapid topology changes it is not easy to augment well-organized routing etiquettes for
VANETs. To find the exact location of stirring vehicles is very difficult and may incur in the existing routing
networks. Additionally the position information about stirring vehicle accessible to other vehicles is usually
time-lagged as it is always stirring over time. Luckily, we scrutinize that the interim upcoming locations of
vehicles can be forecast. Anchored in the significant surveillance, we propose a novel approach for geographic
routing. It uses the extrapolative locations of automobiles. The etiquettes anchored in the vehicles' positions
also called as geographic routing protocols (GR) were uncovered to be the most adequate to the VANETs
because of their sturdiness in making with the dynamic environment changes and the high-ceilinged mobility of
the automobiles. The etiquette is incorporated with a multi-hop information delivery virtualization deal that
works on the crest of the transportation stratum and gives soaring speed for multi-hop one after the other
information broadcasts. We demeanor practical computer imitations to display the recital advantage of the
etiquette over additional approaches at the indistinguishable time vigor efficiency will be enhanced.
Key-Words: - Routing, VANETs, Urban scenario, RSU, traffic density
Received: June 19, 2022. Revised: August 18, 2023. Accepted: September 17, 2023. Published: October 5, 2023.
I Introduction
Wide range of services is provided by the Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITSs) anchored in wireless
communication. Several of these, for example location-
based overhauls or active assistance, need the swap over
of locations and identifiers of cars in the locality to
operate. A usually used method in VANET is that
automobiles send sporadic bonfire memorandums to
update further entities concerning their recent condition
and location.
An antagonist is thus capable to trail a single individual
all through the organization just by overhearing message,
gather and then combing this information. This can
harshly assist the solitude of consumers, for the reason
that a car is typically only driven by especially not many
dissimilar drivers. Conversely, even if the position is not
incorporated in these communications, the location of a
transfer node can be indomitable with enough exactness
by other automobiles and Roadside Units (RSUs), using
triangulation or easy assortment evaluations. This permits
a machinist or any other consumer to make exact traces
of every partaker if the numeral of comments is high
sufficient.
VANETs will be ascertained by permitting wireless
communication between automobiles (automobile-to-
automobile) and to the infrastructure (automobile-to-
infrastructure).
Using obliging traffic relevance’s, vehicular set of
connections assure to solve several of today’s road traffic
troubles for instance humanizing the protection of
boulevard consumers curbing their voyage times (voyage
planning anchored in actual time feedback from the road
and rail network to keep away from overcrowded areas)
and enhancing their pouring familiarity (infotainment
overhauls similar to local goaled ad or Internet
admittance for the commuters). In such networks,
exemplified by their ad hoc nature, these traffic uses are
only made probable appreciation to a few petite single-
hop memorandums reimbursing the nonappearance of a
vital individual that observes the condition of the network
and continue the follow of its configuration. These
memorandums, often referred to as beacons are
sporadically wide spreader by all automobile so as to give
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other contestants of the network with data about their
surroundings. It is broadly acknowledged in the vehicular
networking society that these petite memorandums are
decisive for the operation of every type of use whether a
shelter or a non-shelter one. On the other hand the high
dynamicity of this set of connections characterized in the
invariable movement of automobiles endlessly changing
its construction, leads to a rapid expiration of beacons
content.
2. Related Work
In [1] Jieqiong Chen et al says about the meticulous
analysis of the attainable throughput of road and rail
network-based vehicular network amid a limited traffic
concentration under a obliging communication approach,
which discovers the joint exploit of vehicle-to
infrastructure (V2I) messages, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
messages, the mobility of automobiles, and teamwork’s
in the middle of automobiles and road and rail network to
make easy the information broadcast. A bunged form
expression of the attainable throughput is attained, which
divulges the alliance in the middle of the achievable
throughput and its major performance-collision
parameters like distance between contiguous
infrastructure tips, the radio ranges of road and network
and automobiles, the broadcast rates of V2I and V2V
messages in addition to vehicular density..
In [2] Gang Sun et al gives the routing algorithm for the
communications flanked by automobiles and places in
urban vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). As one of
the essential transportation amenities in an urban setting,
buses sporadically scamper along their predetermined
routes and wrap several city avenues. The way of bus
contours can be seen as a secondary chart of a city.
Anchored in the lettering of bus set of connections, we
recommend a bus trajectory-based street-centric
direction-finding algorithm (BTSC), which utilizes buses
as the main relay to convey communications. In BTSC,
we design a direction-finding graph based thoroughly at
the trajectories of bus contours by using studying the
probability of bus performing on every boulevard. They
suggest two novel concepts, i.e., the chance of street
consistency (CSC) and the chance of path consistency
(CPC) which is used as metrics to find out direction-
finding paths for communication release. These aspire to
choose the best lane with higher trimness of busses and
lower chance of transmission direction deviating from the
direction-finding lane.
In [3] Okyoung Choi et al uses Vehicular Sensor network
(VSN) is increasing as a novel solution for tracking town
atmospheres which consist of prudent Transportation
methods and air pollutants. One of the dangerous factors
that choose the overhaul quality of city supervise uses is
the salvage delay of sensing information sachets in the
VSN. In this work, we learn the complexity of direction-
finding information packets with smallest amount delay
in the VSN, by exploiti) vehicle traffic statistics, ii) a few
cast routing and iii) knowledge of upcoming trajectory of
vehicle for example buses. We foremost begin a new road
network chart replica that includes the three things into
the direction-finding metric. We then differentiate the
packet postponement on every border as a function of the
vehicle compactness, performance and the length of the
rim.
In [4] Yanmin Zhu et al includes well-organized
information delivery is of massive outcome, however
highly difficult for vehicular set of connections for the
reason that of several network interruption, rapid
topological alter and mobility indecision. The vehicular
route information acting a key role in information
delivery is reachable. Usually absolute forecasts on the
trajectory with coarse-grained models which consist of
spatial sharing or the inter-assembly event sharing, which
has deprived records liberation recital. In this perspective
we quarry the all-embracing datasets of vehicular draws
from two enormous cities in China, i.e., Shenzhen and
Shanghai, through restraining entropy investigation, we
discover that there exists strong spatiotemporal
timekeeping with vehicle mobility. By extracting
mobility molds from historical vehicular outlines, we
enlargeprecise trajectory guesses by using several order
Markov chains. Anchored in an analytical mold, we
allegedly get sachet delivery chance with guessed
trajectories
3. Proposed System
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks are enormously cell phone
wireless ad hoc set of connections direction-finding of
information in VANETs is a challenging task because of
rapidly altering topology and towering alacrity mobility
of vehicles. A novel predictive direction-finding scheme
which can efficiently guess a vehicle’s close to upcoming
path according to its past mobility mark out with HMM.
We suggest a direction-finding conclusion process to
professionally choose relay nodes for communication
forwarding, taking advantage of the movement model
guessed anchored in the forwarding chance and delay to
the target. We estimate the recital and get better
effectiveness through widespread simulations. Lots of
direction-finding etiquettes have been suggested to
augment the release of information sachets in a vehicular
network. The goal of this work is to appraisal the present
Geographic direction-finding etiquettes, so as to get more
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insight on the potential of these direction-finding
etiquettes in handling unusual defies of vehicular ad-hoc
networks.
3.1 VANET MODEL
A Vehicular Ad hoc Network is a type of MANET where
nodes are automobiles. VANETs are wireless networks
that emerged appreciation to move forwards in wireless
schemes and the automotive diligence. Vehicular
networks are created by poignant vehicles outfitted with
wireless interfaces. These set of connections are deemed
as one of the most hopeful ad hoc network for genuine
life uses, enabling messages among close to vehicles in
addition to between automobiles and nearby permanent
equipment (Road Side Unit, RSU). Vehicles can be either
confidential, belonging to entities or private companies,
or public means of transportation. Permanent tackle can
experience correct to the management or personal
network machinists or overhaul contributors
Fig.1 Proposed VANET model
3.2 Network model
In look upon as a set of stirring vehicles, indicated by V.
Two vehicles can converse with every other only when
they are protected to everyone. Here, we do not believe
an enduring declaration assortment for the reason that in
an city atmosphere, there are barriers like high
construction which may perhaps chunk the radio
proliferation from a automobile to other automobiles. In
this work, we hub on unicast, i.e., every sachet m is
initiated at one vehicle sm∈ V and has one target dm.
There is one time-to-live (TTL) away from which the
reaction of this sachet is futile. Every automobile may
produce packets over time.
3.3 Mobility models for VANETs
Examining the recital of a novel suggestion urbanized for
VANETs in a real vehicular atmosphere is tricky or even
unfeasible. It is for that reason that investigators employ
simulators to perform recital estimation under dissimilar
scenarios and dissimilar network patterns. Vehicular
mobility molds should give stirring molds like the true
conduct of vehicular traffic with the intention that we
could reliance the obtained imitation outcomes. The most
extensively used mobility molds are anchored in random
molds that cannot illustrate vehicular mobility in a
pragmatic manner as they do not get into account the
fussy human manners of the drivers neither the aspects of
the road layout. Consequently, imitation results of the
etiquettes under test may possibly vary significantly from
those that could be attained by executing the network in a
factual scenario.
3.4 Architectures of VANETs
In VANET, automobiles converse via wireless
connections that are mounted on every vehicular node.
Each and every node inside VANET operates as both the
contestant and router of the network, as the nodes
converse via other transitional nodes that recline inside
their own broadcast assortment. There is no
predetermined structural design of VANETs by reason of
their self-organizing environment.
Fig.2 Architecture of proposed VANET
The structural design of VANETs can be classified into
three kinds: (a) uncontaminated cellular wireless local
area set of connections; (b) unpolluted ad-hoc networks;
(c) Mixture set of connections. The vehicular nodes
access the internet via cellular entrance ways and wireless
local area network admittance points. It helps vehicular
nodes by providing data about traffic overcrowding and
traffic manages. It also gives infotainment overhauls like
downloading information, most recent news, parking data
and publicity. The utilization of such kinds of structural
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design is extremely inflexible because of the high price of
cellular towers, wireless access points and geographic
limitations
The future creation message between V2V, V2I, and
V2X permits the investigation following unexpected
occasions for example collision, congestion, road
condition, vehicle condition anchored in intelligent
sensor tools which are embedded with every vehicle. This
kind of communication permits each vehicle to distribute
valuable data; alerts, parking lot ease of use, etc. based on
giving out data and US-DoT requests can secure from
mishaps in addition to give easy drive on the road. RSU
permits the employ of the Internet in addition to connect
via an additional server, which permits automobiles for
message reason.
The automobiles are departure and union network
indeterminate time the routing etiquettes in VANETs
must be achieved by creating the paths vigorously in
addition to maintenance the routes at the time of message
It must be capable of finding another routes without time
consuming in the event of losing the path. It is implied
that it should be enhanced in routing algorithms which
have to identify climax paths to avoid delay in direction-
finding etiquettes in addition to routes within a network
required to keep away from overcrowding. Thus,
exasperating defy is to realize routing etiquettes to solve
above declared troubles in addition to allow the message
with no impediment and with no overhead.
For each simulation we first generate a network topology.
We then ensure that the topology is connected. At the
beginning of the simulation, TOSSIM enforces a boot-up
time during which nodes are started randomly. In our
simulations, 200 nodes are started randomly in the first
30 seconds. Following the boot phase, each simulation
consists of two phases. In the first phase, we let the
appropriate routability determination protocol (CLDP, or
GPSR's planarization and/or mutual witness procedure)
execute at each node long enough for the network to
converge. In the second phase, we send packets pairwise
bidirectionally between nodes in a staggered manner to
minimize wireless collisions. This latter phase tests for
routing failures. For each data point in the graphs below,
we run 50 random topologies. We have verified that this
is sufficient to produce negligible 95% confidence
intervals for the mean values of our metrics.
3.5 Routing Protocols Taxonomy for VANETS
Proactive etiquettes initiate network overhead which
boosts as the dimension of the set of connections
topology is enlarged so as to keep their direction-finding
tables modernized. Alternatively reactive etiquettes add
an interruption in the starting of the message so as to find
out a route at the same time as flooding the network with
this question.
Fig.3 Classification of routing protocols
The aim of these etiquettes is the optimization of resource
allotment but the dynamics of vehicular networks enforce
recurrent changes on the clustering configuration which
in turn boosts the overhead required to uphold a cluster.
The easiest method of disseminating a sachet is to flood it
in the set of connections. This method, the difficulty of
the routing etiquette is reduced but the overhead is
exponentially enlarged. In order to employ this type of
etiquettes in VANETs, lot of optimizations has been
suggested to decrease the re-broadcasted sachets however
still the bandwidth is unfairly used.
3.6 Location service
There are lots of modes for given that position
information for a VANET, by which one is capable to
query about the present position of a automobile. In the
sample, we have executed a sensible position service
which founds only a rational cost. We explain the
location overhaul in the consequent. Each and every
automobile has a GPRS channel easy to get to with the
cellular system.
Each automobile reports via the universal packet radio
service (GPRS) canal, its position and rapidity in
Protocols
Navigation
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Routing
Protocols
With
Navigation
Without
Navigation
Proactive
Reactive
Hybrid
The lively topology of a vehicular network will soon
build the preceding route superseded and thus a novel
query will be preferred. The inter-cluster message is
attained through specified nodes which act as gateways.
succession every T seconds (T ∈ [60, 180]). There is a
position overhaul which hosts all position information of
the vehicles, which is linked to the Internet. For a vehicle
j, it can convalesce the present position of vehicle i, by
querying the position server. Such question mark can be
initiated any time on rule. Note that before the queried
position data reaches vehicle j, it should put into practice
a certain delay launched by the cellular scheme and the
Internet.
4. Geographic Forwarding Schemes
Geographic direction-finding was introduced the
increased use of positioning systems, like GPS, and the
mobility of the nodes that brought them back to the
foreground. The first protocols where constructed for
MANETs where nodes are erratically spread and their
mobility is comparatively low. On the other hand, in
VANETs, nodes voyage on roads and steering systems
can offer extra data which could be employed by routing.
Consequently, it is suitable to differentiate the forwarding
methods into two categories; those using only positioning
data and those utilizing steering as well. Lastly, we
describe the local-maximum trouble that geographic
direction-finding etiquettes are faced with and give a
précis of revitalization methods used to defeat this
difficulty.
4.1 Overview
Our geographic direction-finding algorithm based on
extrapolative locations contains three mechanisms,
counting position predictor, sachet forwarding, and buffer
association. The element of position guesser predicts the
upcoming position of a automobile given the position of
the vehicle at a prior time immediate (i.e., time-lagged
location). The constituent of sachet forwarding finds the
approach for forwarding sachets. And the element of
shock absorber administration finds the approach of put
back sachets when the buffer is full.There is many
approaches for as long as position data for a VANET, by
which one is capable to query about the present position
of a automobile. In the sample, we have realized practical
position overhauls which launch only a rational price.
4.2 Geographic routing
In dissimilarity to existing topology-based direction-
finding, geographic routing etiquettes employ position
data that can be obtain through position sensing device
(e.g., GPS). There have been several geographic
direction-finding algorithms for vehicular set of
connections. A node onwards communications to the
farthest neighbor within its message assortment towards
the goal. It is unspecified that the position service can
give exact location data, which is not realistic in the real
world. Position data is essential for direction-finding in
VANETs and several factual world employs built on
VANETs. As a novel stride, every automobile is prepared
with a sensing device. The sense method offers position,
taxi tenancy and velocity. Position and velocity in
sequence is estimated by a GPS receiver. Thus, the
position is in the arrangement of a tuple of leeway and
longitude.
4.3 Forwarding without Navigation
In this part, we hub on unicast ad-hoc etiquettes using
location data only as means of path selection, a legacy
from MANETs. With this scheme the subsequently
forwarding node is chosen based on its Euclidean
distance from the target. This method proposes that the
node to be picked will supply the majority forwarding
distance on the straight line from the starting place
towards the intention. This can be constructed employing
the cosine of the viewpoint that is formed from a node,
the starting place and the target place. The aim is to
diminish broadcast power in order that intervention and
power utilization are decreased. The last greedy moves
toward known as compass routing attempt to diminish the
perspective of the chosen node and the straight line
between starting place and ending place. All these
approaches are anchored in unsystematic mobility mold
(for example haphazard Waypoint) which is not
appropriate for VANETs with the restriction of the roads.
Moreover, the nodes are treated as static without
considering their speed and heading.
Fig.4 Design of router with forwarding without
navigation
4.4 Forwarding with Navigation
To enlarge the speed of routing in VANETs, etiquettes
which use steering data are initiated. The awareness of
the emphasize road topology and the progress of the
nodes can be of huge significance to progress the plan of
a direction-finding etiquette. Different approach has to be
followed utilizing navigation information. However, as
well as the two preceding fundamental guesses a third
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supposition has to be prepared for these types of methods.
Nodes be supposed to be conscious of the road set of
connections which again is a valid guess because most of
the automobiles are arranged with steering devices that
can offer such functionality. At all meeting point, a node
is allocated vigorously as the coordinator. A node will
look for a route towards the destination within the graph
of interconnected intersections employing a famous
algorithm, like Dijkstra’s, and recognize the smallest
amount of junctions that a packet has to pass through. A
different approach is to enhance the beacon messages
used for neighbor discovery with additional information
like velocity, title etc. Using this supplementary in
sequence, a node can construct smarter conclusions on
the front warding nodes
5. Results and Discussion
Two types of routing are available in VANETS such as
topology based and position based. Packet transmission
of topology based routing is carried out by using
information of network links. Neighbors and the
destination location information are used to forward the
packet through node in geographic routing. Predictive
Routing based on Hidden Markov Model (PRHMM) is
used in the existing routing scheme [11]. It gives high
throughput, low latency and high delivery ratio when
compared to the V2X routing, PROPHET routing and
cellular based approach. Further to improve the delivery
ratio, throughput, new geographic forwarding scheme
(GFS) is used in the proposed system.
Table 1.1 Comparison between PRHMM and GFS
with delivery overhead and RSU
PRHMM
GFS
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Overhead
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Overhead
5
9
5
10
8
20
8
26
10
22
10
27
Fig.5 Comparison of delivery latency in between GFS
and PRHMM
In fig.5, delivery latency of geographic forwarding
scheme in road side units (RSU) are compared with the
conventional predictive routing based Hidden Markov
Model. From the analysis, the proposed GFS based
routing in VANETS offers 25% low latency than the
PRHMM. Hence the performance and throughput are
high in GFS when compared to the PRHMM.
Table 1.2 Comparison between PRHMM and GFS
with delivery latency and RSU
Fig.6 Evaluation of delivery overhead of GFS with
PRHMM
Delivery overhead of GFS is estimated to compare with
the existing PRHMM. From the results, it shows that the
proposed GFS provides 21.4% low delivery overhead
when compared to PRHMM.
0
2
4
6
8
10
010 20 30 40
GFS
PRHMM
RSU
Delivery latency (Hour)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
010 20 30 40
GFS
PRHMM
RSU
delivery overhead
PRHMM
GFS
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Latency
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Latency
10
5
10
5.5
15
4.7
15
5
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Comparison between PRHMM and GFS with delivery
ratio and RSU
PRHMM
GFS
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Ratio
Road Side
Unit(RSU)
Delivery
Ratio
4
0.6
4
0.5
10
0.9
10
0.75
15
0.92
15
0.78
Fig.7 Analysis of delivery ratio of existing and
proposed scheme
Delivery ratios of both existing and proposed schemes are
analyzed for different road side units in fig.7. The
proposed GFS scheme offers high delivery ratio when
compared to all other state of arts schemes such as V2X,
PROPHET and PRHMM.
7. Conclusion
The direction-finding etiquettes that have over the years
been planned for VANETs are presented. Defies resisted
by the distinctiveness of VANETs good deed the employ
of geographical routing in opposition to overflowing,
hierarchical or topological. Conversely using location
data for the forwarding is not sufficient for reliable and
efficient packet dissemination. It has to be improved with
steering data because the nodes are automobiles and their
mobility is restraint by the road set of connections.
Geographical direction-finding comes with a constraint,
the local utmost trouble. A suitable resurgence tactic
should be useed to manage with this and as the nodes
budge with comparative superior velocities quickly
altering the network topology, the carry-n-forward
method is the most appropriate. In smart transport
schemes, there are dissimilar uses that need trustworthy
wireless communications with convinced QoS limits.
Easy geographical direction-finding be unsuccessful to
meet these prerequisites, for that reason cross-layer
designs have been suggested. One important approach of
cross layering is the use of channel characteristics to
evaluate link quality. This imposes a challenge in order to
model accurately the wireless channel in urban scenarios
due to buildings and interference. The proposed GFS
based routing offers high packet delivery ratio (PDR),
low latency and low delivery overhead than the all other
state of arts schemes
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS
DOI: 10.37394/23204.2023.22.11
B. N. Mohan Kumar
E-ISSN: 2224-2864
124
Volume 22, 2023