Abstract - Today in the world most of young researchers focused infrastructure less network is ad hoc network,
especially one type of the best research temporary network is called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET).
Mobile ad hoc network is collection of in-depended mobile nodes that able to communicate anytime anywhere
in the emergency environment through wireless link with each other also every node acts as transmitter,
receiver and router. This self configured infrastructure less network having some issues like traffic, delay,
throughput, energy, security attacks, bandwidth and storage etc., [2] more are less energy and security attacks is
very dangers issue due to dynamic nature, battery power, packet drop, misbehaviour attack, conjunction and
mobility. In this research writing mainly we discussed energy issue because of when solve energy automatically
network lifetime will be increased and also delivery ratio and throughput will be increased due to reduces of
energy utilization, so here we discussed some of valuable research work they conclude the importance of
energy efficient with help of one of leading simulation model called Network Simulator (NS2).
Index - MANET; Routing; Issues; Energy Models; NS2;
Received: July 20, 2021. Revised: January 18, 2022. Accepted: February 16, 2022. Published: March 23, 2022.
1. Introduction
Now fast growing global human population the
emerging and unpredictable developed
technologies is wireless network; this network is
classified two types: one of fixed, centralized and
wired gateways network called cellular network,
when an each mobile unit goes out of range of one
base station, it connects with another new base
station. To solving natural issue demand
implemented technology, that every node of these
networks behave as routers and take part in
discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes
called wireless ad hoc network show as fig. 1.
Figure 1 Wireless Ad hoc Network
The above figure shows base of infrastructure less
networks called ad hoc network this is Latin word,
ad hoc means "for this," further meaning "for this
purpose only”. This development start from 1970’s
PRNET (Packet Radio Network), 1980’s – SURAN
(Survivable Adaptive Radio Network), 2000’s - Ad
hoc network consortium in Japan and 2010’s - Not
fixed Infrastructure. Moreover the unique
characteristics of network that not guaranteed
bandwidth due to designed shared radio channel
more suitable for best-effort data traffic and
dynamic frequency reuse based on carrier sense
mechanism with distributed routing then
infrastructure based network [1, 5]. Even though
lack of security issue, energy management and
frequent path breaks due to mobility but they
provide more services of all the environments
because of exclusive personality as shows in fig 2.
Figure 2 characteristics
There is more Classification of wireless ad hoc
network like Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)
policy formed for consumer electronics, military
and rescue via mobile devices connected by
wireless, Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) design
shaped for shared internet for community with
static mesh routers using various of mesh client
laptops, cell phones and routers etc., implemented
Comparative Study of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Manet
1K. THAMIZHMARAN, 2A. CHARLES
1Department of ECE, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2Department of ECE, GCE, Bargur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
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over WLAN, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
that designed mainly surveillance by localization
and environment monitoring, Vehicular Ad hoc
Networks (VANET) that developed especially
safety and traffic management etc.
1.1 Mobile Ad hoc Network
Mobile node no default router offered and can be
connected dynamically in an arbitrary manner
because of network service provide anytime and
anywhere in the world due to all the individual
node becomes a transmitter, receiver and also act as
router: must be able to forward traffic on behalf of
others. Sole rules network for Self organized due to
update routing information when repeatedly change
the topology, multi hop when a node contain more
base station sources, MANET nodes travel 360’
because of dynamic nature, mobile node limited
battery power, very dangers quality is limited
security reason for design to node can join
anywhere, any place [3]. There is more research
area available in mobile ad hoc network like
quality, routing, path metrics, hop count,
geographical, energy conservation, QoS, multicast,
security etc., the following parameters now
delivered valuable research outcome MANET as
show in fig 3.
Figure 3 Mobile Ad hoc Network
Many of existing researcher form reputed
institutions, research centers and industrials
published more articles with analysis own idea
outcome to some of leading parameters such as
throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio,
quality of service, power control, energy efficient
routing, multipath routing, congestion Control,
bandwidth and loss detection and recovery and etc.
[4] all the researchers focused and update routing
for work above areas to solve the issues, MANET
need for router to communicate and data
transmission from source to destination, fig 4
shows some of ISO approved protocol.
Figure 5 Routing Protocols
In this research paper need to surveyed one of most
leading mobile ad hoc network issue is energy; we
discussed existing suggested technology for Energy
because of when reduced delay and retransmission
also avoided misbehavior automatically throughput
maximized so node lifetime and network life time
will increased due to increasing remaining energy
reason for limited power [6]. Very importance
states to consume energy to transmit, receive and
Sleep. Maximum energy affected in tow layers data
link layer and network layer fig 6 shows energy
management schemes in particular layers
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Figure 5 Energy Management Scheme for N/W & DL Layers
Moreover the above discuses for ad hoc, MANET
and routing, In section 2 brief discussion energy
based developed researches, section 3 research
outcomes, In section 4 conclude this paper.
2. Related Work
Energy is very dangers problem of mobile ad hoc
network when retransmitting of packet, increasing
time duration of path finding and link breakage to
reducing remaining energy due to limited battery
power below discussed last 15 years of some of
effective reputed research articles [7].
Chan-Ho Min and Sehun Kim, (2007) proposed
novel on-demand energy aware routing protocol
called Utility Based Power Control Routing
(UBPCR), which reduced the trade-offs that arise
in the other energy aware route selection
mechanisms that had been proposed for MANETs.
Evaluation of simulation result, performances of
UBPCR with Constant blocked Rate (CBR) and
Constant Dropped Rate (CDR). Proposed scheme
significantly improves both CBR and CDR by
estimating the transmit power for any link.
Although some strategies produce relatively small
degradations in both CBR and CDR, these
capabilities greatly increase transmit power and
decrease network lifetime due to approach is based
on an economic framework [8]. Jyu-Yuan Lai and
Chih-Tsun Huang, (2008) presented a design
framework that consisted of a high throughput,
parallel and scalable ECC processor. A two phase
scheduling methodology was proposed to optimize
the ECC such as coarse-grained and fine-grained
scheduling. The comparison of speed and overhead
among different ECC designs justified the cost
effectiveness of the proposed design. Moreover,
the biggest problem is packet drop and symmetric
key encryption to get the key to the party with
whom you are sharing data and also malicious
detection has not been considered [9]. William
Chelton and Mohammed Benaissa, (2008) have
proposed a new high speed pipelined Application
Specific Instruction set Processor (ASIP) for ECC
using field programmable gate array technology.
Three complex instructions were used to reduce the
transmit and receive latency after path will create
between source to destination by reducing the
overall number of instructions and a new combined
algorithm point-doubling operation (DBL) and
point-adding operation (ADD) was developed to
perform using the application specific instructions.
Although, ECC scheme that it increases the size of
the encrypted message significantly more than RSA
encryption by the way delay also increased,
increased the possibility of implementation errors
and thereby reduced the security of the algorithm
due to ECC design is very complex [10]. Sunho
Lim et al, (2009) explained very clearly a new
communication mechanism called random cast,
which a sender could specify the desired level of
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overhearing, making a discreet balance between
energy and routing performance. Simulation
results demonstrated, performance comparison of
802.11, 802.11 power saving mechanism, on-
demand power management and random cast. In
addition, it reduced redundant rebroadcasts for a
broadcast packet, and thus, saved remaining energy
by 30% also increase delivery ratio of random cast
than other scheme through simulation using NS-2
but not suitable to other routing protocols.
Meanwhile, average delay and packet drop will be
increases when presence of misbehaviour [11].
Peng Zhang et al, (2009) they proposed a mobile
average network coding to reduce the energy
consumed by data encryption in MANET. In their
work, they used P-Coding lightweight encryption
scheme to provide confidentiality for network
coded MANETs, in an energy efficient way.
Finally, they demonstrated that due to its
lightweight nature, P-Coding achieved minimal
energy consumption with less transmission
compared to other encryption schemes. Moreover,
problem was with access control over the remotely
stored files, while enable resource limited mobile
devices to easily access the protected data,
especially if the storage server maintained by a
third party was un-trusted so misbehaviour will
attack the performance also P-coding reduce
performance of other communication network with
environment [12].
Zhang Tao et al, (2009) have suggested effectively
the newly emerging side channel attacks on elliptic
curve cryptosystem, and an efficient Fractional
Width-w NAF (FWNAF) algorithm was proposed
to secure ECC scalar multiplication from these
attacks. This algorithm adopted the fractional
window method and probabilistic Shortest Path
Algorithm (SPA) scheme to reconfigure the pre-
computed table. Results compared proposed
FWNAF with WBRIP and EBRIP schemes, the
proposed analysis had the lowest total computation
cost, reduced utilization energy and bandwidth.
However, cryptosystem needs lower
reconfiguration capability when changing topology
or attacker will enter in network, average delay and
packet drops increased with lower remaining
energy [13]. Venkateswaran et al, (2009) proposed
two instances of the relay deployment problem, to
gather with the solutions, to achieve goal is Min-
Total Min-Max, aimed to minimize the total energy
consumed. The results indicated that even when
the relay nodes constituted a small fraction of the
total nodes in the network, the planned framework
resulted in significant energy savings except at the
time of retransmission. Simulation results shows,
relay based schemes reduced total transmission
energy than without relay also remaining energy of
Min-max better than Min-Total scheme both
scheme suitable for low mobility and minimum
number of users. Furthermore, high mobility
network is not support because when increase users
attackers also increased also delay will be increased
so automatically utilization energy will be
increased [14]. Burmester and de Medeiros (2009)
proposed a complete self-configured Secure Energy
Efficient (SEC) protocol that was able to create the
network and share secure services without any
infrastructure. The network allowed sharing
resources while offering new services among users
in a secure environment. The protocol included all
functions needed to operate without any external
support. Their proposal was implemented in order
to test the protocol procedure and performance also
increased remaining energy. Although, multipath
routing protocols for MANET ignore the topology
exposure problem and routing overhead has not
been considered in this work [15]. Jithra Adikari et
al, (2010) who discussed single and double scalar
multiplications as the most computational intensive
operations in ECC based cryptosystems.
Improving the performance of these operations is
generally achieved by means of integer recoding
techniques, which aim at minimizing the scalars’
density of nonzero digits. Proposed scheme present
three novel algorithms such as hybrid binary
ternary form, hybrid binary-ternary joint form and
reduced hybrid binary-ternary joint form for both
single and double scalar multiplication. Finally, the
experiment results showed that the algorithms were
almost always faster than their widely used
counterparts. Moreover, this algorithm increased
energy consumption because hybrid binary-ternary
number system increase the average running time
of network, security attacks have been not
considered also energy saving issue because
average delay increased [16]. Morteza
Nikooghadem et al, (2010) they have efficient key
management and key derivation schemes based on
ECC to solve dynamic access problems in a user
hierarchy. Proposed method had less time
complexity and Simulation results, achieve best
performance and highest security level in
transmission through all the nodes between source
and destination than previous works using private
and public key until attacker will be present.
Furthermore, misbehave detection and routing
overhead are still challenging issues due to when
changing topology will take some time to configure
the network [17].
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Manikandan and Sathyasheela, (2010) have
proposed technique called ADCLI for MANETs.
This algorithm can be used to detect malicious
nodes in a set of nodes such that each pair of nodes
in the set are within the radio range of each other
used to message passing between the nodes. The
simulation was done for four different set of values
and achieve high performance of delivery ratio and
low packet loss but time delay increases due to
node are dynamic nature, when a new node is
added in the network, then the topology of the
network will change and it takes some time to
converge during that time if they want to send data
to destination through that new node immediately,
which causes grasp in energy by way of network
congestion and link breakage also increases [18].
Karim El Defrawy and Gene Tsudik (2011)
analyzed secure MANETs which are particularly
useful and well-suited for critical scenarios. They
constructed an on-demand location based
anonymous MANET routing protocol called
Privacy-friendly Routing In Suspicious MANETs
(PRISM) that achieved privacy and security against
both outsider and insider adversaries. Results
showed that PRISM was more efficient and offered
better privacy than the prior work, lower used
energy. However, these protocols are vulnerable to
the attacks of misbehaviour packets broadcasting,
even the node misbehaviour attacks increased and
network life time also decreased [19]. Ming-Yang
Su, (2011) Developed new intrusion detection
technique to detect block-hole attacks called Anti-
Black-Hole (ABM) mechanism. When a
suspicious value exceeded a threshold, an IDS
nearby would broadcast a block message,
informing all nodes on the network, asking them to
cooperatively isolate the malicious node. It fails to
judge on route replies coming from the
intermediate node based on a trusted third party
which is the destination node. Performance
comparison of proposed and existing AODV
protocols, results shows AMB reduce total packet
loss rate by 10.05% than existing scheme.
Meanwhile, network delay and routing overhead
will be increased due to network usage also
increased big challenge issue in this protocol [20].
Nicola Costagliola et al, (2012) they designed a
new optimized energy aware path selection called
MChannel-opt, use to enabling uncast routing
based on two alternative metrics, namely delay and
overall network lifetime. Proposed module
MChannel-opt, they proved better network lifetime
and average delay compared MChannel protocol
also increased network remaining energy due to
link established all the nodes before the
transmitting the packet in the network because
suggested MChannel-opt based on proactive
protocol. Moreover, misbehaviour attacks and
packet dropping attack based solutions do not
address in this work so they don’t provide secure
path [21]. May Zin Oo and Mazliza Othman,
(2012) they have proposed and compared mobility
models to measure single path and multipath
(proactive and reactive) routing protocols across
the mobility models by tuning into TCP and CBR
traffic individually. They developed algorithm
interaction between mobility models, single path
and multipath routing protocols that varied
depending on the usage of traffic (TCP and CBR)
that significantly reduced the end-to-end delay and
reducing remaining energy consumption at a same
network lifetime also decreasing. Moreover,
security aspects and packet loss and link breakage
have not been considered in this work [22].
Chun-Ta Li (2013) suggested an advanced smart
card based password authentication with ECC, an
updated scheme and extended the scheme to
provide the privacy of the client. By comparing the
criteria with other related schemes, this scheme not
only solved several hard security threats but also
satisfied more number of functionality features, and
delivery ratio and throughput increased, Proposed
ECC based scheme achieve mutual authentication
and low computation cost. Although, all the
strategies of proposed scheme are not analyzed
from misbehave and collision of network and
traffic security perspective to increased average
delay when enter malicious attacker also network
throughput significantly reduced [23]. Wang et al,
(2013) have proposed Distributed energy Adaptive
location based Cooperative Medium Access
Control (DEL-CMAC) to improve the performance
of the MANETs in terms of network lifetime and
energy efficiency. Furthermore, they projected
DEL-CMAC protocol under various conditions
even for high circuitry energy consumption in
comprehensive simulation study. Finally, the
energy utilization of nodes is reduced with the
possibility of link breakage within the network
because DEL scheme all the node actives monitor
in network in every time but for large network
cannot support new protocol due low security and
network throughput will be reduced [24]. Zijian
Wang et al, (2013) they proposed a novel location
service protocol called hierarchical hashing
location server protocol that optimized the distance
travelled by the location update and query packets,
and reduced the overall energy cost. Simulation
results demonstrated that the proposed protocols
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achieved around 30 to 35% energy efficiency while
improving or maintaining the query success rate in
comparison to the previously proposed algorithms.
Even though, Energy models address only the
hidden terminal issue, but result in network
throughput and packet delivery ratio during the
presence of misbehaver node [25]. Hafizul
Islamand and Biswas (2014) suggested new
password based mutual authentication using several
dynamic energy ID-based remote user
authentication schemes which were implemented
using password, smartcard and ECC.
Additionally, the proposed scheme was provably
secure in the random oracle model under the
hardness assumption of computational Diffie-
Hellman problem. Data security, privacy and user
authentication are enormously important for
accessing important medical data over insecure
communication. The proposed scheme is thus
more efficient, secure and flexible than other
existing schemes. Hence protocol cannot achieve
complete security requirements. Congestion and
link breakage are also not discussed [26].
Abdulsalam Basabaaa et al, (2014) discussed most
of the proposed protocols assuming that all nodes
in the network were cooperative, and did not
address security issues. They projected new IDS
named Adaptive 3 Acknowledgements (A3ACKs)
that solved three of six significant problems of
watchdog technique presence of malicious node.
They implemented and tested the proposed system
under various mobility speeds through NS2.
Increases packet delivery ratio by 13.3% of high
speed network and by 12% of low speed network
when measured over 30% to 40% malicious nodes,
the A3ACKs improved network performance with
or without the presence of consecutive cooperative
misbehaving nodes in a route path. Even though
the network congestion has slightly increased, the
network security is more robust and remaining
energy will be increase [27].
Gopinath and Nagarajan (2015) presented energy
efficient routing protocol called Residual Energy-
based Reliable Multicast Routing (RERMR)
protocol to attain more network lifetime and
increased packet delivery and forwarding rate. The
proposed protocol is based on threshold value to
maintain the reliable multicast routing which
enhances the stability and connectivity of the
network. Based on the simulation results, the
proposed work achieved better performance than
the previous protocols in terms of packet reliability
rate, network stability rate, delay and routing
overhead than old existing energy efficient based
protocols. However, the problem of delivering /
transferring data packets for dynamic network
causes lowering of efficiency of the network due to
misbehave attacks in this work not consider in
security issues [28]. Baojun Huang et al, (2015)
proposed Efficient Remote User Authentication
with Key Agreement Scheme Using ECC,
technology evolution identity authentication in the
network that is becoming more and more
significant. Simulation results shows performance
comparison of three different phases such as
Registration phase, Login and authentication phase
and Password change phase through network
simulation 2, proposed scheme was much more
secure and practical as the secure universal access
control mechanism also increased delivery ratio
and remaining energy then other existing schemes.
The scheme suffers from offline password guessing
attack and impersonation attack. Moreover, new
scheme could not achieve perfect user privacy and
encryption decryption will take more time to
increase latency of the network [29]. Sengathir and
Manoharan, (2015) they effectively are suggested
isolated the selfish nodes from the routing path
based on the exponential reliability coefficient.
From the simulation results, it was evident that the
proposed exponential reliability coefficient based
reputation mechanism approach outperformed the
existing packet conservation monitoring algorithm,
proposed method achieve higher packet delivery
ratio and throughput than existing methods, and
also isolate 28% of selfish nodes from the routing
path. However, new method not been consider
presence of malicious node when attacked
malicious node, path increase packet drop, average
delay and remaining energy [30]. Parth Patel et al,
(2016) proposed approach; Hybrid EAACK
(HEAACK) is designed to tackle three of six of six
weaknesses of watchdog scheme presence of
malicious attacks. HEAACK is capable of finding
the malicious nodes as compared with the existing
scheme with different scenario through simulation.
HEAACK was the proposed system which added
cryptography mechanism giving a secure network
and thus the rate of data manipulation and network
overhead decreases. Moreover, the malicious node
increases the network remaining energy, average
delay and also key exchange problem has not been
solved [31]. On other hand Muthurajkumar et al,
(2017) suggested new secured routing protocol
called Cluster based Energy Efficient Secure
Routing Algorithm (CEESRA) in this paper which
is energy efficient and uses cluster based routing in
which the trust scores on nodes are used to detect
the intruders effectively. This routing algorithm
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reduces the Denial of Service attacks more
efficiently by using intelligent agents for effective
decision making in routing. Simulation results
show reduces energy consumption and routing
delay. Although, proposed new system reduces
throughput due to increasing packet loss because of
attacks [32].
Gautam, M. and Mahajan, A.R. (2017) was
proposed new secure ad hoc on-demand multi-path
distance vector protocol is extended called Dolphin
Echolocation Algorithm for efficient
communication in MANET. The performance
analysis and numerical results show that our
proposed routing protocol produces better packet
delivery ratio, reduced packet delay, reduced
overheads and provide security against
vulnerabilities and attacks and also remaining
energy is reduced due to finding multipath between
source and destination [33]. Topology based
dynamic protocol implemented by Jiann Shen et
al, (2017) proposed new protocol named Organized
Topology Based Routing (OTBR) to adapt to the
environments mentioned above. It can be divided
into two different situations: one is called the static
organized topology using anti-pheromone and the
other is called the dynamic organized topology
using greedy algorithm. Simulation results show
that OTBR achieved higher remaining energy and
packet delivery ratio reduced delay when network
size changes. Moreover, packet loss is increased
when network size changes due to malicious
attackers [34]. One of my best researches is
K.Thamizhmaran et al, (2017) is proposed
enhanced acknowledgement based research work
EA3EAK. This work mainly focused to reduced
routing conjunction during to detect malicious
attacker and find alternate route with secure path
communication, help with one of most accuracy
hybrid cryptograph called MARS4 which combine
RSA & MAJE4 cryptograph. MARS4 act as secure
routing also reducing tine delay, utilization energy,
increased packet delivery ratio and throughput with
help of enhance adaptive 3 acknowledgement not
only this merits solved key exchange issue.
Moreover this concept not suitable for all the
environments whenever mobility high
automatically performances will be decrees [35].
Recent published energy efficient research work
proposed by Neha et al, (2018) they designed
clinched using directional antenna are to find
destination location, antenna focusing, signal power
and distance calculations. Simulation result show
improved energy savings using re-configurable
directional antennas and an associated algorithm.
However, developed system increased packet drop
due to misbehaviours [36]. On other hand, secure
nonlinear chaotic encrypted energy aware adaptive
watermarking system for wireless image sensor
networks is proposed by Hamzah et al, (2018) the
watermarking scheme embedding locations and
mechanism are to be decided based on the
conditions of the channel in order to ensure
watermark security and energy efficiency of the
designed system. Simulation results show higher
throughput and delivery ration. However, weakness
of above scheme delay and energy due to time of
encryption and decryption [37].
K. Anish Pon Yamini et al, (2019) proposed new
energy efficient system called transition state MAC
protocol compared with existing models static
power consumption MAC protocol and dynamic
power consumption MAC protocol that
coordination to mobile devices that communicate
among themselves with no information from
administration. Mobile node and network lifetime
will be increased due to energy efficient lifetime
maximizing methods based on channel awareness
in MANETs result in better performance of the
networks until the node’s energy is capable of
handling control messages than old method.
Performance of cooperative MAC protocol for both
conserving node energy and to utilize available
node and also reduces the total energy consumption
minimum 14% than DPCMP and minimum 24%
than SPCMP with traffic falls almost 45 than
SPCMP and 27% than DPCMP. Although an
isolate misbehaviour attack is still not overcome,
slight increase in network overhead and also
reduces remaining energy of mobile nodes [38]. On
other hand K. Anish Pon Yamini et al, (2019) they
proposed the cooperative physical layer network
coding scheme, the requirement of energy
transmission can be reduced. They implemented
using two routing algorithms namely CCSPR and
COSPNCR with efficient power aware routing
method is proposed which distinguishes the
capability of nodes by its residual battery power,
and through the expected energy that spent in
reliably data packets forwarding on a specific link.
Thus energy consumption can be decreased and
hence lifetime of a node can be improved. The
conventional shortest path routing method on
regular line and the grid line networks attains the
gain of energy savings up to energy consumption
rate can be decreased to 80% with help of efficient
power aware routing. However, the authors have
not considered the delay and packet droppers
presence of malicious activities in MANETs [39].
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N.S. Saba Farheen and Anuj Jain, (2020) is
discussed Predicting the mobile node position and
routing based on predicted positions helps to
establish routing path with much longevity. Most
predictions approaches are based on the past
locations of the node. In this work a node location
prediction based on the temporal and spatial
characteristics with respect to its neighbourhood is
applied to estimate the probable locations using a
hybrid model. Result analysis above routing
protocol improved routing performance in lower
packet conjunction. The multi path routing is fine
tuned based on the spatial temporal results to
improve the effectiveness and reliability of routing
through network simulation 2, the packet delivery
ratio was found to be higher in the proposed
solution compared existing design, moreover
remaining energy and malicious node detection and
correction not considered [40]. On other hand
Nobuyoshi Komuroa and Hiromasa Habuchi,
(2021) developed effective nonorthogonal Code
Shift Keying Spread Spectrum (CSK/SS) ALOHA
design one of the normal random design that access
routing protocol investigated for mobile ad hoc
network without carrier sensing function
techniques. Result of above system to improve
throughput and delay under MANET environment
with one of the multilevel modulation systems for
the spread spectrum technique with increasing the
number of bits per frame. Proposed method
numerical results show than Mos=8 and Mcon=3
achieved the highest throughput, combination
Mos=8, Mcon=4 and Mos=32, Mcon=1 than
existing spread ALOHA method. Although
conclude from the numerical results that the new
nonorthogonal system energy conception and
security attack not considered above model [41]. V.
Nivedita and N. Nandhagopal, (2021) most
recently published research article focused trust
calculation solving problem is going to proposed
efficient multi-hop relay dependent better data
transmission model is called Random Repeat Trust
Computational (RRTC) that suggested technology
provide better quality of mobile nodes and their
services buffered the primary route and alternate to
route for efficient data transmission. Research
outcomes of this developed model to improve
quality of network with help of random repeat trust
computational method also increasing the security
level because different stage of trust evaluation due
to avoid the false trust issue so possible to detect
attacker more than 30%. Even through malicious
node detection and energy issues is did not
considered [42].
3. Research Outcomes
Wireless communication technologies have
dramatically affected our data society due to
dynamic movable device of mobile ad hoc network,
among all users who wish to communicate between
each other through mobile nodes.Limitation is a
major motivation for many research initiatives
whose goal is to establish a efficient architecture
of group communications. Node mobility faces
many of the challenges that an ad hoc network,
mobility may result in frequent link breaks and
utilize more energy; it can even lead to loss of
packets. While it is very difficult to guarantee that
the connectivity is maintained at all time in a
dynamic and mobile environment below table 1
discussed merit and demerits many of existing
research works.
Table 1 Merit and Demerits of above researchers
Author
Protocols
Merits
Chan-Ho Min and
Sehun Kim [8]
UBPCR
improves both CBR and
CDR by estimating the
transmit power
Jyu-Yuan Lai and
Chih-Tsun Huang [9]
ECC
speed and overhead &
ECC cost effectiveness
William Chelton and
Mohammed Benaissa
[10]
ASIP
delivery ratio and
throughput
Sunho Lim et al [11]
random cast
reduced broadcast packet,
and saved remaining
energy by 30% also
increase delivery ratio
Peng Zhang et al [12]
P-Coding
minimal energy
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LWE
consumption with less
transmission
Zhang Tao et al [13]
ECC&EFW-
w NAF
FWNAF had the lowest
total computation cost,
reduced utilization energy
and bandwidth
Venkateswaran et al
[14]
Min-Total
Min-Max
minimize the total energy
consumed
Burmester and de
Medeiros [15]
SEEP
increased remaining
energy
Jithra Adikari et al
[16]
SDSM
faster than their widely
used counterparts
Morteza
Nikooghadem et al
[17]
KM&KD
schemes
highest security level in
transmission through all
nodes
Manikandan and
Sathyasheela [18]
ADCLI
achieve high performance
of delivery ratio and low
packet loss
Karim El Defrawy
and Gene Tsudik [19]
PFRSM
better privacy than the
prior work, lower used
energy
Ming-Yang Su [20]
ABHM
AMB reduce total packet
loss by 10.05% than
existing scheme
Nicola Costagliola et
al [21]
MChannel-
opt
better lifetime and delay
also increased remaining
energy
May Zin Oo and
Mazliza Othman [22]
SPMPRP
delay and reducing
remaining energy
consumption at a same
network lifetime also
decreasing
Chun-Ta Li [23]
ASCPA
advanced smart card
based password
authentication with low
computation cost
Wang et al [24]
ALCMAC
energy utilization of nodes
is reduced with the
possibility of link
breakage minimized
Zijian Wang et al [25]
HHLSP
achieved around 32%
energy efficiency
Hafizul Islamand and
Biswas [26]
NPMA
more efficient, secure and
flexible than
Abdulsalam
Basabaaa et al [27]
A3ACK
Increases packet delivery
ratio by 13.3% of high
speed
Gopinath and
Nagarajan [28]
RERMR
better packet rate, stability
rate, delay and routing
overhead
Baojun Huang et al
ERUA-KAS
more secure, increased
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[29]
delivery ratio and
remaining energy
Sengathir and
Manoharan [30]
ERC
higher PDR and
throughput and also
isolate 28% of selfish
nodes
Parth Patel et al [31]
HEAACK
rate of data manipulation
and network overhead
decreases
Muthurajkumar et al
[32]
EESRA
reduces energy
consumption and routing
delay
Gautam, M. and
Mahajan, A.R. [33]
DEA
better PDR, reduced
packet delay, reduced
overheads
Jiann Shen et al [34]
OTBR
higher remaining energy
and PDR reduced delay
K. Thamizhmaran et
al, [35]
EA3ACK
reducing tine delay,
utilization energy,
increased packet delivery
ratio and throughput
Neha et al [36]
Directional
Antenna
improved energy savings
using directional antennas
Hamzah et al [37]
EAAWS
higher throughput,
delivery ratio
K. Anish Pon Yamini
et al [38]
TSMAC
network lifetime increased
due to lifetime
maximizing
K. Anish Pon Yamini
et al [39]
CPLNC
energy savings up to low
energy consumption rate
by 80%
N.S. Saba Farheen
and Anuj Jain [40]
PMNPR
improved routing
performance in lower
packet traffic and PDR
Nobuyoshi Komuroa
and Hiromasa
Habuchi [41]
NCSKSS
improve throughput, delay
and achieved the highest
throughput
V. Nivedita and N.
Nandhagopal [42]
RPTC
improve quality of
network also increasing
the security level
4. Conclusion
The fast moving world demands seamless
communication facilities, so former types of
connectivity’s like wired networks, radio waves are
becoming obsolete. One of the recent developments
in the world of communication technology is the
use of MANET which was initially developed for
military applications. The rapid use of MANET has
results in the identification of several problems.
Although the widespread deployment of MANET
is still years away, the research in this field
continues being very active and imaginative. In this
paper, we have review and current surveyed last 15
years leading reputed articles with leading
researcher ideas with challenges and more research
issues identified in MANET. In this survey is very
useful for many researchers in the field of MANET,
very well know the above all issues but energy is
one of domination issue in mobile ad hoc network.
Our future research work is core issues of secure
and power aware/energy efficient routing.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank above researchers and
respected internal expected reviewers who give
their valuable review comments with suggestions
for updating to improve quality of the paper. We
would like to thank authorities of the estimated
Annamalai University, Cuddalore, Tamilnadu,
India and Government College of Engineering,
Theni, Tamilnadu, India.
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