Analytical Methods to Develop Accurate Structural Model for the Asmari

Reservoir

Abstract: Crossing of Asmari can be a challenging endeavor in certain instances, particularly when dealing with

structural complexities, compounded by the presence of a substantial layer of Gachsaran formation evaporates

overlying the reservoir. The primary aim of this study was to establish a precise and comprehensive structural model

for the Asmari reservoir. Utilizing geological logs for dip classification offers the advantage of directly depicting

the structural origin. This approach helps in identifying the Asmari fault and fracture systems and their impact on

production, ultimately resolving structural complexities. To investigate the reasons behind the intersection of the

Kalhur member and the unexpected increase in the thickness of the Asmari formation, FMI data was acquired over

the interval ranging from 1550m to 2065m. The analysis of picked bedding dips revealed abrupt variations in dip

magnitude and azimuth reversals. These observations were pivotal in unraveling the structural intricacies of the

reservoir. A significant fault was identified within zone five of the Kalhur member, and its interpretation suggests

that it is a reverse fault. This conclusion is based on the observed dip pattern and the distinctive characteristics of

the logs. Around the fault, the beds and layers exhibit elevated dips, largely attributed to the plastic nature of

anhydrite and marly/shaly anhydrite within the formation. The anhydrite-indicator curve obtained from the FMI

and gamma-ray logs provides further evidence that the well entered the Kalhur member after intersecting the major

fault located within this particular zone. The interpretation of structural dip played a pivotal role in resolving

structural complexities, leading to the precise determination of the well's location within the Asmari reservoir. This

achievement was particularly critical as it enabled the well to reach the lower contact of the Asmari formation. This

interpretation was facilitated by analyzing FMI images and petrophysical logs in well LL-26.

Keywords: Structural complexity, FMI, fractured reservoir, geological, petrophysical log, structural model,

strucview, Fracture analysis

Received: July 15, 2022. Revised: September 9, 2023. Accepted: October 5, 2023. Published: November 27, 2023.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

1ZOHREH MOVAHED, 2ALI ASGHAR MOVAHED

1Schlumberger, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

2Ahawz Oil and Gas Research Department, IRAN

1. Introduction

The Zagros Mountains are a geological wonder

characterized by their concentrically folded

formations, a result of tectonic forces shaping the

Earth's crust over millions of years (Movahed et al.,

2015). Within this mountain belt lie complex and

intricate geological structures, each playing a crucial

role in determining the success of various development

projects, particularly in the oil and gas industry(Fig. 1).

Understanding the precise angles at which these

geological layers dip and identifying subsurface fault

patterns becomes paramount for planning and

executing well developments. However, the challenge

lies in the variability and unpredictability of these

formations. Sometimes, the thickness of these

geological layers surpasses initial expectations due to

numerous factors. It could be the result of steeper-

than-anticipated bedding dips or the presence of

unexpected reverse faults.

Pinpointing the exact cause of these unpredictably

greater thicknesses can be a significant challenge

(Eynollahi, 2009). Imagine drilling a well with a

certain projection of the layers' thickness, only to

discover that the actual thickness far exceeds the

projections. This discrepancy can arise due to

geological complexities, such as encountering

unexpected steep dips or faults that weren't accounted

for initially.

Even regions that seem to have low dip angles at the

surface may unveil steep dips as drilling progresses

deeper into the Earth (Movahed et al.,2022). This

sudden variation can lead to wells missing their

intended targets, resulting in an inability to access the

desired reservoirs or oil columns, despite penetrating

what was believed to be the reservoir zone.

Consequently, wells might need to be redirected or

sidetracked in the correct direction to access these

previously overlooked reservoirs or oil pools.

The intricate nature of the Zagros Mountains'

geological formations presents a constant challenge for

those involved in drilling and exploration. It

underscores the importance of not only initial surveys

but also continuous monitoring and adaptive planning

during the drilling process to ensure accurate targeting

of valuable resources hidden beneath the Earth's

surface.

Well LL-26 is a significant location within the Lali

field, positioned specifically in the Eastern south

region of the onshore site in Iran. The drilling

operations for this well were executed using an 8.500”

bit, a substantial tool in the oil drilling process, with a

maximum deviation of 24 degrees towards the North-

Earth direction over the image log interval(Fig. 2).

The choice of an 8.500” bit indicates a sizable

borehole diameter, allowing for efficient drilling while

considering the geological formations encountered.

The 24-degree deviation is crucial as it denotes the

directional drilling technique used to reach the desired

target or reservoir while avoiding obstacles or

unfavorable formations. Such precision in directional

drilling is vital in optimizing the extraction process

and ensuring the efficient recovery of resources.

The Lali field itself holds significant importance

within the oil and gas industry, characterized by its

onshore location in Iran. The geographical positioning

in the Eastern south part of the field suggests a

strategic placement, potentially tapping into specific

reserves or geological formations unique to this area.

Furthermore, the duration of the study, conducted for a

period of 2 months at Schlumberger, signifies a

comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the well.

This study period likely involved a detailed assessment

of various parameters, including geological data,

wellbore conditions, reservoir characteristics, and

production potential.

The information collected during this study at

Schlumberger would contribute significantly to

understanding the behavior of well LL-26, aiding in

decision-making processes related to further drilling

operations, reservoir management, and overall field

development strategies.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

The combination of the well's location, drilling

specifications, and the comprehensive study period at

Schlumberger reflects a meticulous approach to extract

valuable resources while ensuring efficient and

sustainable oil and gas production within the Lali field

in Iran.

The target reservoir is the Asmari Formation. The

Asmari Formation, characterized by its substantial

carbonate sequence from the Oligocene-Miocene

period, is renowned as one of the world's most

prominent carbonate reservoirs(Hassan et al.,2010).

The Asmari Formation is lithologically characterized

by limestone, dolomite, marly limestone, and the

presence of anhydrite within the Kalhur Member, all

of which are relevant to the geological composition in

this area. The primary drilling objective for this well

was to achieve production from the upper Asmari

zones while determining the fluid contact within the

reservoir.

During the drilling process, an unexpected occurrence

took place, with the well penetrating the top of the

Asmari Formation at an unexpected depth,

approximately 1542 meters, as indicated by both log

and cutting data. Subsequently, the well intersected the

Kalhur members after drilling through about 521

meters. Despite continued drilling efforts, the well was

unable to exit the Kalhur member.

In this complex geological setting, borehole imaging

logs(Chokthanyawat et al.,2012) played a critical role

in detecting the structural and reservoir geometry.

Accurate reservoir description through the use of

image logs, particularly in thinly laminated reservoirs,

emerged as a key factor in facilitating effective field

development (Yang, et al.,2011). Structural and

reservoir geologists can readily identify fracture

features and classify different types of fractures along

the wellbore by directly utilizing the FMI (Formation

MicroScanner) log (Rezaie et al.,2006), moreover, in

situations where seismic data is unavailable, the FMI

log serves as a valuable tool for these geologists,

enabling them to provide essential information that can

be used to develop dependable solutions for significant

geological challenges. (Soliman et al.,2010).

To unravel the intricacies behind the convergence of

the Kalhur member and the unanticipated surge in the

Asmari Formation's thickness, a meticulous Formation

MicroImager (FMI) survey was meticulously carried

out. Spanning from 1550 meters to 2065 meters, this

survey was a critical endeavor aimed at scrutinizing

the dip patterns along the well trajectory. Its primary

objective was to craft an intricate structural model,

serving as a navigational blueprint for the National

Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC) to undertake a

targeted sidetrack, specifically accessing the upper

zones of the Asmari reservoir.

This investigative endeavor was fraught with multiple

challenges. The initial well's failure to breach the

Asmari reservoir, leading to the initiation of Sidetrack

1, necessitated meticulous planning for a subsequent

sidetrack, further compounded by stringent time

constraints. Complicating factors included a steep

structural dip, a labyrinthine fault system, and the

considerable depth of the geological formations

involved. Overcoming these obstacles became

imperative for the successful fruition of the project.

The fundamental aim of this comprehensive study lay

in comprehending the unexpected intersection of the

Kalhur member, the abrupt thickening of the Asmari

formation, and devising a strategic roadmap for a new

sidetrack based on these revelations. To accomplish

this, the study harnessed an extensive array of datasets,

notably relying on the comprehensive Full set and

Formation Micro-Imager (FMI) log data. These

datasets formed the cornerstone of an exhaustive

analysis, precisely tailored to meet the study's

objectives.

The essential role played by FMI log data in this

investigative pursuit cannot be overstated. Its

exceptional image quality provided an unparalleled,

intricate portrayal of the geological structures

ensconced within the well. This high-fidelity data

facilitated precise interpretations of the well's

structural nuances, enabling the meticulous

identification, description, and quantification of

fractures and faults inherent within the formations.

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DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

The identification and characterization of these

fractures and faults stood as pivotal milestones in

comprehending subsurface geology. These geological

features wield significant influence over fluid behavior

within reservoirs, ultimately impacting the efficacy of

drilling operations. The study's primary endeavor

revolved around accurately pinpointing and gauging

these attributes to fathom how they might have

influenced the unexpected Kalhur formation

intersection and the sudden Asmari formation

thickening.

Furthermore, the insights derived from studying the

FMI data, synergized with other relevant datasets such

as the Full set logs, well-found invaluable insights for

orchestrating a new sidetrack. A profound

comprehension of the encountered geological

intricacies and anomalies within the wellbore forms

the bedrock for devising a strategically optimized

sidetrack, adept at navigating these complexities while

optimizing drilling success.Hence, the study required

to harness the granular analysis of the Full set and FMI

log data not only to comprehend the underlying

reasons behind the encountered geological anomalies

but also to steer strategic decisions pertaining to future

drilling endeavors. Particularly, the study focused on

crafting an efficient sidetrack blueprint, meticulously

tailored to circumvent the challenges posed by these

unforeseen geological formations and variations.

Fig. 1: Illustrates the notable anticline formations within the Foreland basin of the Zagros Mountains, exhibiting a trend from the

northwest to the southeast (Motiei, 1995).

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

Fig. 2: Displays the location map of well#LL-26 situated within the Lali field. Source: (NIOC South UGC map).

2. Materials and Methods

The methodology encompassed a thorough utilization

of the FMI (Formation Micro-Imager) and the Full set

log data, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. The

initial step involved processing the FMI data with

BorEid to heighten log quality, ensuring accuracy and

reliability in subsequent assessments. All

petrophysical logs and accompanying images were

meticulously matched to a reference log based on their

respective depths. To enhance the interpretability of

formation features, the images underwent equalization

and normalization via BorNor, refining their

visualization.

The representation of image logs was strategically

designed: resistive units appeared vividly in bright

hues, while lower resistivity conductive units were

visualized in darker shades. The interpretation process

kicked off with a meticulous manual selection of dips,

employing sinusoidal techniques on oriented images

presented at a scaled-down ratio of 1:20. This

downscaled representation aimed to minimize

potential human errors in the selection process.

The selected dips were then meticulously classified

into two categories: bed boundaries and fractures,

leveraging the capabilities of Borview. The primary

geological structures, notably visible in the FMI image

log, predominantly comprised bedding and various

sedimentary features. To handle the geological dip

information efficiently, Strucview was employed,

facilitating the display and categorization of dips into

distinct sets representing different geological

structures.

Within these categorized sets, the computation of

cross-sections was carried out with precision.

Specifically, a computer-generated cross-section was

developed in Strucview, following an NNE-SSW

plane, relying on the compiled dip data .This cross-

sectional representation offered a comprehensive

visualization of the geological formations along the

specified plane, aiding in the subsequent analysis and

interpretation of the geological features captured

within the dataset(Fig. 3).

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Volume 2, 2023

Fig. 3:A comprehensive visualization of the study's workflow, offering an intricate overview of the step-by-step processes

undertaken during the research. This workflow acts as a roadmap, outlining the sequential stages and methodologies employed in

the study, guiding researchers through the systematic approach used to analyze the Asmari Reservoir.Additionally, there's a

flowchart specifically delineating the processing chain utilized for the Formation Micro-Imager (FMI) images.

3. Result and Discussion

Borehole image logs are pivotal tools within the oil

and gas industry, particularly for exploring and

developing reservoirs. These logs provide invaluable

insights into the geological structures below the

surface. Specifically, they are instrumental in detecting

and characterizing both the structural makeup and

reservoir geometry, which is crucial for successful

field development.

In thinly laminated reservoirs, where rock or sediment

layers are extremely thin, accurately understanding

their composition becomes challenging yet absolutely

essential for effective field development. Borehole

image logs step in to address this challenge by offering

comprehensive details regarding the composition,

orientation, and distribution of these thin layers within

the reservoir.

These logs capture high-resolution images of the

borehole walls, uncovering intricate details like

bedding planes, fractures, faults, and other geological

features that traditional logging methods might

overlook. Geoscientists and reservoir engineers

analyze these images to deduce critical information

about the reservoir's nature, including its porosity,

permeability, and other vital properties.

Precise interpretation of borehole image logs leads to

more accurate reservoir modeling and assists in

optimizing well placement and completion strategies.

Understanding the structural and reservoir geometry in

thinly laminated reservoirs holds immense importance

in estimating reserves, predicting fluid flow behavior,

and designing efficient production strategies.

Fundamentally, employing borehole image logs to

characterize thinly laminated reservoirs is

indispensable for making informed decisions during

field development. It allows the industry to maximize

hydrocarbon recovery while minimizing operational

risks and costs. Ultimately, this significantly

contributes to the overall success of oil and gas

operations by enabling informed and strategic

decision-making throughout the development process.

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Volume 2, 2023

3.1 Complex Structural Study Results in

Asmari Formation

The comprehensive investigation into the Complex

Structural Analysis of the Asmari Formation was a

thorough endeavor that delved deeply into the

geological layers. By meticulously examining Full Set

and Formation Micro-Imager (FMI) images, a wealth

of multifaceted insights emerged. These analyses

served as a cornerstone, revealing the presence of five

unique lithological units embedded within the

formation.

So far, what truly piqued curiosity was the intricate

nature of their arrangement. Despite the clarity in

identifying these distinct units, their distribution

exhibited a fascinating pattern marked by

fragmentation. Within the well section that was

explored, these units lacked continuous connections,

presenting a puzzling aspect to the geological

composition of the Asmari Formation.

The distinct geological formations within the Asmari

formation can be classified into several lithological

units: anhydrite, shaly/marly anhydrite, shale/marl,

dolomite, and calcite. These units predominantly

populate the upper strata of the formation. Among

these formations, a keen focus lies on the stratification

evident within the shaly/marly limestone and its

associated intervals.

What captures particular attention are the visually

arresting patterns discernible in the upper layers.

These patterns are characterized by a rhythmic

alternation between porous carbonate layers and tight,

low-porosity carbonate layers. Adding to the

complexity, this stratification also exhibits streaks or

layers of anhydrite. In some instances, these anhydrite

layers intertwine intricately with carbonate formations,

imparting a multifaceted structural composition to the

geological landscape. This interplay of different

materials hints at a dynamic history and intricate

processes shaping the Asmari formation over time.

A total of 133 boundaries were carefully identified

from the FMI (Formation MicroScanner) images

through an interactive process. Due to the limited

certainty in identifying bed boundaries, we also

included lower-confidence indications of bedding dips

in our analysis to determine structural dip. Considering

the various types of bedding dips, an average dip

magnitude of 33 degrees across the entire interval (as

illustrated in Fig. 4 can be used to calculate the

structural dip.

The investigation into the bedding dips right below the

casing shoe reveals a consistent pattern: an average dip

of approximately 24 degrees, consistently aligned in

the S38W direction. These specific structural features

hold significant importance due to the intricate nature

of the Asmari carbonate formations. Understanding

these complexities is vital for effectively

characterizing and managing the reservoir. The

challenges posed by the unique properties of Asmari

carbonates emphasize the critical nature of

comprehending these structural intricacies for

successful reservoir characterization and management.

This in-depth examination delves into the intricate

variations in rock composition, layering patterns,

structural intricacies, and the characterization of

fractures within the Asmari formation. Its significance

lies in being a pivotal cornerstone for crafting highly

efficient strategies to manage reservoirs effectively

and devising the most optimal methods for extracting

hydrocarbons.

Moving beyond structural considerations, a critical

aspect of the study involves the detailed

characterization of fractures within the Asmari

formation. These fractures wield significant influence

over the reservoir's behavior, impacting fluid flow

dynamics and reservoir productivity.

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Volume 2, 2023

Fig. 4: A)A comprehensive depiction of the layering within the Asmari formation is presented. This visual representation likely

showcases the intricate stratification and arrangement of the geological layers within the formation. Each layer may vary in terms

of composition, density, or other geological characteristics, contributing to the overall structure and behavior of the Asmari

reservoir,B) offers statistical plots that specifically highlight the bedding dips within this geological formation. These plots serve

to illustrate the distribution and orientation of the bedding planes. The indicated average dip of 24 degrees, inclined in the

direction of S38W and striking along the N52W-S52E axis, emerges as a key finding. This average dip inclination serves as a

crucial characteristic, considered highly representative of the entire span or interval covered by the Asmari Formation.

3.1.1 Analytical Fracture Characterization Result in Asmari formation

Fractures play a crucial role in facilitating fluid

movement, whether it's water or hydrocarbons. Highly

fractured rocks can serve as excellent aquifers or

hydrocarbon reservoirs due to their ability to maintain

both significant permeability and fracture porosity.

These fractures create pathways that allow fluids to

flow more readily through the rock, making them

valuable for various subsurface fluid containment and

transport applications. (Park, 2005).

In addition to dealing with structural complexities, it is

crucial to determine the presence of productive

fractures in a well that is intersecting a reservoir with

very low matrix permeability. Given that most

reservoirs in this basin are composed of carbonates

and have undergone a complex tectonic history, the

likelihood of encountering both favorable and

unfavorable fractures in these reservoirs is quite high.

The fractures and faults in such formations reveal

intricate geometry and timing relationships, making

their assessment and characterization a vital aspect of

reservoir exploration and development. (Movahed et

al.,2015).

The primary challenge lies in pinpointing the locations

within the reservoir where fractures are most

concentrated and determining their orientations

concerning the structural axis, predominant stress

regime, and the positions of gas-oil or oil-water

contacts. It's essential to recognize that fracture

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apertures can vary, ranging from open (permeable),

tight (closed), to those filled with minerals such as

clays, calcite, anhydrite, and pyrite. These variations

can significantly impact fluid flow within the

reservoir, affecting both productivity and reservoir

management strategies.

Hence, a comprehensive understanding of fracture

intensity, orientation, and mineral infill is crucial for

optimizing reservoir production(Nimmagadda et

al.,2010). Fractures typically manifest as linear

features with a steeper dip than the structural dip

observed in the FMI images. Open fractures appear

conductive in the images due to the intrusion of

conductive drilling mud into their apertures,

particularly in clay-free formations. In contrast,

mineralized or sealed fractures exhibit resistive

characteristics when their apertures are densely filled

with materials like calcite or anhydrite. On the other

hand, fractures filled with clay or pyrite display a

conductive response.

Distinguishing between mud-filled and clay/pyrite-

filled conductive fractures necessitates a deep

understanding of the depositional and stratigraphic

context in the study area. Open hole logs can be

extremely useful in addressing this distinction.

In the existing well, a comprehensive analysis has

revealed the presence of fractures across five separate

zones, with sporadic instances of isolated occurrences.

What sets these fractures apart is that each of them

exhibits open apertures, categorizing them as open

fractures. These fractures, crucially, are distributed

within the depth range of 1560 to 1760 meters. This

particular observation holds immense significance as it

provides crucial insight into the reservoir's

characteristics, offering valuable information for

assessing its potential. Moreover, this knowledge

becomes instrumental in devising and refining optimal

production strategies, as depicted in Fig. 5

In the well analysis, a comprehensive count of 430

fractures has been meticulously documented. These

fractures, when observed collectively, showcase a

unique and intriguing pattern. This distinctiveness

becomes apparent when examining the dip azimuth

plot, revealing a widely scattered arrangement. Despite

this scattered distribution, a predominant southwest-

oriented azimuth emerges, accompanied by a

noteworthy inclination in the dip.

To investigate further into the details, it's notable that

fractures within the Asmari formation, as identified in

the analysis, tend to conform to a prevailing

northwest-southeast (NW-SE) strike orientation.

However, what's particularly intriguing is the

considerable variability observed within this

orientation, indicating a broad spectrum of orientations

within this overarching trend. This variability suggests

a complex interplay of geological factors influencing

the fracture distribution and orientation within the

Asmari formation.

The fractures' dip inclination, or their angle of

deviation from the horizontal plane, displays a

significant range, spanning from a gentle 34 degrees to

a steep 90 degrees. This diversity in angles offers

crucial information about the reservoir's structural

makeup. Understanding these angles is vital because

they shed light on how fluids might traverse through

the formation. This data, as illustrated in Fig. 6, holds

key insights into the reservoir's structural intricacies

and the potential pathways for fluid flow within it.

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Fig. 5: A)Header details ,B)The presence of open fractures highlighted by blue circles within the Asmari formation. These

fractures exhibit an oblique orientation concerning the bedding strike. The fractures, represented by the blue circles, are visibly

distinct and appear to intersect the bedding plane at an angle rather than perpendicular or parallel to it. This oblique angle

suggests a unique geological phenomenon, possibly indicating the manner in which these fractures were formed or influenced by

various forces acting upon the Asmari formation.

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Fig. 6: A) Exposed fractures within the Asmari formation, B) A Schmidt projection plot (upper hemisphere)

showcasing the distribution of fracture dip poles. The histogram depicting their dip inclinations reveals a broad range,

while the dip azimuth rosette indicates a predominant southwest dip direction, albeit with considerable variability.

Similarly, the strike rosette displays a prevailing NW-SE strike, yet with significant dispersion in orientations.

3.1.2 New Analytical Discovery in Complex Fault System Analysis :

Faults are typically defined as joints or fractures with

evident displacement. In the interpretation of

FMI/FMS images, several factors are considered to

identify a feature as a fault. The most commonly

observed criteria for fault identification are outlined

below. However, it's important to note that not all of

these criteria need to be present for every fault

encountered in a well:

• Abrupt Change in Dip Attitude: This

includes a sudden shift in either the magnitude

or azimuth of the dip across the high-angle

feature or zone.

• Drag Patterns: Dips indicating short or long

drag patterns may be observed in either the

up-thrown block, down-thrown block, or both.

• Disturbed or Crushed Zone: The presence of

a disturbed or crushed zone surrounding the

fault can be indicative.

• Change in Borehole Drift: An unexpected

change in the borehole's drift or deviation

azimuth may occur in the vicinity of the fault.

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• High Angle Resistive or Conductive Events:

Significant high-angle resistive or conductive

events that develop across the wellbore.

• Enlarged Borehole: The borehole may

exhibit enlargement at the point of intersection

with the fault.

• Shift in In-Situ Stresses: A shift in the trend

of in-situ stresses may be associated with the

fault.

• Abrupt Termination of Layers: In cases

where no drag pattern is evident, abrupt

termination of layers on the fault plane can be

a sign.

• Change in Fault-Bounded Layer Thickness:

Variations in the thickness of the fault-

bounded layer as it crosses the wellbore.

• Occurrence of Fractures: The presence of

fractures is a well-accepted method for

determining the potential fault direction in a

given area, as it can provide valuable insights

into fault orientation.

When identifying faults, it holds huge significance to

precisely factor in a range of criteria. These criteria

should be carefully analyzed within the unique

geological and structural makeup of the well and its

immediate surroundings. Understanding the intricate

interplay of these criteria within the geological context

is pivotal. It involves scrutinizing the well's specific

characteristics, such as its geological formations,

structural integrity, and the broader geological

landscape encompassing it. Only by delving into these

intricate details can one effectively pinpoint and

comprehend the faults present in this complex

geological setting.

Anhydrite, with its distinctively high resistivity and

remarkably low conductivity, stands out as a notable

feature within the Asmari formation. Identification of

this mineral involves a thorough analysis of various

data sources, including detailed examination of images

and careful study of conductivity/resistivity curves.

These tools serve as crucial indicators in recognizing

the presence and distribution of anhydrite within the

formation.

The examination of images and conductivity/resistivity

curves unveils the distinct signature of anhydrite,

allowing for its precise identification and mapping

within the Asmari formation. Furthermore, the data

gleaned from each pad's readings emphasizes a

noteworthy finding: a substantial and continuous

occurrence of anhydrite within the geological strata.

This continuity of anhydrite presence underscores its

significance and prevalence within this specific

geological context, providing valuable insights into the

composition and structure of the Asmari formation.

The cross-section provided by NISOC initially lacked

precision due to its intersection with the Kalhur

members, specifically the Anhydrite, which were not

originally intended to be part of the analysis.

Consequently, this deviation from the planned course

led to an oversight in recognizing the productive

permeable zones within the Asmari reservoir.

To rectify this, a new structural model was developed

using Formation Micro-Imager (FMI) data alongside

petrophysical logs. This updated model shed light on

the previously missed productive zones within the

Asmari reservoir. The incorporation of the FMI data

and petrophysical logs provided a more

comprehensive understanding of the structural

dynamics, allowing for a refined assessment of the

reservoir's potential.

In response to these critical insights, a detailed

analysis was carried out specifically on the FMI

images and open-hole logs, focusing on resistivity

readings, for the LL-026 well. This analysis aimed to

meticulously examine the geological formations and

assess the presence of permeable zones within the

Asmari reservoir. By leveraging these advanced

imaging and logging techniques, a more accurate

evaluation of the reservoir's characteristics and

potential productivity was pursued.

At approximately 1819 meters within zone five of the

Kalhur member, a significant fault was identified

through a comprehensive analysis that took various

critical observations into account. These observations

served as pivotal markers in identifying and

characterizing the fault:

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DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

• The structural dip within the Asmari reservoir

presents a consistent upward trend in

inclination as depth increases. This gradual

rise culminates in its peak value of 50 degrees

at a depth of 1810 meters, characterized by a

specific azimuth of NNW. However, a notable

deviation in this pattern occurs at 1819 meters,

where a high-angle dip of 59 degrees is

observed. This 59-degree dip stands in

contrast to the typical bedding dips, showing a

nearly opposite direction inclined towards

SSW.Fig. 7 illustrates a significant fault within

the geological structure, prominently

manifesting at 1819 meters. This fault exhibits

a steep dip of 59 degrees with an orientation of

N18W and a striking direction spanning

N72E-S72W. The juxtaposition of this fault's

characteristics against the surrounding

geological features highlights its

distinctiveness within the Asmari reservoir,

marking a pivotal structural element that

significantly diverges from the general dip

trends and orientations observed in the

area.Moreover, an additional potential fault

was discerned within zone five of the Kalhur

members, indicating a repeated section. This

identification suggests the likelihood of a

fault-induced repetition of geological layers

within this specific zone of the Kalhur

members, further contributing to the structural

complexity and geological variations within

the reservoir.

• Between the depth levels of 1805 to 1820

meters, a distinctive geological feature known

as a "drag zone" shows within the up-thrown

block. This zone is characterized by a obvious

and notable downward surge in the magnitude

of dip. This dip magnitude signifies the angle

at which the rock layers or geological strata

are inclined concerning the horizontal

plane.The occurrence of this downward

increase in dip magnitude denotes an area

where geological forces or structural

movements have exerted an influence,

resulting in a dragging effect on the

formations within the up-thrown block. This

alteration in dip angle within this specified

depth range signals localized geological

complexities, possibly arising from various

tectonic activities, faulting, or other subsurface

processes.Identifying this drag zone holds

paramount significance in unraveling the

intricate geological dynamics within the

Asmari Reservoir. It serves as a significant

sign of potential structural disturbances or

differential movements within this specific

depth interval, contributing profoundly to the

comprehension of the reservoir's geological

evolution and aiding in more accurate

predictive models of its behavior(Fig. 8).

• Within the interval of 1823.5 to 1844 meters, a

distinct and disrupted zone is identified within

the Asmari reservoir. This zone exhibits a

notable characteristic where the dips of

geological layers point in diverse directions,

showcasing a lack of consistent orientation.

Additionally, a specific high-angle feature is

observed in a NNW (north-northwest) dipping

direction around the depth of 1825 meters

within this disturbed zone.As the analysis

descends below this disturbed zone, the

pattern of bedding dips undergoes a shift.

Specifically, in the subsequent interval

spanning from 1844 to 1998 meters, the

bedding dips within the Asmari reservoir

regress to an average inclination of

approximately 22 degrees in the SSW (south-

southwest) direction.This shift in the dip

behavior denotes a transition from the earlier

disrupted zone, where the dips were scattered

in various directions, to a more uniform

bedding orientation characterized by an

average dip of 22 degrees in the SSW

direction. Understanding this transition aids in

comprehending the structural alterations and

variations within the reservoir, delineating

distinct zones with different dip characteristics

that can significantly impact the reservoir's

geological behavior and fluid flow

dynamics(Fig. 8).

In addition to the direct examination of the images,

open-hole logs were employed to confirm a fault or

qualify a feature as a fault in cases where the factors

listed in the above-mentioned criteria did not entirely

apply. This helps validate the interpretation of the

fault.Log analysis involves two crucial steps to

interpret potential faults or fractures:

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

• Identification through Log Characteristics:

One fundamental step is recognizing abrupt

changes in log characteristics coinciding with

distinct features in Formation Micro-Imager

(FMI) images. These changes often indicate a

fault. For instance, a sharp, sudden alteration

in the logs across a notable feature might

signal either a fracture or a fault with a

minimal displacement, where the same

geological layer or formation appears on either

side of the feature (refer to Fig. 8 for visual

representation).

• Correlation of Logs for Validation: Another

significant aspect involves cross-referencing

logs obtained from different boreholes or

various segments within the same well. This

comparison aims to ascertain if a particular

zone repeats itself or disappears concerning

the feature interpreted as a fault in the images

(as shown in Fig. 8). This correlation process

serves as a crucial validation method to

support the interpretation of the identified

fault or fracture.

These methodical steps work together in a coordinated

manner, combining their effects to profoundly enhance

our grasp and verification of potential faults or

fractures found within geological formations. By

harmonizing these processes, they collectively elevate

the precision and depth of interpretation when delving

into the exploration or analysis of subsurface

conditions.

This comprehensive approach not only identifies

potential faults or fractures but also strengthens the

confidence and accuracy in understanding the intricate

dynamics of the underground environment. It's an

interwoven strategy that validates and refines our

insights, ensuring a more reliable understanding of the

geological structures hidden beneath the surface.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

Fig. 7: A) It presents a composite representation that amalgamates several vital data sets, including orthogonal calipers (C1 and

C2), GR (Gamma Ray), FMI (Formation MicroScanner) static normalized images, dip measurements, well deviation details,

FMI-detected fractures, as well as RHOZ (Density), NPHI (Neutron Porosity), PEFZ (Photoelectric Factor), and resistivity

curves. This comprehensive compilation offers a holistic view of various aspects crucial for understanding the formation's

geological attributes and potential reservoir characteristics.B) Notably, the visualization highlights a significant fault within zone

five of the Asmari formation. This fault exhibits a distinct inclination, dipping toward the NNW (North-Northwest) at an angle of

59 degrees. Understanding the presence and orientation of this major fault is pivotal in comprehending the structural layout of the

formation, its potential impact on fluid flow dynamics, and the distribution of reservoir properties within the Asmari formation.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

Fig. 8: A) Header details. B) Composite plot featuring orthogonal callipers (C1 and C2), GR, FMI static normalized images, dips,

well deviation, FMI fractures, RHOZ, NPHI, PEFZ, and resistivity curves within the Asmari formation. The amalgamation of

FMI and open hole logs (resistivity) reveals a significant fault at 1819m within zone five of the Kalhur member.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

Strucview, a specialized software tool, played a pivotal

role in creating a computer-generated cross-section

following an NNE-SSW orientation. This construction

heavily relied on the wealth of dip data collected

through geological surveys.

One of the standout features of Strucview lies in its

proficiency in managing and interpreting geological

dip data. This software doesn’t just visualize dip data;

it goes further by autonomously grouping this data into

distinct sets that correspond to diverse geological

structures and formations.

Utilizing this automated grouping feature, Strucview

categorizes the dip data into coherent clusters, each

representing specific geological features or structural

elements found within the surveyed area. These

categorized groups act as a means to organize and

categorize the complexities of geological structures,

allowing for a clearer depiction of the subsurface

environment.

The computation of the cross-section within Strucview

functions based on these grouped sets of dip data. By

organizing the data into meaningful clusters that

represent different geological structures, the software

facilitates a more detailed and precise visualization of

the subsurface along the specified NNE-SSW plane.

This process significantly aids geologists and

researchers in comprehending the intricate geological

makeup and structural patterns within the surveyed

region, offering valuable insights into the subsurface

geology and its structural complexities.

Utilizing Strucview, a computer-generated cross-

sectional representation was meticulously crafted

along an NNE-SSW plane. This sophisticated software

harnessed the dip data acquired from the geological

surveys. Strucview stands out for its specialized

capabilities in managing and interpreting geological

dip data.

One of its key functionalities lies in its ability to not

only exhibit dip data but also to intelligently

categorize this data into distinct sets that correspond to

diverse geological structures. This automated grouping

feature within Strucview organizes the dip data into

coherent sets, each representing specific geological

formations or structural elements.

The cross-sectional computation performed by

Strucview operates on these categorized groups of dip

data. By organizing the data into meaningful clusters

based on geological characteristics, the software

facilitates a clearer and more comprehensive

visualization of the subsurface structures along the

designated NNE-SSW plane. This approach aids

geologists and researchers in deciphering and

analyzing the intricate geological formations present

within the surveyed area, offering valuable insights

mposition and structural arrangements.

The resulting cross-section reveals certain irregular

bedding planes, potentially indicating diagenetic

alterations within the geological formations. These

irregularities can be crucial in understanding the

history and characteristics of the rock layers, as they

may signify changes and transformations that have

occurred over time.

Using Strucview, a computer-generated cross-section

was constructed along an NNE-SSW plane, utilizing

the dip data specific to geological formations. This

software specializes in handling geological dip data,

enabling the visualization and automatic grouping of

this data into sets that represent various geological

structures.

The cross-section computation within Strucview is

accessible through categorized groups, facilitating a

more organized and comprehensive understanding of

the geological features being studied.

Upon analysis, the resulting cross-section reveals the

presence of irregular bedding planes. These deviations

from typical, uniform bedding patterns suggest

potential diagenetic alterations within the geological

formations. These alterations may signify processes

such as mineralogical changes, cementation, or other

geological transformations that have occurred over

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

time, influencing the structural arrangement of the bedding planes (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9: presents a schematic representation generated by computer modeling, specifically utilizing the reverse-fault model,

focusing on a major fault within zone 5 of the geological structure.The schematic illustration provides a synthesized visual

depiction created through computational techniques. It aims to simulate and represent the geological structure, particularly

emphasizing a significant fault characterized by its reverse movement within zone 5.

The pattern of inclination, known as the dip, around

the significant fault seems to maintain a similar trend

to what's observed in the adjacent regions.

Specifically, a structural dip of about 24 degrees

toward the south-southwest (SSW) is identifiable and

can be attributed to both the sections above and below

the fault. This inclination holds true for both the drag

zone and the zone disrupted by the fault's presence.

This consistent dip pattern, approximately 24 degrees

in the SSW direction, extends across the geological

intervals located both above and below the faulted

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

area. It's noteworthy that this inclination remains

relatively uniform within the zones affected by the

fault: the drag zone, where material has moved due to

the fault's movement, and the zone that has been

disturbed directly by the fault's presence.

Such uniformity in the structural dip pattern above and

below the fault, irrespective of the areas affected by

either drag or direct disturbance, implies a consistent

geological behavior in terms of inclination.

Understanding and mapping this consistent dip pattern

are critical as it provides insights into the structural

characteristics and orientation of the geological

formations affected by the fault, aiding in the

comprehensive analysis of subsurface conditions and

fault-related effects within the studied area.

Below the juncture where the fault intersects, a notable

augmentation in the thickness of anhydrite within the

Kalhur member of the Asmari reservoir becomes

apparent. This increase in anhydrite content serves as a

significant indicator that the well has re-entered the

Kalhur member of the Asmari reservoir.

Anhydrite, a mineral composed of calcium sulfate,

manifests itself distinctly within geological formations

and often indicates specific changes in lithology or

sedimentary environments. In this context, its

heightened presence suggests a re-entry into the

Kalhur member, a distinct section of the Asmari

reservoir.

This observation finds validation through various data

sources, notably the well logs and cross-sectional data.

These sources provide further evidence and support for

the re-entry into the Kalhur member of the Asmari

reservoir. The well logs, which record various

geological parameters and formations encountered

during drilling, likely exhibit characteristic signatures

indicative of the Kalhur member. Additionally, cross-

sectional data, which offer a visual representation of

subsurface geological structures, likely display distinct

features that align with the Kalhur member's known

attributes.

This convergence of evidence—augmented anhydrite

thickness below the fault intersection, supported by

well logs and corroborated by cross-sectional data—

strengthens the conclusion that the well has indeed re-

entered the Kalhur member of the Asmari reservoir.

Such observations are pivotal in refining geological

interpretations and understanding reservoir dynamics,

contributing significantly to informed decision-making

in reservoir exploration and development strategies.

It's critical to explore into the variations in anhydrite

content because of the far-reaching impacts it holds. In

the context of the Asmari formation (as shown in

Fig. 10), this variation plays a fundamental role in

shaping several critical aspects. Firstly, it significantly

influences reservoir properties, dictating the

permeability, porosity, and overall quality of the

reservoir. Anhydrite content can either enable or

impede fluid movement within the formation, thereby

affecting the flow of hydrocarbons or other fluids

through the reservoir.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials

DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

Zohreh Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed

E-ISSN: 2945-0519

Volume 2, 2023

Moreover, understanding these variations is essential

for drilling operations. Anhydrite, due to its differing

hardness and composition compared to other materials

in the formation, can present challenges during

drilling. It affects the drilling process, impacting the

choice of drilling techniques, tools, and strategies

required to navigate through the formation effectively

and efficiently.

Overall, a comprehensive grasp of anhydrite content

variations within the Asmari formation is

indispensable. It extends beyond mere compositional

knowledge; it's intricately tied to the fundamental

characteristics that govern the behavior of the

reservoir, fluid movement, and the practical aspects of

drilling operations in this geological context.

Fig. 10: A)Composite plot of orthogonal callipers (C1 and C2), GR, FMI static normalized images, dips, well deviation in Asmari

formation. B) A schematic computer-generated model using a reverse-fault model is presented. The illustration highlights the

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DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12

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drag and disturbed zones associated with the fault. The model demonstrates the overturning of beds within the fault-influenced

area. Additionally, structural dips of the sections both above and below the faulted region are indicated for reference.

4. Validation and Accomplishment

The study aimed to investigate specific geological

occurrences and optimize drilling strategies. It

primarily focused on understanding why the Kalhur

member intersected unexpectedly and the increased

thickness of the Asmari formation. The goal was to

plan a new sidetrack based on these insights.To

achieve this, comprehensive datasets such as the Full

set and FMI log data were employed. These datasets

provided crucial information about fractures, faults,

and their characteristics. Through meticulous

identification and description, the attributes of these

geological features were measured accurately.

Subsequently, leveraging the findings from StrucView,

geologists from NIOC South Operations made

informed decisions to drill a new sidetrack within the

well. This strategic move was rooted in the insights

derived from the data analysis.The success of this new

sidetrack was evident as it effectively intersected all

the reservoir zones within the upper Asmari formation.

This accomplishment is pivotal in the realm of

reservoir development and production optimization.

By precisely targeting these zones, the project

significantly enhances the prospects of efficient

resource extraction from the Asmari formation.

In essence, the study's validation lies in the successful

execution of the new sidetrack, aligning drilling

operations with the geological findings. It not only

addressed the unexpected intersections but also

facilitated a more targeted and effective approach

toward reservoir development, marking a significant

milestone in maximizing production potential(Fig. 11).

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Fig. 11: Displays the recently created sidetrack, highlighted in red, which has been meticulously drilled based on the structural

model derived from the analysis of sidetrack 1, shown in blue. This new sidetrack was strategically planned and executed in

alignment with the insights and conclusions drawn from the previous drilling operation, ensuring a cohesive and informed

approach to further exploration and development.

5. Conclusion

This research has played a pivotal role in pinpointing

the Asmari fault and fracture systems and

understanding their profound effects on production

dynamics. It has adeptly untangled the intricate

structural intricacies, enabling an exact determination

of the precise position of the well within the expansive

Asmari Reservoir. This accomplishment holds

immense significance as it paved the way for the well

to access and tap into the lower reaches of the Asmari

formation, a critical milestone in maximizing reservoir

potential and enhancing production efficiency.

The meticulous classification of dip angles, derived

from geological logs, has unveiled a vivid and easily

interpretable map of the structural intricacies within

the Asmari formation. This newfound depth of

understanding has yielded a significant boon to the

operator's reservoir modeling techniques. Specifically,

it has served as a cornerstone, enabling scientists to

delve into the reservoir's potential with unparalleled

precision.This deeper comprehension has led to a

transformative effect on their utilization of Formation

Micro-Imager (FMI) data. In scenarios where access to

robust 3D seismic data is limited or compromised, the

enhanced structural understanding derived from dip

classification has emerged as a crucial resource. It's

facilitated a more nuanced and accurate assessment of

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the reservoir's capabilities and behavior, enriching the

insights drawn from FMI data in a manner previously

unattainable.

Ultimately, this advancement not only optimizes the

reservoir model but also bolsters the scientific

community's capacity to glean invaluable insights,

particularly when conventional data sources fall short.

The convergence of enhanced structural understanding

and refined data utilization marks a pivotal step

forward in maximizing the reservoir's potential.

This research endeavor stands as a comprehensive

solution, addressing not just fundamental structural

challenges but also significantly amplifying the

operator's capacity to intricately model and assess the

Asmari Reservoir. This advancement proves especially

valuable when conventional data sources are scarce or

restricted, thereby enabling a more nuanced and robust

evaluation of the reservoir's dynamics and potential.

6.Significance Statement

This study has successfully addressed and resolved

structural complexities, ultimately pinpointing the

precise location of the well within the Asmari

reservoir. This achievement carries significant

benefits, as it can lead to cost savings in drilling

projects and also pave the way for the drilling of

additional wells within the field. Moreover, this

research will serve as a valuable resource for

researchers, enabling them to explore critical areas of

structural complexity within the reservoir that have

remained uncharted.

The methodologies and insights gained from this study

are expected to set a standard workflow for similar

fractured carbonate reservoirs. This will contribute to

the advancement of research and exploration in the

field of reservoir characterization and development,

offering guidance and best practices for future

endeavors in similar geological settings.

7.Directions of Future Research

The research on the Asmari fault and fracture systems

has made significant strides, but there are still avenues

for future exploration and study:

Enhancement of Structural Understanding: While

the research has provided a comprehensive

understanding of the structural intricacies within the

Asmari formation, further investigation into the finer

details of fault systems and fractures could enhance

reservoir characterization. Employing advanced

imaging techniques or integrating different data

sources could contribute to a more nuanced structural

model.

Integration of Multi-disciplinary Data: Expanding

the scope to integrate various data sources beyond

geological logs and FMI data could provide a more

holistic view of the reservoir. Incorporating

geochemical analysis, geomechanics, or even

advanced machine learning algorithms to integrate

diverse datasets might offer deeper insights into

reservoir behavior and potential.

Long-term Reservoir Behavior Prediction:

Investigating the temporal behavior and long-term

evolution of the reservoir under varying production

scenarios could be valuable. Predictive modeling that

factors in production history, geological changes, and

fluid dynamics might aid in understanding how the

reservoir will behave over extended periods.

Enhanced Reservoir Simulation Techniques:

Developing more sophisticated reservoir simulation

techniques that incorporate the newfound structural

understanding could refine predictive capabilities. This

includes accounting for complex fluid flow within

fractured carbonate reservoirs and their interaction

with fault systems.

Environmental Impacts and Sustainability:

Exploring the environmental impacts of extensive

drilling and production in fractured carbonate

reservoirs is becoming increasingly relevant. Future

research might focus on sustainable extraction

methods or mitigation strategies to minimize

environmental footprints.

Field Application and Validation: Applying the

insights gained from this research to real-world

scenarios and validating these findings through field

experiments or pilot projects could strengthen the

practical application of the study's outcomes.

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Collaborative Research Endeavors: Collaborating

with industry partners, academic institutions, and

research organizations could leverage diverse expertise

and resources, accelerating the pace of discoveries and

innovations in fractured carbonate reservoir studies.

Technology Advancements: Keeping up-to-date of

technological advancements in imaging, sensing, and

data analytics can offer new tools and methodologies

to further unravel the complexities of such reservoirs.

By exploring into these areas, future research could

continue to push the boundaries of knowledge in

fractured carbonate reservoirs, fostering more accurate

predictions, sustainable practices, and enhanced

reservoir management techniques.

Acknowledgment

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who

contributed to the success of this project. Without their

unwavering support, this achievement would not have

been possible. We would like to express our

appreciation to NIOC South for generously providing

the essential data and resources that were

indispensable in the completion of our project.

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The authors equally contributed in the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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