Captan: Problems Associated with its Identification in Environmental
Materials and Food Products. Potential Solutions.
NATALIYA FEDOROVA, IRINA BEREZNYAK, LYDIA BONDAREVA
Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman
141014 Moscow
RUSSIA
Abstract: - The study is devoted to identifying the ways in which captan can affect humans, including through
the atmosphere and through food. The objects of the research were the following: the active substance (captan),
air and a vegetable, namely sweet pepper. The equipment used included a chromato-mass-spectrometer «Agilent
5977А» with a gas chromatograph «Agilent Technologies-7890В», a liquid chromatograph «Agilent 1260» with
a diode array detector and a liquid chromato-mass-spectrometer ExionLCAD/Qtrap 6500+. The method of gas-
liquid chromatography did not provide reproducible results, due to an unstable connection. Using techniques
developed for the identification of captan in air, captan was determined using real samples collected during
agricultural work. Captan content was reliably measured using samples taken from the air of the working
environment (0,2 – 0,75 mg·m-3) and from the skin of operational staff (0,2 – 0,4 mg, using·wipes-1). In
determining captan content in fruit and vegetable products, new and detailed methodological approaches were
developed in order to minimise the matrix effect: a calibration curve was created based on the control matrix
sample. The detection limit for captan was established at 0,01 mg·kg-1. In the analysis of actual sweet pepper
samples, captan content was found to be below the detection limit.
Key-Words: - captan, methodology, chromatography, analytical method, air, food products, real samples
Received: June 27, 2022. Revised: August 15, 2023. Accepted: September 21, 2023. Published: October 3, 2023.
1 Introduction
Captan is mainly used in agriculture as a contact
fungicide. It belongs to the class of phthalimides, e.g.
folpet and captafol, that are used for treating
domestic trees, grapes, vegetables and decorative
plants, as well as for treating packing boxes for food
products. It has a protective and remedial effect
against a wide range of fungal diseases in fruit,
vegetables and decorative plants [1]. Captan is also
used in cosmetics (e.g. in antibacterial soap and
shampoos) and pharmaceuticals, oil-based dyes,
lacquers, wallpaper adhesives, plasticisers,
polyethylene, vinyl, stabilisers of natural rubber and
textiles [2].
As early as in 1972, German scientists reported
captan to have mutagenic effects, i.e. an influence on
heredity. The peculiarity of captan, as well as of other
pesticides (e.g. DDT), is the ability to accumulate in
the fatty tissues of animals and in humans who
consume pesticide-containing food (the rule of
«biomagnification») [3].
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
assigns captan to group B2, “probably carcinogenic
to humans” [4]; it can penetrate the human organism
as an aerosol upon breathing. In the case of a short-
term action, captan has an irritating effect on the skin
and eyes [5]. In the case of repeated, or long-term,
contact with the skin, captan can cause dermatitis or
have a sensibilising effect [6]. During the
professional application of chemicals based on
captan, for example, in agricultural work, the content
of this substance in the air of the working
environment can be as high as 0,2 - 0,75 mg/m3. Eight
hours of work, depending on concentration levels,
can result in an absorbed inhaled dose of captan
reaching 2,4 - 9,0 mg or 0,034 - 0,128 mg/kg
depending on body weight [6].
As a rule, the main negative effects of captan
occur when the substance enters the body with fruit
and vegetables. In some regions of the world,
considerable amounts of captan have been revealed
in this type of food; for example, the maximum
residual amount of captan detected in strawberries
sold in the USA was 20 mg/kg [7]. In European
Commission (EC) countries, as well as Korea,
Australia and China, the maximum residual amount
of captan in strawberries has been found to exceed 15
mg/kg [8]. Captan is among a hundred pesticides
frequently detected in food. According to the data
given in [9], in 2017, about 80 cases of residual
amounts of captan were found in food products from
EC countries, with its content varying from 0,0064 to
0,855 mg/kg. The content of captan is given as its
total content, with its main metabolites being
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials
DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.9
Nataliya Fedorova,
Irina Bereznyak, Lydia Bondareva
E-ISSN: 2945-0519
62
Volume 2, 2023
tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) and thiazolodine-2-
thione-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) [9].
Because of the current risk of captan entering the
body of employees, both during the course of work
and with food, the identification of this substance is
of great importance for minimising its physical
impacts.
Since captan, because of its chemical properties,
is rather unstable and tends to decompose, there is the
problem of detecting captan in air and food in terms
of achieving reproducible results.
Known methods of identifying captan, in a
number of vegetable matrices [10-13], are based on
using liquid chromatography, (i.e. high-performance
liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector or
mass-spectrometer detector).
Officially accepted methods involve gas-liquid
chromatography for detecting captan in apple juice
[14], water and soil [15]. Available reliable methods
include capillary gas chromatography with electron
capture detection (GC-ECD) for the determination of
captan in matrices with a high water content, with a
limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0,01 mg·kg-1, in
apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and tomatoes, and
electrical conductivity detection (GC-ECD), with
LOQ ranging from 0,02 to 0,05 mg·kg-1, in apples,
tomatoes and fractions of processed tomatoes, where
it is possible to apply the multi-residual method
QuEChERS, as described in a European standard
[16]. The method of capillary gas chromatography
with mass spectrometry (GC-MSD) is also used; this
method makes it possible to analyse captan residues
in matrices with a high-water content, with LOQ
being 0,02 mg·kg-1 [17]. Almost all the
abovementioned methods are known to be
complicated by very pronounced matrix effects
characterised by a significant increase in the
chromatographic signal [18-20].
The conditions of chromatography investigations
described in the literature do not allow one to achieve
the necessary sensitivity when detecting captan in air
that meets the required standards. Moreover, in the
process of detecting captan in food, the matrix effect
is of great significance, and is not comprehensively
studied in the available literature [18-20].
The aim of the study is the development of
methodological approaches for detecting residual
amounts of captan in the air environment and food
products (i.e. some kinds of fruit and vegetables).
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Sample preparation
Captan - 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-
[(trichloromethyl)thio]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
(Fig. 1). CAS 133-06-2; molecular formula:
C9H8Cl3NO2S; Formula Weight: 300.6 (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Structural formula of captan.
In terms of its properties, captan is a colourless
powder that has no melting temperature, since it
decomposes at 178 °C. Regarding its chemical
properties, the most dangerous fact is that, in the
process of decomposition, captan releases toxic
substances containing sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrogen chloride and phosgene [19].
The research materials included atmospheric air
and food products, namely sweet pepper.
Air samples were taken according to the
requirements of State standards GOST 17.2301-86
[21].
2.1.1 Sub-subsection
2.1.1 Constructing a calibration curve for
standard solutions
To construct a calibration curve, use was made of
the analytical standard of captan, with the content of
the main component being 99,6 %. To prepare the main
calibration solution of captan (100 µg/ml), 0,0100 ±
0,0005 g of the active substance was placed into a
calibrated flask with a volume of 100 ml. The aliquot
was dissolved in 30 ml of acetone, in the case of GLC,
or acetonitrile, in the case of HPLC, and made up to
volume with acetone or acetonitrile. The storage
conditions for the solution were: a freezer, at a
temperature not higher than -18 0С, for no longer than
4 weeks. The working solution of captan for calibration
and introduction (10,0 µg/ml) was prepared by diluting
the initial calibration solution to a concentration of
100,0 µg/ml; 10,0 ml of the main captan solution was
placed into a 100 mL volume calibrated flask. The
solution was made up to volume with acetone (for
GLC) or acetonitrile (for HPLC) and thoroughly
mixed. The storage conditions for the solution were: a
fridge, at a temperature of +2 - 6 0С, for no longer than
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1 week. For building the calibration curve, the working
solutions of captan were also prepared in 100 ml
volume calibrated flasks. For this purpose, 2, 3, 5, 10
and 20 ml of the working solution with a concentration
of 10,0 µg/cm3 were placed into flasks. Depending on
the detection method, the solutions were made up to
volume either with acetone (GLC) or with the mobile
phase (HPLC). The solutions were prepared before
each measurement and were not stored.
2.1.2 Sample preparation for the measurements
2.1.2.1 Air samples
Atmospheric air was aspirated, at a volumetric
flow rate of 2,0 l/min, through sampling tubes filled
with a porous polymer sorbent (XAD-2). To
determine the captan at the required level of
quantification (0,002 mg/m3), 50 l of air was
sampled. The contents of the exposed sorption tube
(sorbent and fibre glass) were placed into a 150 mL
volume beaker, filled with 20 ml of acetone and then
placed into an ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes. The
solvent was removed and the tubes were
subsequently treated twice with new portions of
20 ml of acetone and kept in the ultrasonic bath for
10 minutes each. The combined extract was
concentrated almost to dryness using a rotation
vacuum evaporator at a bath temperature not higher
than 40 °С, and the remaining solvent was blown
away with a flow of warm air. The residue was
dissolved in 0,5 ml of the mobile phase, thoroughly
mixed and analysed under conditions set for
chromatographic investigation.
2.1.2.2 Samples of vegetables: sweet pepper
The sample of a vegetable, sweet pepper, was first
homogenised with a cutter. An aliquot of
(10,0 ± 0,1) g was taken from the initial homogenised
sample, placed into a 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge
test tube, with the addition of 10 ml of acetonitrile
saturated with n-hexane, and thoroughly stirred.
Then, a mixture of salts for extraction was introduced
into the test tube with the mixture containing (4,00 ±
0,01) g of magnesium sulfate, (1,00 ± 0,01) g of
sodium chloride, (1,00 ± 0,01) g of tri-sodium citrate
and (0,50 ± 0,01) g of di-sodium citrate, 1,5-hydrate
and intensively stirred. Subsequently, the mixture
was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 5000 rpm at 20 0С.
The supernatant solution obtained was filtered into a
vial through a membrane filter (with a pore size of
0,45 µm).
2.2. Methods and conditions of detection
MSD: «Agilent 5977А» equipped with a gas
chromatograph «Agilent Technologies-7890В», a
capillary column HP-5MSUI 30 m in length and with
an inner diameter of 0,25 mm, the sorbent film
thickness being 0,25 µm; the volume of the introduced
sample was 1 µl.
Liquid chromatograph: «Agilent 1260»
(«AgilentTechnologies», USA) with an ultraviolet
detector (DAD, operating wavelengths of 220, 250
nm), a steel column (250 mm х 4,6 mm), containing
ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18, 5 µm; acetonitrile –
orthophosphoric acid (0,2 %) (60:40 volume). The
volume subjected to chromatography was 20 µl.
Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometer:
Exion LC AD/Qtrap 6500+ (Malaysia). Ion source:
Electrospray (ESI). Electrode voltage: 5500 V. Dryer
gas pressure: 60 psi. Dryer gas temperature: 400 0C.
Curtain gas pressure: 25 psi. Operational mode:
multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). MRM
transitions of captan: 300→264 (for quantitative
analysis); 300→265 (confirmation). Column:
Synergy Fusion RP 80A, 50 x 2 mm, 4 µm. Eluents:
A - 0.1 % formic acid in deionised water, B -
Acetonitrile. Elution mode: Gradient. Column
temperature: 40 °С. Eluent flow rate: 0.4 ml/min.
Volume of the injected sample: 5 µl. Estimated
retention time: 3.5 minutes.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Methodological approaches to the
determination of captan in the air medium
Based on a literature review, the initial option in
the development of a method for detecting captan in
air was considered to be capillary gas-liquid
chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection.
Under the given chromatographic conditions,
however, it was not possible to obtain the linear
dependence of the area of the chromatographic peak
on the concentration of the substance in the working
solution (Fig. 2). This is probably because captan is
an extremely unstable compound and, when heated,
it quickly transforms into metabolites.
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Fig. 2. Dependence of the area of the
chromatographic peak on the concentration of captan
in the solution. Chromato-mass-spectrometer
«Agilent 5977A» with a gas chromatograph «Agilent
Technologies-7890B». The x-axis shows the
concentration of captan, µg/µl. The y-axis shows the
peak intensity (peak area), mV/s.
As a result, an attempt was made to use high-
performance liquid chromatography with a diode
array ultraviolet detector, to determine of the
concentration of captan in solutions.
Scanning the absorption spectrum of captan in the
ultraviolet region (190 - 320 nm) showed the
presence of the absorption maximum at 245 nm (Fig.
3). Since the intensity of the maximum was low, it
was decided to take a wavelength of 220 nm for
further studies, which is acceptable for the detection
of the substance, and 250 nm for confirmation.
Fig. 3. Absorption spectrum of captan in the
ultraviolet region. The x-axis shows the wavelength,
nm. The y-axis shows the optical density, in rel. units.
Simultaneous identification by the presence of
peaks in the chromatogram at selected wavelengths
made it possible to reliably confirm the presence of
captan in the analysed samples. Based on this, a
calibration curve was built using two wavelengths
(Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Dependence of the area of the
chromatographic peak on the concentration of captan
in the solution. Liquid chromatograph «Agilent
1260» («Agilent Technologies», USA). The x-axis
shows the concentration of captan, µg/µl. The y-axis
shows the peak intensity (peak area), mA/s.
For further research in determining the content of
captan in the atmosphere, the HPLC method was
used. The range of the identified concentration of
captan was (0.002 - 1.000) mg/m3, with SRLI being
0.003 mg/m3 [22].
Fig. 5 presents a chromatogram of captan isolated
in the model experiment for identifying the active
substance in air, after its concentration in the sorption
tubes XAD-2.
Fig. 5. Chromatogram of captan (1 µg/ml) isolated
during the analysis of the model air sample, which
corresponded to 1.0 mg/m3, with 50 ml of air being
sampled: a) wavelength - 220 nm, b) wavelength -
250 nm. Liquid chromatograph «Agilent 1260»
(«Agilent Technologies», USA). The x-axis shows
time, minutes. The y-axis demonstrates the peak
intensity (peak area), mA/s.
In this regard, the control was performed in terms
of the captan content in the real samples taken in the
case of the captan-based agent being used as an active
pesticide in agriculture. The application activities
included fan spraying of the apple orchard. The
results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Results of the concentration of captan
detection in real air samples and wipes from the skin
of agricultural workers.
Sample
Concentration
LOD
Type of activity – fan spraying
Atmospheric air,
mg/m3
n.d.*
0.002
Air from
working area,
mg/m3
0.75-0.15
0.15
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Washes from
skin
(µg per wash):
Face + neck
Breast
0.406
0.347
0.1
-
Type of activity - manual pruning of apple trees
Atmospheric air,
mg/m3
n.d.*
0.002
0.003
mg/m3
Air from
working area,
mg/m3
n.d.*
0.15
0.3
mg/m3
Washes from
skin (µg per
wash):
Face + neck
Breast
0.244
0.179
0.1
-
* n.d.– the amount of captan was below 0.002 mg/m3/
0.15 mg/m3
3.2 Methodological approaches to the
detection of the concentration of captan in
fruit and vegetable products - sweet pepper
During the development of the technique for
detecting captan in samples of sweet pepper, there
arose a problem associated with the matrix effects of
the analysed sample. With the calibration graph
based on the solutions of the active substance in the
organic solvent being used, significantly
overestimated results were obtained. In this regard, it
was decided to build a calibration curve consistent
with the matrix (matrix calibration).
A homogenised mass of sweet pepper was used as
a matrix sample for calibration. A number of aliquots
were taken from a homogenate sample which did not
contain the components under study (hereinafter
referred to as a blank sample) and sample preparation
was performed according to the procedure described
for real samples in the section "Materials and
methods - Sample preparation". A blank purified
extract was obtained with a total volume of at least
10 ml, to be subsequently used to prepare matrix
solutions for calibrating and diluting the samples.
Such a sample can be stored in a freezer at a
temperature of -18 °C for 3 months.
The matrix sample was placed in a 50 mL volume
centrifuge tube and the solution of captan in the
organic solvent with a concentration of 10 μg/ml was
added in an amount corresponding to the highest
calibration level, kept at rest at room temperature for
10 - 30 minutes and then sample preparation was
performed according to the procedure described in
the section "Materials and methods". The extract with
the given concentrations of the substance was
obtained in an amount of 3 - 4 ml. Calibration
solutions were prepared by serial dilution, using the
blank purified extract of sweet pepper as a solvent.
The calibration characteristic, which reflects the
dependence of the peak area on captan concentration,
was obtained by a calibration method using five
calibration solutions (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Dependence of the area of the
chromatographic peak on the concentration of captan
in the matrix. Liquid chromato-mass-specrometer
Exion LC AD/QTrap 6500+. The x-axis shows the
concentration of captan, ng/mm3, while the y-axis
shows the peak intensity (peak area), count/sec.
Fig. 7 presents a chromatogram of captan isolated
from a mixture containing eight pesticides
Fig. 7. Chromatogram of captan (0.05 µg/ml) isolated
from a mixture of eight pesticides. Liquid chromato-
mass-specrometer Exion LC AD/QTrap 6500+. The
x-axis shows time, minutes. The y-axis shows the
peak intensity (peak area), count/sec.
The main marker of using captan in agriculture is
its detection in air. Specifically, the studies presented
in [23] indicate the following. Despite the fact that,
in the United States, the application of captan has
been declining since 2003, due to its substitution with
other chemicals of similar impact, annual recordings
of the maximum amount of captan in the air are made
in the spring-summer period, which is a period when
intense agricultural activity starts. At the same time,
one can observe the spread of captan over
considerable distances from the location of its
application, by atmospheric air flows. It is the
aerosols present in the air that play a key role in the
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process of atmospheric transport. Captan present in
the vapour phase quickly decomposes when exposed
to hydroxyl radicals in an air flow. Similar data have
been obtained in other countries that have different
levels of economic development.
Based on real samples taken in the context of the
applied agent containing captan in a concentration of
800 g/kg, the quantity of the substance in the research
objects was measured (Table 1). In the air samples,
the content of captan was lower than the detection
limit for the proposed method. However, the content
of captan was reliably found in air samples taken at
the working area, as well as in the wipes from the
surface of various parts of employees' body. In this
case, at least two sources of potential exposure to the
skin can be considered: 1) accidental transfer through
contaminated gloves; 2) entry of captan in the form
of aerosols to open areas of the employees' body,
from the air of the working area. The latter mode of
captan intake is the most probable, in view of the
distribution of the active substance in air.
Different methods were developed for
identification of active captan in real samples of
sweet pepper, which were received by the
Department of Analytical Control Methods from a
number of market outlets. In the analysed samples,
the presence of captan was not detected, with the
content of the substance being lower than
0.01 mg/kg.
In the Russian Federation, there is just one captan-
containing (800 g/kg) agent that is officially
registered and recommended for application in apple
orchards and vineyards [24]. Due to an increase in the
volume of imported fruit and vegetable products into
Russia, however, there is a threat of captan-
containing fruit and vegetables being imported. The
studies conducted are extremely relevant in terms of
monitoring the content of pesticides in imported
products in order to provide the population with safe
food (fruit and vegetable) products and, thereby,
minimising possible negative risks to public health
[25].
Even though the study mentions amounts of
captan, along with its main components, THPI and
TTCA, its findings are quite important. This is
mainly because most products imported worldwide
still contain traces of captan. So, having a quick way
to detect this substance is crucial to determining
whether agricultural and food products are safe for
people. It also helps environmental monitoring
services respond promptly when they find captan in
fish, for example, to reduce its harmful effects.
The standard chromatographic method used in
this study provides a fundamental way to analyse
substances, but it has some downsides. For instance,
predicting how long it takes for substances to appear
in the analysis is important, to save time when
identifying them, especially when they are not
specifically being looked for. In some other research,
artificial intelligence models have shown promise
and reliability for this kind of analysis. In the current
study, however, an insufficient amount of
information was collected to enable full use of
artificial intelligence.
4 Conclusion
This paper describes a solution to topical
problems associated with detection of a pesticide,
namely captan, which has extraordinary physical and
chemical properties. A technique was developed for
the determination of captan levels in atmospheric air,
using high-performance liquid chromatography with
diode-array ultraviolet detection. The limit of
quantification for captan is 0.002 mg/m3, while the
standard value is 0.003 mg/m3. With the help of the
method developed, studies were carried out on real
materials; the pesticide featured was being used in
actual agricultural situations. It was found that captan
is aerosolised and contaminates open skin of
employees using the chemical when working in an
apple orchard.
Methodological approaches were also developed
to prepare for the analysis of sweet pepper samples,
by calibrating the dependence of the peak area on
substance concentration based on a matrix. These
minimised possible errors associated with the effects
of colouring and the presence of other impurities and
contaminants, including those not declared in fruit
and vegetable products. The limit of quantification
for captan using the proposed methodological
approach was found to be 0.01 g/kg.
The method used offers a universal solution for
captan detection, which is suitable for analysing
environmental samples and agricultural/food
products. It is a powerful tool for ensuring the safety
of these items through efficient monitoring by
sanitation and environmental control services.
Acknowledgments: This article was prepared with the
partial financial support of the Programme of the
Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights
Protection and Human Wellbeing (Russian
Federation) 2021–2025.
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials
DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.9
Nataliya Fedorova,
Irina Bereznyak, Lydia Bondareva
E-ISSN: 2945-0519
67
Volume 2, 2023
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Conceptualisation, Bondareva, L.; Fedorova, N.;
Bereznyak, I.; methodology, Bondareva, L.;
validation, Bereznyak, I.; formal analysis, Fedorova,
N.; investigation, Bondareva, L.; Bereznyak, I.;
resources, Bondareva, L.; Fedorova, N.; data
curation, Bereznyak, I.; writing—original draft
preparation, Bondareva, L.; Fedorova, N.;
Bereznyak, I.; writing—review and editing,
Fedorova, N.; visualisation, Bondareva, L.;
Fedorova, N.; supervision, Fedorova, N.; project
administration, Bondareva, L.; Fedorova, N.; funding
acquisition, Bondareva L. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This article was prepared with the
partial financial support of the Programme of the
Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights
Protection and Human Wellbeing (Russian
Federation) 2021–2025.
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials
DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.9
Nataliya Fedorova,
Irina Bereznyak, Lydia Bondareva
E-ISSN: 2945-0519
69
Volume 2, 2023