Comparative Analysis of Differential-Mode Impedance in Single-Phase

Induction Motors

ABDELKADER GOURBI1,2, MOHAMED MILOUDI2,3, HOUCINE MILOUDI2,

MOHAMMED HAMZA BERMAKI2

1Institute of Science and Applied Techniques,

Ahmed Ben Bella Oran 1 University,

Oran,

ALGERIA

2APELEC Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department,

Djillali Liabes University,

Sidi Bel Abbes ,

ALGERIA

3GIDD Laboratory, Electrical Engineering, and Automation Department,

Ahmed Zabana - Relizane University,

Relizane,

ALGERIA

Abstract: - This paper presents an experimental study of the high-frequency impedance behavior of four types

of single-phase induction motors: Split-Phase Induction Motor (SPIM), Permanent Split Capacitor Induction

Motor (PCIM), Capacitor Start Induction Motor (CSIM) and Single Phase Repulsion Motor (RIM). A

differential-mode impedance and phase angle over a range of frequencies, including resonance and anti-

resonance points, are the focus of the present study. The obtained results show that every type of motor has

distinctive impedance characteristics; the RIM always shows higher impedance than other motors, whereas the

CSIM exhibits lower impedance in low frequencies. Those differences unveil the influence of the motor design

on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) performance, since high-impedance motors, such as the RIM, present

lower Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) emissions and lower susceptibility to external electromagnetic

interference, therefore better general EMC performance. Also, the frequencies of resonance and anti-resonance

vary between the motors, which is also reflected in their different electrical and structural designs. The study

provides helpful insights into the optimization of motor designs to achieve better EMC compliance and

operational stability in various applications.

Key-Words: - Differential-Mode Impedance, Single-Phase Induction Motors, Electromagnetic Interference

(EMI), Impedance Measurement, EMC Standards, Resonance.

Received: May 16, 2024. Revised: October 19, 2024. Accepted: November 15, 2024. Published: December 30, 2024.

1 Introduction

Electromagnetic interference, or EMI, is one of the

important concerns in modern electrical

engineering, especially due to the expansion use of

Adjustable Speed Drives and electric motors in a

wide range of industrial applications, as shown in

[1], [2], [3], [4]. As those technologies have

continued to increase in their complexities and

deployment, the challenge of how to control EMI

has intensified.

This study focuses on an important part of the

problem: Differential Mode (DM) behavior in motor

systems. The presence of DM currents and voltages

not only deteriorates system performance but also

threatens the nearby electromagnetic environment,

needing special measures to mitigate such

interference, [5]. Since the international EMC

standards are getting very severe today, [6], [7], [8],

[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], it

becomes necessary to understand the mechanisms of

the EMI process, especially in motor applications. It

is also important to address the DM interference not

just for satisfying the requirements of the EMC, but

also to ensure the reliability and safety of the

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electrical system operation. A detailed investigation

of DM interference establishes the baseline for the

development of efficient EMI mitigation strategies.

Such solutions have also been found to be critical

for ensuring long-term integrity and performance in

electrical systems from various industrial settings,

[17], [18], [19]. EMI management in motor systems

effectively goes beyond simple compliance to

ensure the general stability and efficiency of the

electrical infrastructure, [20], [21], [22].

The significance of minimizing Electromagnetic

Interference (EMI) in motor systems is repeated in

numerous recent studies that have focused on

energy efficiency and high-performance systems.

For example, [23] discusses how low-power

embedded systems necessitate special design

standards to assure not only energy savings but also

robust electromagnetic performance. Besides, a

detailed performance analysis of the multilayer

drivers in case of EMI issues is carried out by [24]

in high voltage applications.

Furthermore, [25] prove that EMI control is

critical to ensuring the continuity of smart

production systems. The results of this work can be

directly applied to single-phase induction motors,

which are increasingly used in various industrial

applications where EMI management is essential to

maintaining performance and reliability.

Thus, EMI management is critical not only in

low-power and medium-voltage systems but also in

modern industrial and motor-driven applications,

[26], [27], [28], [29]. This underlines the need for a

comprehensive EMI control methodology, with an

emphasis on taking into account a wide range of

applications and ensuring that electrical systems

meet severe electromagnetic compatibility

requirements. Engineers can build systems that can

deal with current and future EMC issues, protect

industrial processes, and ensure long-term

performance in a range of applications by increasing

their knowledge of DM EMI dynamics.

Single-phase induction motors find their

applications in a wide range of applications,

including household appliances such as

refrigerators, washing machines, and air

conditioners, as well as power tools such as drills

and saws and industrial machinery. Such motors are

highest demand, especially for good reliability and

usability efficiency. However, they might suffer

great hurdles in terms of electromagnetic

compatibility (EMC), where the electromagnetic

environment hurts their performance and reliability,

[30], [31].

One important type of EMC is differential mode

electromagnetic interference (EMI), which occurs

when noise is conducted through the phase and

neutral conductors of an electrical system.

Differential-mode EMI propagates along the power

conductors rather than through the grounding

conductor and has a major influence on the

performance of electrical and electronic devices.

As a consequence of this type of EMI, motor current

and voltage waveforms may become distorted and

lead to loss of efficiency, excess heat, and possibly

winding damage. It can also cause electrical noise,

increased vibration, and audible noise, which can

cause mechanical wear and premature component

failure, [32], [33]. Furthermore, EMI can interfere

with motor control circuits, resulting in irregular

operation and disturbing speed and start/stop

functions, [34]. EMI also introduces harmonics into

the power supply, which reduces motor performance

while increasing energy consumption and running

costs, [35].

A motor’s impedance, or resistance to current

flow is essential in determining Differential Mode

(DM) behavior in motor systems, directly impacting

the motor's electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

performance. Motors with higher impedance often

have lower EMI emissions, and vice versa, [36],

[37].

Despite the wide usage of single-phase

induction motors, the issue of EMI in these motors

has gotten far less attention than three-phase motors.

This is most probable because three-phase motors

are widely used in industrial applications where

EMI is a major concern, [38], [39]. However,

single-phase motors are increasingly being

employed in locations where electromagnetic

interference (EMI) is an issue.

This lack of attention to EMC in single-phase

motors has resulted in a gap in the knowledge base.

There is a need for more research on the EMC of

single-phase motors and methods for reducing EMI

in these motors, [40], [41].

This paper conducts a comparative study on the

differential-mode impedance of four different types

of single-phase induction motors and their

correlation with EMI emissions. Variations of the

impedance within these motor types are analyzed in

order to study how impedance is related to their

EMI performance. These results can be useful for

motor designers to design motors that exhibit a

reduced possibility of EMI problems, [42], [43],

[44].

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2 General Overview of Single-Phase

Induction Motors

Single-phase induction motors work on the principle

of electromagnetic induction to produce a rotating

magnetic field, [45]. The stator consists of the

primary winding and an auxiliary winding and is the

stationary part of the motor. When an AC voltage is

supplied to the main winding, it generates a

magnetic field. The auxiliary winding, which is

present in many motors, provides a phase shift to

create the rotating magnetic field, [46].

Figure 1 shows the structure of single-phase

induction motors. When the stator's rotating

magnetic field passes through the squirrel cage bars

in the rotor, it induces currents that form a magnetic

field. This field interacts with the stator field,

resulting in rotational movement, [47].

Fig. 1: Single-Phase Induction Motors

In this study, we investigate four specific types

of induction motors:

2.1 Split-phase Induction Motor (SPIM)

In the Split-Phase Induction Motor (Figure 2), an

additional winding is wound on the same stator

core. This creates two windings: the auxiliary

winding, which is highly resistive, and the main

winding, which is highly inductive, [48]. The

auxiliary winding is primarily used for starting, after

which it is disconnected.

Fig. 2: Split-phase Induction Motor (SPIM)

2.2 Capacitor Start Induction Motor

(CSIM)

A Capacitor-Start Induction Motor (Figure 3) is a

type of single-phase induction motor with a

capacitor primarily used to produce the machine's

starting torque. Therefore, the capacitor-start single-

phase induction motor has a starting capacitor

connected in series with its starting winding or

auxiliary winding, [49].

Fig. 3: Capacitor Start Induction Motor (CSIM)

2.3 Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor

(PCIM)

In contrast to the Capacitor Start Induction Motor

(Figure 4), in the Permanent Capacitor Induction

Motor, the capacitor is permanently connected to the

circuit, both at start-up and during motor operation,

[50].

Fig. 4: Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor

(PCIM)

2.4 Repulsion Induction Motor (RIM)

The Repulsion Induction Motor (Figure 5) consists

of a stator carrying a single-phase exciting winding

and a rotor with a closed-type armature winding

with a commutator and brushes, [51].

Fig. 5: Repulsion Induction motor (RIM)

The characterized parameters of the four motors

are summarized in Table 1.

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Table 1. Motors Parameters.

Parameter

CSIM

PCIM

SPIM

RIM

Nominal Voltage (V)

220

Nominal Current (A)

2.2

1.3

2.2

2.7

Nominal

Frequency (Hz)

Nominal Power (W)

175

Nominal

Speed (tr/min)

1400

1440

1400

1350

Mian Winding

Resistance (Ω)

9.8

Mian Winding

Inductance (H)

0.226

0.252

0.226

0.2

Auxiliary Winding

Resistance (Ω)

23.3

21.7

23.3

Auxiliary Winding

Inductance (H)

0.137

0.281

0.137

Capacitor (μF)

3 Experimental Methodology and

Measurements

The fact that the four motors studied have different

configurations and wiring diagrams means that each

motor has a different EMC behavior. Since

impedance plays a critical role in determining the

electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance

of a motor, this work aims to conduct a comparative

study of the differential-mode impedance of these

different types of electric induction motors.

In this section, we detail the experimental

approach used to investigate the differential-mode

impedance of the four types of electric induction

motors studied: Split-Phase Induction Motor,

Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor, Capacitor

Start Induction Motor, and Single-phase Repulsion

Motor.

3.1 Measurement Setup

Our measurements were performed using a Wayne

Kerr 6500B spectrum analyzer, which can detect

impedance and phase angles up to 120 MHz. We

selected this analyzer due to its high precision,

especially in the EMC-relevant frequency range of

150 kHz to 30 MHz. Before each cycle of tests, the

analyzer was calibrated to ensure accuracy and

reduce measurement drift.

Figure 6 illustrates our experimental setup for

differential-mode impedance measurements. All

motor types are tested using this arrangement to

ensure accurate and consistent impedance

measurements.

Fig. 6: Experimental setup for differential-mode

impedance measurements.

3.2 Impedance Measurements Procedure

Impedance measurements were conducted using a

systematic approach to capture differential-mode

EMC behaviors:

1. Environmental Control: To ensure accurate

measurements, a controlled environment free of

electromagnetic interference was developed.

2. Terminal Component Fixture (TCF): Each

induction motor type was connected to the TCF.

This fixture allows for stable connections and

impedance matching, which are required for

reliable impedance measurements.

3. Calibration: The Wayne Kerr 6500B analyzer

was recalibrated between tests to ensure

measurement accuracy. Calibration data was

stored and compared to verify consistency

between tests.

4. Frequency Sweep: A frequency sweep was

performed using the Wayne Kerr 6500B

analyzer, spanning frequencies from 150 kHz to

30 MHz. This range aligns with EMC standards

and facilitates a comprehensive analysis of

impedance variations across relevant

operational frequencies, [34].

5. Stability: At each frequency point, the system

was allowed to stabilize before taking a

measurement, ensuring that transient responses

did not affect the results. In addition, multiple

sweeps were performed on each motor to ensure

repeatability.

6. Data Collection: Impedance magnitude and

phase angle were measured at discrete

frequency points within the sweep range.

7. Data Analysis: The impedance data obtained

from each motor type were plotted to visualize

their frequency-dependent characteristics. This

visualization aimed to identify resonant

frequencies, marked by impedance peaks, and

critical impedance values, which potentially

Spectrum analyzer

Terminal Component Fixture

Single-Phase Induction Motors

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signify areas of concern for differential-mode

EMC performance. By comparing impedance

profiles across different motor types, insights

were gained into how specific design variations

impact EMC behavior.

4 Results

In this section, we present and analyze the results of

our experimental measurements, focusing on the

differential-mode impedance of the four types of

electric induction motors studied: Split-Phase

Induction Motor (SPIM), Permanent Split Capacitor

Induction Motor (PCIM), Capacitor Start Induction

Motor (CSIM), and Single-phase Repulsion Motor

(RIM).

The Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10

illustrate the impedance and phase angle profiles for

each motor type.

Fig. 7: Impedance and phase angle of CSIM

Fig. 8: Impedance and phase angle of PCIM

Fig. 9: Impedance and phase angle of SPIM

Fig. 10: Impedance and phase angle of RIM

The impedance and phase angles are plotted

across the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30

MHz. This comprehensive analysis exposes key

similarities and differences in the behavior of the

motors, highlighting critical values and frequencies

that influence their performance.

Examining the impedance characteristics of

each motor, we can observe that the impedance of

all four motor types: CSIM, PCIM, SPIM, and RIM

increases with frequency up to the resonance

frequency f1. At f1, each motor exhibited a peak in

impedance, reflecting resonance. Specifically, the

resonance frequencies f1 were 37.936 kHz for CSIM,

24.822 kHz for both PCIM and SPIM, and 50.334

kHz for RIM. The corresponding impedance values

at f1 were 9.76 kΩ for CSIM, 14.61 kΩ for PCIM,

14.66 kΩ for SPIM, and 34.88 kΩ for RIM. The

phase angles at f1 varied: 4.10° for CSIM, -1.50° for

PCIM, 3.74° for SPIM, and 10.87° for RIM.

Table 2 summarizes the resonance and

antiresonance characteristics for each motor type:

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Table 2. Resonance and anti-resonance

characteristics of various Single-Phase Induction

Motors

Characteristic

CSIM

PCIM

SPIM

RIM

Resonance

Frequency (f1)

(kHz)

37.936

24.822

50.334

Impedance at

f1 (Z(f1))(kΩ)

9.76

14.61

14.66

34.88

Phase Angle

at f1 (φ(f1))(°)

4.10

-1.50

3.74

10.87

Antiresonance

Frequency (f2)

(MHz)

10.846

9.416

10.846

19.094

Impedance at

f2 (Z(f2)) (Ω)

17.10

18.87

19.26

16.83

Phase Angle

at f2 (φ(f2)) (°)

-34.79

21.17

-24.94

13.86

Beyond f1, the impedance decreases until

reaching its minimum at the antiresonance

frequency f2. The antiresonance frequencies f2 were

10.846 MHz for CSIM, 9.416 MHz for PCIM,

10.846 MHz for SPIM, and 19.094 MHz for RIM.

The impedance values at f2 were 17.10 Ω for CSIM,

18.87 Ω for PCIM, 19.26 Ω for SPIM, and 16.83 Ω

for RIM. Despite the impedance being at its

minimum, the phase angle at f2 remained non-zero: -

34.79° for CSIM, 21.17° for PCIM, -24.94° for

SPIM, and 13.86° for RIM.

To illustrate both the similarities and

differences, Figure 11 and Figure 12 provide a

global comparison of all motors (impedance and

phase angle).

Fig. 11: Impedances comparison of the four motors

Fig. 12: Phases comparison of the four motors

4.1 Similarities in Impedance and Phase

Profiles

 From 100 Hz to f1, the impedance of all four

motor types increases with frequency up to the

resonance frequency f1. This behavior is typical

in motors and is largely attributed to the

inductive nature of the windings and magnetic

components. As the frequency rises, the

inductance of the motor becomes more

pronounced, resulting in a gradual increase in

impedance. The phase angle in this range is

positive, indicating that the voltage leads the

current, which is consistent with inductive

behavior.

 At the resonance frequency f1, all four motor

types exhibit a peak in impedance, marking a

resonance point where the impedance is at its

maximum. For CSIM and SPIM, the phase

angle is positive, indicating a leading nature

where the voltage leads the current. The PCIM

shows a slight negative phase angle, suggesting

a slight lag at resonance, likely due to the

influence of capacitors. The RIM demonstrates

a significantly positive phase angle, reflecting a

pronounced leading nature.

 Beyond the resonance frequency f1, the

impedance begins to decrease until it reaches

its minimum value at the antiresonance

frequency f2. During this range, the phase angle

turns negative, indicating a lagging relationship

between voltage and current, characteristic of

capacitive behavior.

 At the antiresonance frequency f2, the

impedance reaches its minimum value,

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highlighting a point where the motor system

exhibits the least resistance to current flow.

Despite the impedance being at its minimum,

the phase angle is not zero, reflecting the

ongoing influence of reactive components and

practical considerations in motor systems.

 After the antiresonance frequency f2, the

impedance increases again, and the phase angle

becomes positive, indicating a leading

relationship between voltage and current. This

behavior reflects the motor's response in the

high-frequency range.

4.2 Differences between Motors

 The Single-phase Repulsion Motor (RIM)

exhibits consistently higher impedance

compared to the other motor types, likely due

to its unique winding configuration or

mechanical structure.

 The Capacitor Start Induction Motor (CSIM)

displays lower impedance at low frequencies, a

feature linked to its design incorporating a start

capacitor.

 Beyond the first resonance frequency f1, the

impedance characteristics diverge among the

motor types. The impedance of the PCIM is

generally the lowest, while the RIM retains its

higher value.

 The resonance frequency f1 depends on the type

of motor, showing that SPIM has a lower value

of f1 compared to the CSIM and RIM.

However, the antiresonance frequency f2, is the

lowest for PCIM, followed by CSIM and SPIM

with similar values, whereas RIM shows

the highest value.

4.3 Discussion

The impedance profiles of electric motors become

important when it comes to determining their EMC

performance. Higher impedance corresponds to a

better EMC, such that the emission of EMI is small

and the susceptibility to external sources of EMI is

minimal. It means that competent engineers, who

understand the influence of differential mode

impedance on EMI performance, can design motors

compatible with modern electrical engineering and

electronic applications that put very severe

electromagnetic compatibility requirements on

electric vehicles, industrial automation, and smart

power grid applications.

In terms of the impedance, across the frequency

range, the RIM always had a higher value and

therefore turns out to be very suitable for EMC

compliance. Increased impedance reduces the flow

of currents caused by the influence of external

electromagnetic fields, consequently making the

motor less susceptible to EMI. With this feature, it

will be qualified to work on power grids where

operational stability and reliability are required. A

motor like RIM in power distribution systems will

reduce harmonic distortions and electromagnetic

disturbances that interfere with critical electrical

equipment like power transformers and inverters.

Increased impedance contributes to an increased

meeting of strict EMC requirements that have

become very relevant in highly dense urban and

industrial areas where electrical disturbances can

cause considerable operational problems.

On the other hand, the CSIM has lower

impedance at lower frequencies, which renders them

more susceptible to EMI. The low impedance may

result in high EMI emission in those applications

where high-accuracy signal transmission is used,

which includes sensor networks, and might lead to

possible errors in data transmission, communication

failure, or discontinuation of network performance.

Within the CSIM, by contrast, the start capacitor

plays a useful role by managing phase angles during

startup and does help mitigate some of the EMI

issues. Either way, to further improve its

performance regarding EMC, additional measures

may include improved shielding or filtering

techniques, especially where low-frequency EMI

control is required by a system. In sensor networks,

for instance, where signal integrity is critical,

motors with higher impedance, like Single-phase

Repulsion Motors, are usually preferred to reduce

electromagnetic interference that may completely

compromise the performance of the system.

Having similar impedance characteristics up to

the resonance frequency f1 would suggest similar

PCIM and SPIM EMC performances in the case of

lower-frequency operations. This kind of motor

could be useful in various applications with low

levels of EMI control, like consumer electronics,

small industrial machinery, or any application where

low-cost solutions with modest EMI control are

employed. Above the resonance, impedance profiles

of PCIM start to diverge from SPIM, with the PCIM

impedance being lower. This behavior may need

customized EMC mitigation solutions for HF

activities, especially when these motors are used in

sensitive applications such as automated

manufacturing systems, wherein electromagnetic

interference may interrupt complex automation

processes.

In the high-frequency domain, the impedance

characteristics of the motors become much more

important for their EMC performance. If systems

were exposed to high levels of electromagnetic

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radiation in the high-frequency environments of

smart grids or sensor networks, the RIM would be at

an advantage, thus having higher impedance at high

frequencies and hence less susceptible to external

electromagnetic interference. It means that the

operation will be robust and reliable under

conditions of continuous monitoring and control, for

example, sensor-based industrial networking or

distributed energy management. Motors with lower

impedance at high frequencies, such as the CSIM,

may require extra electromagnetic compatibility

precautions to assure compliance with the industry

requirements and operational reliability in such an

environment. These results confirm, therefore, the

recommendation of higher-impedance motors like

RIM in such high-EMI environments for both EMC

compliance and system stability.

Achieving EMC compliance in motor design

necessitates a thorough understanding of impedance

characteristics across a wide frequency range.

Motors that are basically designed for high

impedance, like the RIM, will normally provide

certain advantages in minimizing EMI emissions

and susceptibility. It would be ideal to use them in

areas like power grids and industrial automation.

Motors with lower impedance, such as the CSIM,

should be designed against additional components

like capacitors, shielding, and filtering to enhance

EMC performance in applications covering sensor

networks or consumer electronics. The type of

motor and related design questions must therefore

be decided within the context of a particular

application requirement and ambient environment in

view of obtaining optimum EMC compliance and

system performance.

The stability of the obtained results was

guaranteed by repeated tests through precision

instruments such as the Wayne Kerr 6500B

analyzer. Indeed, the consistent and reliable

impedance profiles, extending over a number of

tests and frequency ranges reflect the basic electrical

characteristics of the motors accurately. It follows,

then, that further studies into numerical modeling

techniques to better optimize motor designs for the

improvement of EMC are well founded.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, we have discussed the differential

mode impedance characteristics of four types of

single-phase induction motor: split-phase induction

motor (SPIM), permanent split capacitor induction

motor (PCIM), capacitor start induction motor

(CSIM), and single-phase repulsion motor (RIM).

The experiment carried out on the motors over a

frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz showed

distinct impedance profiles and phase angle

characteristics for each type.

It is obvious that RIM had generally higher

impedance, indicating an appropriate design in cases

of required EMC compliance. This will make the

RIM very suitable for application in industrial

automation systems and power grids where EMI

control is of prime importance to maintain stable

and reliable operations. On the other hand, CSIM

had a much lower impedance for low frequencies

due to its start capacitor. While that start capacitor

significantly improved its startup efficiency, it may

also raise its susceptibility to EMI. Further EMI

mitigation strategies are probably required for this

topology because of this possibility, to perform well

under conditions where low-frequency EMI control

becomes significant, such as in sensor networks.

Contrarily, PCIM has always shown lower

impedance beyond the first resonance point,

reflecting that it had unique design optimizations

that perhaps call for higher frequency-specific EMC

mitigation strategies. This kind of motor would

serve well in applications with minimum EMI

controls, which include consumer electronics and

small industrial machinery.

This convergence tendency of the impedance

profiles of PCIM and SPIM at lower frequencies

may indicate that both kinds of motors can provide

interchangeable solutions that exhibit similar EMC

behavior. The phase angles showed complex

interactions internal to the motors that weighted

significantly from zero at resonance and anti-

resonance frequencies, thus carrying important

information on their electromagnetic behavior.

This study has underlined how impedance

characteristics play a vital role in determining the

expected EMC performance in motors of different

types. Concluding our work hence represents

important input toward the optimization of motor

design, with a view to both fulfilling the

requirements as laid down in EMC regulations as

well as improving the performance in practical

applications.

In future investigations, numerical methods, like

simulations with MATLAB or other computational

tools will be integrated in supplementing our

experimental findings. This would allow us to

simulate motor performance under different

conditions and make more specific conclusions on

how the parameters of the motor design impact its

EMC performance.

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Acknowledgement:

This work was supported by APELEC Laboratory,

Djillali LIABES University, Sidi Bel Abbes,

Algeria.

Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted

Technologies in the Writing Process

During the preparation of this work the authors used

Quillbot in order to improve the readability and

language of the manuscript. After using this tool, the

authors reviewed and edited the content as needed

and take full responsibility for the content of the

publication.

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The authors equally contributed in the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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