An empirical investigation of the electrical and thermal performance of

photovoltaic-thermal hybrid sensor (PV/T)

ALI DJEGHAM1, TALOUB DJEDID1, BOURAS ABDELKARIM2, ZIED DRISS3

1,2Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M'sila, ALGERIA

1Laboratory of Materials Physics and its Applications, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M’sila,

ALGERIA

3Department of Mechanics, Electromechanical Systems Laboratory, University of Sfax, TUNISIA

Abstract: - The combination photovoltaic-thermal solar collector produces at the same time electricity gratitude

to photovoltaic solar energy and warmth gratitude to thermal energy because it is known that the traditional

photovoltaic panel produces three times more heat than the electricity. The increase in warmth inside the module

is one of the principal reasons of the reduced performance of photovoltaic solar panels. Thus the necessity for a

thermal evacuation technique. The benefit of a hybrid technique is the cooling of the photovoltaic cells gratitude

to the circulation of a fluid, which will be warmed during its passage via the sensor. The novelty of this study is

to recover this thermal energy by heating or drying. Previous dryers worked with thermal sensors thanks to the

greenhouse effect, which gives only heat. The purpose of this paper is the realization experimental of a PV/T

sensor and so the examination of the impact of different parameters on the energy performance of the PV/T

sensor. The impacts recommend that this kind of collector is a nicely alternative to photovoltaic modules and

thermal collectors seated individually.

Key-Words: - Photovoltaic cell, solar energy, hybrid solar collector, experimental investigation, Electrical

efficiency – Thermal efficiency.

Received: June 18, 2021. Revised: March 12, 2022. Accepted: April 14, 2022. Published: May 5, 2022.

1 Introduction

Today, the world tends towards the exploitation of

renewable energy resources, including Algeria, it is

strongly called to be up to date thanks to its natural

potential in this field. Among its renewable energies,

solar energy where Algeria has already given it great

importance for years.

Solar panels (PV) are a solution for isolated places,

not connected to the electricity grid and to make

installations autonomous. Solar energy can also be

very advantageous in the case of installations in

private homes. However, solar panels are currently

not cost-effective for large-scale generation, owing to

numerous limitations. In the utilization of solar

energy, the low density of energy and the intermittent

nature of the latter is due to variations in climatic

conditions. Most of the research is devoted to the

development of photovoltaic modules and solar

thermal collectors. The photovoltaic thermal (PV/T)

hybrid collector is a good alternative to separately

installed solar thermal or photovoltaic collectors, as

it not only combines two complementary functions,

but also offers dual functionality in a single collector.

The performance of a solar collector, designed to

transform solar energy to thermal energy, depends on

its shape, the technique chosen, and the way in which

heat losses are reduced on its surface. There is a

broad scale of solar air collectors with different

absorber arrangements. For our study, we chose a

sensor with the air passage located between the

absorber and the insulation. Air solar collectors are

important in applications requiring low and moderate

temperatures, such as space warming and the drying

of many products (food, building materials, wood,

etc.). Our work consists in realizing and

characterizing a hybrid sensor (PV/T) to use it for the

drying of agricultural products. Hybrid collectors

utilizing air and water as warmth transfer fluid have

been evaluated economically and experimentally.

The relatively simple PV/T air solar collector

consists of an absorber layer with an insulated back,

cooled by a current of air circulating between the

absorber and a glass cover. Its heat exchange surface

can be increased either by giving the absorber a high

emissivity or with a ribbed or grooved surface. In

2006, Tiwari et al. [1] suggested an academic and

empirical steady-state investigation of a PV/T solar

collector with naturally or mechanically ventilated

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Ali Djegham, Taloub Djedid,

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E-ISSN: 2224-266X

Volume 21, 2022

air. This solar collector is composed of two PV

modules of 0.61m² every, attached in series and

mounted on a non-corrosive insulating layer of

Tedlar. The PV module is constructed up of

photovoltaic cells stuck jointly via a coating of EVA

and covered by a coating of glass. Fans placed at the

entry to the air hole located between the Tedlar and

an insulating coating of wood permit the forced

ventilation of the PV modules on the rear face. The

electrical energy produced is stored in an electric

battery. This analysis demonstrated that the further

healing of the thermal energy produced enhances the

general efficiency of the air PV/T system by around

18%. In 2007, Tripanagnostopoulos [2] maintained

the analysis of combination PV/T solar collectors

whose warmth transfer fluid is any air or water. The

purpose of their employment was to reduce the

operational temperature of PV modules, raise the

generation of preheated air and decrease warmth

losses via the isolation on the underneath of the

constituent. For this, the design of a solar PV/T air

collector has been changed at an inferior cost. In

general, two kinds of PV/T collectors can be

distinguished: PV/T collectors with glass cover,

which produce high-temperature heat, but with a

slightly lower electrical efficiency, and PV/T

collectors without glazing which produce relatively

low-temperature heat and which have high electrical

performance [2, 3]. Hybrid collectors without

additional glass deliver relatively low temperatures

and must be combined with heat pumps to heat

ambient air or water [4, 5]. One of the applications of

photovoltaic modules in non-direct combination with

thermal collectors is in SDHW (Solar Domestic Hot

Water) systems which generally consist of supplying

the internal resistance necessary for heating the water

with the electricity generated by the photovoltaic

modules [6]. Work (2003 - 2004) has been devoted

to aspects of the simultaneous production of heat

energy and electrical energy by photovoltaic modules

[7]. Hybrid sensors based on amorphous silicon,

which have a low photovoltaic conversion efficiency

(nearly 7%), have been studied by Adamoto and his

team [8]. Elswijk et al. [9] concluded in a study that

in housing, a hybrid PV/T collector needs 38% less

roof space than a combined system of photovoltaic

modules and thermal collectors with the same

approximate efficiency. The thermal efficiency was

found to be around 77%, with a heat loss coefficient

of 23 W/m2K (work by Bakker et al. [10]). Zondag et

al. [11] investigated the influence of thermal

resistance on the result of the hybrid sensor. It can be

considered, that for hybrid sensors, a total conversion

efficiency as being the totality of the thermal

efficiency and the electrical efficiency.

Tripanagnostopoulos applied the system based on the

cooling of photovoltaic modules to hybrid collectors

with concentrators [12]. Arslan et al. [13] worked on

the realization and testing of a new conception of a

finned air-fluid photovoltaic-thermal collector.

Utilize of different mass flow rates to perform

numerical and experimental analysis. The electrical

efficiency increased by 0.42% thanks to the cooling

of the photovoltaic panel. Choi et al. [14] suggested

a novel PV/T air hybrid sensor design with a single-

pass dual-flow air trough to study electrical and

thermal performance under natural weather

conditions. To enhance the warmth transmission

result between the PV module and the airflow, an

irregular section rib has been placed on the back

cover of the PV module. The results showed that the

middle thermic efficacy of the PV/T collector and the

average electrical efficacy raised with rising mass

flow rate of air. Shahsavar et al. [15] analyzed the

exergy and energy performance of a photovoltaic-

thermic (PV/T) air collector with natural ventilation.

They investigated glazed and unglazed types of PV/T

collectors. To increase the heat absorption at the

photovoltaic panels, a thin sheet of aluminum was

placed in an air channel. The conclusions were that

there is an optimal sensor length and an optimal

channel depth to who the absolute energy and exergy

efficacy are maximum. Singh et al. [16] sported the

semi-transparent dual-channel PV/T system

(DCSPV/T) into which air streams via two

channelers, one channeler below PV and the other

channeler above PV to absorb the heat-related to the

upper and lower sides of the photovoltaic cell and

compared to another system, which has only one

passage under the photovoltaic cell. The results

indicated that the dual-channeler design has an

overall electrical efficacy, heat gain, and exergy

efficiency of 30.49%, 35.63%, and 3.19%

respectively. Better than a single channel system.

Kaiser et al. [17] used an unglazed unique pass PV/T

sensor composed of a single PV module, to apply an

experimental study and detect the extent of the whole

size effect on the PV cell temperature and its

effectiveness. In the case of natural and forced

ventilation. The results showed that in the case of

natural ventilation, they obtained a factor ratio (duct

deep/duct height) of approximately 0.11 to

undervalue the temperature of the PV cell. Whereas

in the case of forced ventilation, it has been found that

smaller dimensions can be utilized. While for

constant factor proportion, air velocity was located to

strongly affect PV cooling. For a duct speed V = 6

m/s, a power increase of 19% is observed compared

to the case of natural ventilation (V = 0.5 m/s).

Khaled and Mohamed [18] concluded that the porous

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Ali Djegham, Taloub Djedid,

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Volume 21, 2022

medium has an influence on the performance of the

double-pass PV/T hybrid sensor. The research

showed the efficiency of the porous media as the heat

exchange area was enlarged and thus raised the

thermic efficacy and the temperature of the air

leaving the hybrid solar collector. While the

combination's efficacy raised by (3%). The most

increased value for everyday thermic and electrical

efficacy was 80.23%, 8.7% in the sensor which

utilized absorbent media and glass cover, while the

highest value for thermic efficacy and electrical was

51.25%, 10.91% without absorbent media and glass

cover. Singh et al. [19] investigated the influence of

the shape factor of the absorber plate and the mass

flowing rate on the execution of the PV/T collector in

air. The results showed that the efficiency of the

PV/T system is highest when the form factor is in the

range of 1.3 to 2.0 (absorber with curved groove).

Sahlaoui et al. [20] generated a simulation program

to calculate the thermic and electrical parameters of a

PV/T hybrid sensor and validated them by

experimental results. The consequences showed that

the overall efficiency of the PV/T sensor is 98% for

a mass flow of 0.073Kg/s, the efficiency increases

when the number of fins and its height decreases.

Slimani et al. [21] worked on four solar devices to

compare thermic and electrical performance using

the mathematical analysis method. The solar devices

are a single photovoltaic module (PV-I),

conventional air PV/T collector (PV/T-II), glazed

gnce-through PV/T air collector (PV/T- III), and a

double-pass glazed PV/T air sensor (PV/T-IV).

Overall electrical, thermal, and energy efficiency

results were presented. Saygin et al. [22]

experimentally studied an air-cooled PV/T solar

collector, air enters it through a hole in the middle of

the collector and from opposite directions. The

thermic and electrical performances of the solar

collector were obtained at a space in mid the PV

module and the covering of 3 cm and 5cm. Mojumber

et al. [23] conducted experiments on a hybrid air

PV/T collector through a single pass with fins.

Experimental results showed thermic and electrical

efficacy of 56.19% and 13.75% respectively, at 700

W/m2 solar radiation. Naqvi [24] increased the

electrical efficacy of the solar panel, converting it to

a hybrid PV/T air-powered solar collector by adding

a wood duct to the back of the panel, with fins placed

interior the duct to increase the warmth. The

empirical impacts demonstrated that the electrical

efficiency of the hybrid PV/T air-to-air solar

collector and the solar panel was 14.8% and 14.4%

with a thermal efficiency of 64.6%. Prabhakar et al.

[25-26] studied the theoretically performance of

photovoltaic thermal air collector in the climatic

condition of North East, India. They found that

exergy gain improves by almost 100% in summer

compared to winter. Bagheri et al. [27] assessed the

power generation capability of a PVTAC for two

different climate zones in Iran. It was found that the

system has the potential to generate power of 2179.51

kWh and 2007.65 kWh. Fudholi et al. [28] presents

a review of the exergy and sustainability index of

solar thermal systems. They presented the theoretical

approach of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) air collector

with ∇-corrugated absorber is presented. The

predicted results are consistent with the results

obtained from the experiments. The exergy and

sustainability index for various mass flow rates and

solar radiations are obtained.

The goal is therefore twofold: to raise the electrical

effectiveness of the module and to exploit two types

of energy: electrical and thermal. We implemented a

hybrid sensor prototype and studied it experimentally

to evaluate its electrical and thermal performance.

For this, we have developed and produced a

prototype of a hybrid sensor, and we have started

measurement campaigns: temperature, electrical

power, and solar radiation over a period, which has

enabled us to determine all the electrical and thermal

characteristics of this sensor.

The characteristic I (V) determined by

experimentation for the two sensors made it possible

to compare the electrical performance of the hybrid

sensor with a control photovoltaic module left free on

the same structure.

2 Methodology

2.1 Experimental setup

This new design hybrid air PV/T collector has a once-

through air channeler. Figure 1 illustrates the real

view and diagram of the hybrid PV/T air collector.

The PV/T hybrid air sensor includes of PV module,

"polystyrene" insulation, aluminum tape, and a

wooden box. The dimensions of the photovoltaic

thermal PV/T hybrid solar collector utilized in this

embodiment are the length, width, and thickness of

167 cm, 100.1 cm, and 22 cm, respectively.

The PV photovoltaic unit employed in this

investigation is commercially obtainable. The length,

width, and thickness of the PV module were 167 cm,

99.2 cm, and 3.5 cm, respectively. More details on

the electrical characteristics of the "TWINSEL" solar

module according to the norm examination

conditions (Solar intensity 1000 W/m2, module

temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5), are indicated in table 1.

A heat transfer fluid "air" can circulate inside the box

of the PV/TH hybrid collector to cool the solar cells.

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Table 1 Characteristics of the “TWINSEL” solar

module under standard test conditions.

ITEM NO.

SYP270S

Rated Maximum Power (Pmax)

270W +3%

Power Sorting

0~4.99W

Voltage at Pmax

31.2V

Current at Pmax

8.66A

Open-circuit Voltage (Voc)

38.2V

Short-Circuit Current (Isc)

9.20A

Maximum System Voltage

DC 1500V

Cell type

Polycrystalline

Mechanical Load Test

5400Pa

Weight

18 kg

Dimensions

165×99.2×3.5 cm

All technical standard test

condition

AM1.5

E=1000W/m^2

Tc=25°C

Safety application class

Class A

Fig. 1 Schematic of the PV/T air hybrid sensor

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of a photovoltaic-

thermal hybrid collector with an air gap.

2.3 Method of manufacturing hybrid PV/T sensor

The solar air collector studied is a simple 270W

power solar panel. Its construction consists of the

following elements: Wood, electric saw, book angles,

black paint, drill, polystyrene, aluminum, and

adhesive. The manufacturing processes of the PV/T

hybrid collector go through four stages as follows

[29]:

Step one: We cut the wood with an electric saw into

5 pieces to form two pieces of dimension (101 cm ×

22 cm × 2 cm), two pieces of (163 cm × 22 cm × 2

cm), and a single piece : (167 cm ×101 cm), then, we

comb the wooden blocks, finally, , the parts are fixed

to form a rectangular dimensional wooden box (167

cm ×101 cm ×22 cm) according to the dimensions of

the solar panel used.

Fig. 3 Cutting and preparation of wood used

according to the dimensions of the panel

Step two: We form four holes in the lower part

(bottom side of the rectangular box), so that each hole

has a diameter of 7 cm, between the hole and the

other a distance of 14 cm for between the air.

Conversely, a lateral hole with a diameter of 10 cm is

drilled in the upper part to release the hot air.

Fig. 4 Formation of holes in the lower and upper

part of rectangular box

Step three: The polystyrene is placed inside the board

(rectangular box) on all sides as thermal insulation to

limit heat losses, and then it is fixed with aluminum

tape.

Fig. 5 Fixing polystyrene and aluminum

Step four: We put the simple solar panel on the

wooden box and install it ready to have a hybrid

aerovoltaic solar panel. The objective of this study is

twofold, to increase the electrical efficiency of the

sensor, that is to say its electrical output, and at the

same time to use this heat for the drying of food

products. The following figure shows the hybrid solar

panel from our study ready to be tested and compared

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with a simple solar panel, after the test should be set

up in the drying chamber.

Fig. 6 Air hybrid PV/T solar collector test bench

2.4 Experimental Instruments

High temperatures negatively affect the electrical

effectiveness of PV solar cells. This problem can be

solved by circulating air under solar cells to improve

electrical efficiency. Temperature readings were

measured by RTD-PT-100 type temperature sensors

at the summit and near the PV module, the

temperature of the inlet, the outlet, the surface of the

PV/T absorber, and the ambient air. Fans give forced

airflow inside the rectangular air duct through the

inlet to cool the PV cells. Using a Davis-type weather

station, the values of solar radiation, wind speed,

external temperature and humidity are obtained

throughout the duration of the experiment. Using a

solar meter, the values of solar radiation under the

solar panel are obtained throughout the duration of

the experiment. We recorded the current and voltage

values using a digital multimeter.

Fig. 7 Davis-type weather station

(a) (b)

Fig. 8 (a) Solar meter and (b) Multimeter used in the

experiment

3 Results

During these tests, we measure the temperatures of

each hybrid thermal sensor component such as the

temperatures of the inlet and outlet of the air cover,

the temperature of the absorber, and the bottom of the

sensor, and the temperature of the middle of the

cover. The purpose of these tests is to show the

thermal behavior of the hybrid system, and its

thermal efficiency. Measurements were taken at the

University of M'sila located in southern Algeria

(latitude: 35.32° N; longitude: 4.23E) altitude 471 m.

This site has a Mediterranean climate with hot

summers. The data is measured and stored every

quarter of an hour as a minimum, the global

horizontal and diffuse solar irradiance in W/m², each

value is measured with a Pyranometer. Other

meteorological parameters such as ambient

temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and

direction are all measured using a weather station

placed on site. We took the data during the test day.

The experimental investigation allowed us to

determine the electrical and thermic characteristics of

the PV-T hybrid solar panel. For define the

performance of empty PV and empty and charged

PV/T panels the three types of panels were

experimentally experimented within an hour and a

half. The panels are positioned at a 35° angle

approximately equivalent to the latitude of the place

to capture the maximum solar energy.

The variation (current/voltage) of the PV and PV/T

module with cell temperature was studied. Figure 9

illustrates the evolution of solar energy gauged in one

hour as a function of time. The solar meter positioned

in two positions; (1) above the solar collector roof to

gauge incident solar energy and (2) straight under the

solar collector roof to gauge the lowering in solar

energy as it pass into by the acrylic roof. The figure

demonstrates that the happening solar energy raises

steadily until the afternoon, peaking at approximately

848 W/m2 about 12:30 p.m. The radiation gauged

underneath the roof observes a comparable

movement. On middle, the magnitude of solar energy

diminishes by approximately 13.5% as it passes via

the acrylic roof. This is principally owing to the low

reflectance and absorbing estate of acrylic roofing

material. There is a borderline deviation in the

irradiance measures at the high of the roof, as

illustrated in the figure showing that the weather

conditions are nearly constant throughout the data

collection period. In addition, there is the tiniest

change in the solar irradiance gauged underneath the

collector roof.

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11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

832

834

836

838

840

842

844

846

848

850

Solar irradiance, G (W/m2)

Time, t (h)

Top of the roof of PV

Under of the roof of PV

11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

5,5

6,0

6,5

7,0

7,5

8,0

Time (h)

intensity, I (A)

Empty solar panel (PV)

Empty hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Gavg=843.2 W/m2, Tambient=24°C,

H%=34%, VWind=20 Km/h,

35°:Inclination angle of site

11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

Time, t(h)

Tension, V (Volt)

Empty solar panel (PV)

Empty hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Gavg=843.2 W/m2, Tambient=24°C,

H%=34%, VWind=20 Km/h,

35°:Inclination angle of site

11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

5,4

5,6

5,8

6,0

6,2

6,4

6,6

6,8

7,0

Time, t (h)

Intensity, I (A)

Empty hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Charging hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Gavg=843.2 W/m2, Tambient=24°C,

H%=34%, VWind=20 Km/h,

35°:Inclination angle of site

Fig. 9 Solar energy gauged on top and under the

collector roof (PV).

Figures (10, 11, 12, and 13) illustrate the variations

of current and voltage according to a means of solar

illumination during a sunny hour G= 843.2 W/m2 but

characterized by cloudy periods. The measurements

are taken on 25/04/2022, the ambient temperature of

which is around 24°C, the humidity H= 34%, with a

wind speed V= 20 Km/h. These figures illustrate the

relationship of the intensity and voltage

characteristics with the change of time for average

solar radiation G. Sunlight is transformed into direct

current thanks to a set of photovoltaic cells. These

currents and voltages delivered depend on the power

of the radiation received, G. Therefore, when the

solar energy increases the currents increase over time

in the two panels (PV and PV/T); hence the current

delivered is very high for a value of sunshine equal to

890 W/m², aaccording to figures (9) and (10), on the

other hand, when the solar energy increases the

impoverished voltages, it can also be deduced that the

temperature intervenes in the heating of the

photovoltaic cells or in the drop in their efficiency.

We note that the variation of the current is greater

than the variation of voltage when the sunshine

increases during a minute slice of 6 minutes, the

temperature stripped linearly; this is due to the

heating of the PV / T solar panel, which is in charge

by incident radiation.

Fig. 10 Evolution of intensity as a function of time

of PV and PV/T empty

Fig. 11 Evolution of intensity as a function of time

of the hybrid PV/T panels with empty and charging

Fig. 12 Evolution of tension as a function of

time of PV panel and PV/T panel empty

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11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

Time, t (h)

Tension, V (Volt)

Empty hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Charging hybrid solar panel (PV/T)

Gavg=843.2 W/m2, Tambient=24°C,

H%=34%, VWind=20 Km/h,

35°:Inclination angle of site

24,2 24,4 24,6 24,8 25,0 25,2 25,4 25,6

6,3

6,4

6,5

6,6

6,7

6,8

6,9

7,0

165 167 169 171

Pawer, P(W)

PPM 171.41 W

6.75 A

25.27 V

Voltage, V (Volt)

Current, I (A)

28,2 28,4 28,6 28,8 29,0 29,2

5,4

5,5

5,6

5,7

5,8

5,9

6,0

Voltage, V (Volt)

Current, I (A)

PPM 169.49 W

28.85 V

5.87 A

169,5

170,0

170,5

171,0

Pa w er, P (W )

32,6 32,7 32,8 32,9 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3

7,7

7,8

7,9

8,0

8,1

264

265

266

267

268

Pawer, P (W)

PPM 266.21 W

8.033 A

33.14 V

Voltage, V (Volt)

Current, I (A)

Fig. 13 Evolution of tension as a function of time of

the hybrid PV/T panels with empty and charging

To see the influence of the additional cover on the

electrical performance of the thermally insulated

collector, we noted the characteristic I (V)

respectively of the empty PV collector, hybrid PV in

charge and insulated vacuum (figure 14).

The maximum power of the thermally insulated

sensor has dropped by for an illumination of 846

W/m2, which is very significant. The cover for hybrid

PV/T has caused a drop in electrical efficiency

compared to single non-isolated PV. Therefore, the

downside covered is the drop in electrical

performance. It is noted that the electrical efficiency

of the covered hybrid sensor has dropped compared

to the efficiency of the uncovered PV.

The maximum current delivered by the hybrid

collector empty or on load under the same conditions

of incident radiation and wind speed, and the

uncovered PV module is presented in figure 14. It can

be said that the presence of the cover increases

performance hybrid sensor and negatively affects its

performance.

(a) Simple PV panel in empty

(b) Hybrid PV/T panel in empty

Fig. 14 (a), (b), and(c) Characteristics I (V) of the

simple PV and the two hybrid sensors under charged

and under empty

Figure 15 shows the variations in temperature

profiles inside the PV/T hybrid panel in load and in

vacuum with solar radiation as a function of time. It

can be seen that the temperature in the PV/T hybrid

panel in vacuum increases with the increase in global

solar radiation, on the other hand, the PV/T hybrid

panel in charge increases slightly due to the forced

convection due to the fan placed in the upper part of

the panel (hot air outlet). This figure shows the outlet

temperature to the drying chamber between 43.5°C

and 44.8°C in the case of a PV/T hybrid panel under

load and between 43.8°C and 47°C in the case of a

vacuum PV/T hybrid panel. This increase in

temperature can be used later for heating premises or

drying food products. The variation between the

PV/T panel outlet and inlet temperatures accentuates

the role of the air channel, which chills every cell (the

absorber) by convection impact.

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11,2 11,4 11,6 11,8 12,0 12,2 12,4

43,5

44,0

44,5

45,0

45,5

46,0

46,5

47,0

832

834

836

838

840

842

844

846

848

850

Solar irradiance, G (W/m

Solar irradiance

Hybrid PV/T panel in charging

Hybrid PV/T panel in empty

Time, t (h)

Interior temperature of the hybrid PV, T (°C)

Fig. 15 Variation of the internal temperature of the

PV/T under empty and charging.

4 Conclusion

We can conclude, according to the previous figures,

that the daily variation of the sunshine shows us that

the maximum irradiation is reached around 11h –

11h: 10 min.

This study, done in a humid zone, allows us to draw

the following remarks:

-The temperature about the surface of the PV/T

hybrid solar panel is a result of the ambient

temperature as well as the intensity of the radiation

captured by the PV/T absorber.

-The thermal module raises the inlet temperature

(between 43.5°C and 44.8°C). This increase in

temperature can be used later for heating premises or

drying agro-food products.

-The change between the inlet and outlet

temperatures accentuates the role of the air channel,

which chills all the cells by convection influence.

The combination of photovoltaic panels with a

thermal air collector improves its performance. The

hot air can be used in various activities such as

agricultural drying, home heating, etc., so it is useful

to supplement the benefits of solar energy. A mix of

energies where solar energy can be used to the

maximum in addition to other renewable energies

where the energy needs can be entirely produced by

its use.

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DOI: 10.37394/23201.2022.21.8

Ali Djegham, Taloub Djedid,

Bouras Abdelkarim, Zied Driss

E-ISSN: 2224-266X

Volume 21, 2022

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