<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<doi_batch version="5.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0 https://www.crossref.org/schemas/crossref5.4.0.xsd" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:fr="http://www.crossref.org/fundref.xsd" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xmlns:rel="http://www.crossref.org/relations.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head>
    <doi_batch_id>NONE</doi_batch_id>
    <timestamp>20260610115300248</timestamp>
    <depositor>
      <depositor_name>wseas/wseas</depositor_name>
      <email_address>content-registration-form+ja@crossref.org</email_address>
    </depositor>
    <registrant>content-registration-form</registrant>
  </head>
  <body>
    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics &amp; Computer Science</full_title>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2769-2477</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>Automated Detection Trend Breaks in the Identification of Ireland's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Accurate Forecasting</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Olubunmi Temitope</given_name>
            <surname>Olorunpomi</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Statistics Federal University Lokoja P.M.B. 1154, Lokoja, Kogi State NIGERIA </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Ajare Emmanuel</given_name>
            <surname>Oloruntoba</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Statistics Federal University Lokoja P.M.B. 1154, Lokoja, Kogi State NIGERIA </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Hafsat Olaide</given_name>
            <surname>Salah</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Library and Information Science University of Abuja P.M.B. 117, Abuja NIGERIA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract>
          <jats:p>The main objective of this study is to use automated forecasting tools in identification of Ireland Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Accurate GDP forecasting is essential for effective economic planning and policy formation. It enables policymakers to anticipate economic downturns and plan accordingly to mitigate their impacts. Economists benefit significantly from improved forecasting models as they provide deeper insights into the underlying economic dynamics. Ireland's economy has experienced several structural shifts over the past few decades. BFAST (Break for Additive, Season and Trend) to identify the components of time series present in the seasonal data of Gross Fixed Capital Formation know as Gross Domestic Product of Ireland GDP. This data is the GDP yearly data of Ireland gross domestic product (Ireland land GDP). The (Ireland GDP) data spanned for the period of thirteen years (2010 to 2022) then 2023 and 2024 is used for data training. The GDP of Ireland is a secondary data obtained from the DataStream of National University Singapore Library. The BFAST (Break for Additive Seasonal and Trend) was utilized to identify the time series components. BFAST only identifies trend and seasonal components while considering all other components as random. Empirical data were employed to BFAST and subsequently determine the next forecasting technique after which forecast is made ahead. The real data findings suggested that BFAST can provide a better time series components identification better than manual process and hence caution should be taken serious. Ireland GDP is sliding, improvement on GDP is urgently necessary or else it get to ruin. Improvement in Iceland GDP is recommended.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>10</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>10</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>1</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">1</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
        <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
        </ai:program>
        <doi_data>
          <doi>10.37394/232028.2026.6.1</doi>
          <resource>https://wseas.com/journals/camcs/2026/a02camcs-001(2026).pdf</resource>
        </doi_data>
        <citation_list>
          <citation key="ref0">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare, E.O. &amp; Ism ail, S. (2 019). Break for Time Series Co mponents (BFTSC) and Group for Tim e Series Co mponents (GFTSC) in Identification of Time Series Components in Univa riate Forecasting. Advanced Research in Dynam ical and Control Systems, Volume 11, 05-Sp ecial Issue 2019, Pag es: 995-1004. http://www.jardcs.org/special-issue.php.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref1">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare, E.O., &amp; Ismail, S. (201 9).Simulation of Data to Contain the F our Time Series Components in Univa riate Forecasting. Advanced Research in Dynam ical and Control Systems, Volume 11, 05-Sp ecial Issue, 2019 Pages: 100 5-1010. http://www.jardcs.org/special-issue.php. Google scholar.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref2">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare E. O. And Ism ail .S. (2019). Comparative study of Manual time series components identification with automated Break for Time Series Components (BFTSC) and Group for Time Series Co mponents (GFTSC) in Identification i n Univariate Forecasting. Published by TEST, Engineering and Managem ent Journal.November-December 2019 ISSN: 0193-4120 Page No. 2826 – 2844. Publication Issue: November-December 2019.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref3">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare. E.O And Adefabi .A (2023). Group for Time Series Components (GFTSC) Identification of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of United Kingdom (UK ). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Academ ia.edu, Google search.Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023, IJISRT1410, ISSN NO:2456- 2165. DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8304849.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare. E, Adefabi And Adeyemo. A (2023). Examining the Efficacy of Break for Time Series Components (BFTSC) and Group for Time Series Co mponents (GFTSC) with Volatile Simulated and E mpirical Data. Asian Journal of Probabil ity and Statistics. Academia.edu, Google search. Volume 8, Issue 7, Jul y 2023, AJPAS 1 03577, 2023, ISSN NO: 2456-2165.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref5">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare, E.O., Adefabi, A. &amp; Olorunpom i, O.T. (2024). Detecting Change in a Volatile Curve United State Stock Market (US SM) with the Use of Autom ated Decomposition for Time Series Co mponents. Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science Volume 17, Issue 5, Pp. 74- 84. Article no. AJRCOS.112710. ISSN: 2581-8260.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref6">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare, E.O., Olorun pomi, O.T., Ohunene, J. E. &amp;Adefabi, A. &amp; (2 024): A. Adefabi (2024): Detecting Change and Forecasting in a Viral Post Epidemic Using Break for Time Series Components (BFTSC). International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics; 9(2): 142-148.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref7">
            <unstructured_citation>Adams, Hayes. (2022). Time series: Analy sis and forecasting. Journal of Statis tical Science, 45(1), 34-56.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref8">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajare, E. O., &amp; Suzilah, K. (2019). EZEE forecasting software: BFTSC and GFTSC for automated forecasting process es. Journal of Forecasting Techniques, 12(4), 233-248.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref9">
            <unstructured_citation>Bai, J., &amp; Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18(1), 1-22.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref10">
            <unstructured_citation>Barry, F. (2000) . Economic integration and convergence processes in the EU coh esion countries. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(3), 289-308.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref11">
            <unstructured_citation>Baron, R. (2006). Time series and economic models. Palgrave Macmillan.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref12">
            <unstructured_citation>Bergin, A., Conefrey, T., FitzGerald, J., &amp; Kearney, I. (2010). The Irish economy today: ALMPs, stimulus, and econom ic recovery. National Institute Economic Review, 213(1), R40-R54.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref13">
            <unstructured_citation>Bildosola, J., Gonzalez, A., &amp; Moral, S. (2017). The formulation of trend components in time series models. Journal of Econom ic Data Science, 15(3), 56-70.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref14">
            <unstructured_citation>Box, G. E., Jenkins, G. M., &amp; Reinsel, G. C. (2008). Time series analysis: Forecasting and control. 4th ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref15">
            <unstructured_citation>Breitung, J., &amp; Candelon, B. (20 06). Testing for short- and long-run causality : A frequency domain approach. Journ al of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref16">
            <unstructured_citation>Chatfield, C. (2016). The analy sis of time series: An introduction. CRC Press.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref17">
            <unstructured_citation>Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., &amp; Te rrones, M. E. (2012). H ow do business and financial cycles interact? Journal of Interna tional Economics, 87(1), 178-190.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref18">
            <unstructured_citation>Clements, M. P., &amp; Hendry, D. F. (1999). Forecasting non-stationary economic time series. MIT Press.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref19">
            <unstructured_citation>Cryer, J. D., &amp; Chan, K. S. (2008). Tim e series analysis: With a pplications in R. Springer.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref20">
            <unstructured_citation>Dorgan, S. (2006). H ow Ireland became th e Celtic Tiger. The Heritage Foundation Lecture, 961, 1-8.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref21">
            <unstructured_citation>Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., &amp; Timmer, M. P. (2015). The next generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref22">
            <unstructured_citation>Hamilton, J. D. (1994). Time seri es analysis. Princeton University Press.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref23">
            <unstructured_citation>Hansen, B. E. (2001). The new econometrics of structural change: Dating breaks in U.S. labor productivity. Journal of Eco nomic Perspectives, 15(4), 117-128.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref24">
            <unstructured_citation>Honohan, P. (2 010). What went wrong in Ireland? Economic and Social Review, 40(4), 497-508.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref25">
            <unstructured_citation>Hyndman, R. J., &amp; Athanaso poulos, G. (2018). Forecasting: Principles and practice. 2nd ed. OTexts.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref26">
            <unstructured_citation>Kirby, P. (2010). C eltic Tiger in collapse: Explaining the weaknes ses of the Irish model. Palgrave Macmillan.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref27">
            <unstructured_citation>Mankiw, N. G. (2020). Principles of economics. 9th ed. Cengage Learning.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref28">
            <unstructured_citation>Nelson, C. R., &amp; Plosser, C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139- 162.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref29">
            <unstructured_citation>Perron, P. (1989). T he great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref30">
            <unstructured_citation>Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref31">
            <unstructured_citation>Samuelson, P. A., &amp; Nordhaus, W. D. (2005). Economics. McGraw-Hill.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref32">
            <unstructured_citation>Shumway, R. H., &amp; Stoffer, D. S. (2017) . Time series analysis and its applica tions: With R examples. Springer.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref33">
            <unstructured_citation>Solow, R. M. (19 56). A contrib ution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref34">
            <unstructured_citation>Storbieski, T. (2 021). Time series analy sis of GDP trends: A pr actical approach. Economic Analysis Journal, 36(4), 123-135.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref35">
            <unstructured_citation>Tahir, M., &amp; Chaudhr y, T. (2017). Deseasonalizing time series for econom ic forecasting. International Journa l of Statistical Analysis, 22(1), 45-60.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref36">
            <unstructured_citation>Verbesselt, J., Hy ndman, R., Newnham, G., &amp; Culvenor, D. (2010). Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite i mage time series using BFAST. Rem ote Sensing o f Environment, 114(1), 106-115.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
        </citation_list>
      </journal_article>
    </journal>
  </body>
</doi_batch>
