An Enhanced Method to Improve Proxy Mobile IPv6 Efficiency

Through Software Defined Network

INDUMATHI LAKSHMI KRISHNAN

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Matrusri Engineering College

Saidabad, Hyderabad

INDIA

Abstract: - This suggested method, called the Software Defined Open-Flow Mechanism of PMIPv6 (SD-

PMIPv6), modifies the Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol to match the Augmented Open-Flow architecture. The

flexibility aspects of the PMIPv6 components, including the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and Local

Mobility Anchor (LMA), are broken apart and rebuilt in order to take use of the Open-Flow strategy. The LMA

components, which serve as the network's Open-Flow controller for the switches, maintain the mobile node's

(MN) location. The contact access entities that are capable of managing MAG signals interact with the MN.

The recommended approach has two primary objectives: (a) separating the control and data planes; and (b)

shortening the handover delay.

Key-Words: - Software Defined Network, Control Plane, Data Plane, Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), Mobile

Access Gateway (MAG), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Open-Flow (OF), Software Defined PMIPv6 (SD-

PMIPv6).

Received: July 9, 2023. Revised: March 15, 2024. Accepted: May 12, 2024. Published: June 24, 2024.

1 Introduction

Based on their geographic location, Internet

Protocol (IP) addresses are used to identify nodes on

the internet [1]. Networks need to be re-designated

since IPv4's limited address space makes it difficult

to deal with impending demands. mostly as a result

of the daily increase in the total amount of users.

The switch from Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4

32 bits) to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6 128

bits) was also required due to the end of the lifespan

of IPv4 addresses [2]. The Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

technology was developed to facilitate portability

based on IPv6 [3]. MIPv6 is executed in the Linux

environment using the Unified Mobile Internet

Protocol (UMIP) [4].

The ground-breaking technology known as

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides

active, controlled, valuable, and adaptable options.

This makes the environment ideal for the high-

bandwidth and dynamic nature of today's activities.

Utilising the Open-Flow protocol is necessary while

developing SDN solutions. [5]. The Open-Flow

Technique (OFT) is a novel technology that

improves network finding routes using the Open-

Flow technique in PMIPv6. The division of network

device responsibilities—access points utilise control

and data operations about forward packets—is the

fundamental component of the Open-Flow concept.

Although software-defined networking has been

effectively applied in data hubs and campus links,

Hampel et al.'s [6] solution for the telecom industry

still requires minimal influence on static landline

and mobile telecom areas. Future PMIPv6

positioning strategy by Devarapalli [7] involves

dividing plane control and data endpoints meant for

the MAG. The device that encapsulates and

decapsulates internet traffic to and from the mobile

node, as well as the one that transduces Proxy

Mobile IPv6 signalling packets, are both assigned

distinct IP addresses. The IP address, commonly

referred to as the Proxy Care-of Address (PCoA), is

contained in the proxy bonding cache element in the

LMA, according to the authors of Gundavelli [8]

and Johnson et al. [9].

Consequently, the LMA uses the same IP address as

the MAG for data transfer as well as signalling

messages. A Unification Plane (UP) through a

system organisation based on PMIPv6 was

described by Wakikawa et al. [10]. According to

Lee et al. [11], there are a number of techniques in

the field for mobility management in IP networks

International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232028.2024.4.4

Indumathi Lakshmi Krishnan

E-ISSN: 2769-2477

Volume 4, 2024

that give mobile nodes spanning heterogeneous

wireless networks session continuation. A method

for OpenFlow-based PMIPv6 in SDN in flexible

networks was proposed by Kim et al. [12]. The goal

of Proxy Mobile IPv6 is to replace locally directed

network mobility with the IP tunnel idea. However,

this strategy is limited because the data and control

planes use the same channel and tunnelling above it.

2 Layout of SD-PMIPv6

PMIPv6 signalling can be eliminated owing to the

co-location of the LMA and MAG activities in the

Augmented Controller, as shown in Fig. 1

Fig. 1: Control plane Configuration in SD-

PMIPv6

As shown in Fig.1, the proposed SD-PMIPv6 design

isolates the control plane from the data and control

planes, and co-locates the LMA and MAG functions

in the Augmented-Controller. The flow tables and

switches are configured, and packet forwarding

based on policies is supported, thanks to the

enhanced information of Open-Flow. By examining

the link layer status data, the PMIPv6 with the MAG

detects the MN connection and disconnection. The

device's MAG function receives the link layer status

with SD-PMIPv6, and it can identify the

establishment of the link layer relationship just like

it can with PMIPv6.

2.1 Data Plane Topology in SD-PMIPv6

According to Open-Flow PMIPv6, the data route in

SD-PMIPv6 has the LMA and MAG actuators

situated in the Augmented Controller as depicted in

Fig. 2. Once migration of the MN is detected, the

LMA and MAG controllers update the flow tables

of the transitional devices on the network between

the entry point and the portal to reflect the change.

Technology allows bandwidth balancing depending

on network status without requiring an IP tunnel.

Fig. 2: Data-plane Packet Forwarding in SD-

PMIPv6

Here is one mobility control entity, two gateway

routers, and three access router in this network

architecture. The intermediate switches link the

interface routers to the gateway routers. The mobile

node's mobility is managed by the mobility

administration entity, which is also in charge of

updating the flow tables in the intermediate switches

as necessary. The mobility management entity

controls the mobile node's link as it roams between

several accessibility networks.

The successful implementation of the suggested SD

-PMIPv6 procedures was evaluated using a variety

of parameters, including handover delay, packet loss

rate, and end-to-end suspension, all of which are

quantified and correlated with the parameters for

PMIPv6 and OPMIPv6. The handover latency

indicates how long it takes the MN to switch

networks. The proportion of packet loss indicates

the number of data packets dropped during the

changeover process. The ultimate latency is the

amount of time needed for a packet to go from a

mobile host to its destination and back.

Fig. 3: SD-PMIPv6 Topology

Evaluating the handover time and packet loss rate of

PMIPv6, OPMIPv6, and SD-PMIPv6 is the main

method used to assess the suggested strategy. The

amount of time that passes between an MN starting

to migrate to a new access network and when it

connects to the new network and resumes data

transmission is known as the handover delay. The

number of packets lost during the handover process

divided by the total amount of packets transferred is

known as the packet loss rate.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the three methods, a

simulation is run using different values for s and

HDLMA-CN. The impact of the session delivery

rate and the hop distance between the LMA and CN

on the handover delay are ascertained by comparing

International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232028.2024.4.4

Indumathi Lakshmi Krishnan

E-ISSN: 2769-2477

Volume 4, 2024

and analysing the outcomes of the simulation. The

simulation's findings indicate that SD-PMIPv6

operates better in the areas of packet loss rate and

handover delay than both PMIPv6 and OPMIPv6,

indicating the efficacy of the suggested strategy in

enhancing mobile network efficiency.

3 Handover Analysis of Proposed

Work

This section explains various PMIPv6 handover

mechanisms and their concerned simulation

analysis.

3.1 Analysis of various PMIPv6 handover

Mechanisms

The following section explains the handover

analysis of the proposed work with other existing

work

3.1.1 Analysis of PMIPv6 Handover

Mechanism

The router soliciting delay (tRS) and the router

advertisement delay (tRA) are represented,

accordingly. The Data Transfer Time (TTD) between

MN and CN during the handover procedure is

represented by this data.

HPMIPV6 = Layer 2 connection + (tPBA + tPBU) +

tRS+tRA+(tAAAreq+tAAAres)+TTDData------------------(1)

In this instance, the Layer 2 link shows how much

time has passed between AP-MAG and MN-AP.

The suspension of the control signal is indicated by

(tPBU + tPBA), and the confirmation signal

interruption is denoted by equation (tAAAreq + tAAAres)

3.1.2 Analysis of OPMIPv6 Handover

Mechanism

Both Open-Flow and PMIPv6 signals are used by

O-PMIPv6. It is anticipated that even before AS

receives the PBA message, the ISs will be finished

via Open-Flow signalling. It happens because the

AS is situated at the farthest distance and Open-

Flow signalling is effectively carried out across a

secure channel. OPMIPv6's handover latency is

therefore equivalent to PMIPv6's. However,

HOPMIPv6 is different from HPMIPv6 in that data

packets are transmitted through OPMIPv6 without

the need for an IP tunnel. Thus, it can be expressed

as follows.

PMIPv6-like handover procedures are used. The

difference is in the signaling and control messages.

The suspension of control signals is signified as

(tPBU + tPBA) and authentication suspension is

signified as tAAAreq + tAAAres. The delay of the control

messages is considered in the following equation.

HOPMIPV6 = Layer 2 connection + (tPBA + tPBU) + tRA+

(tAAAreq + tAAAres) + TTD Data------------------------(2)

3.1.3 Analysis of SD-PMIPv6 Handover

Mechanism

Compared to PMIPv6 and OPMIPv6, the handover

procedure in SD-PMIPv6 is distinct. The LMA and

MAG controller are built inside the router, and the

MN is linked to the Open-Flow switch. The

following equation is the design for the control

message latency.

HSD-PMIPV6 = Layer 2 connection + tPBU + (tAAAreq +

tAAAres) + TTD Data-----------------------------------(3)

SD-PMIPv6 has a lower handover latency than

PMIPv6 and OPMIPv6, as authentication and

control messages are transmitted immediately to the

gateway, with the Open-Flow switch updating the

flow table solely in response to the route's input

3.2 Simulation Analysis of various PMIPv6

handover mechanisms

Next, an analysis is conducted to compare the

performance of OPMIPv6, PMIPv6, and AU-

PMIPv6. The efficiency metric used in this

assessment is handover latency.

Scalability: The system's capacity to manage a high

volume of MNs and handovers [13].

In comparison to PMIPv6 and OPMIPv6, the

simulation's outcomes should show that SD-PMIPv6

can more effectively minimise handover latency and

offer superior scalability.

It is crucial to remember that the simulation findings

might not accurately reflect real-world situations

and could have been inflated by a number of factors,

including hardware constraints, network issues, and

execution specifics[14]. To properly assess SD-

PMIPv6's efficacy, more evaluation and verification

in a real-world setting are required.

According to the simulation structure, the initial

standards of the system values are set for the SD-

PMIPv6 cost analysis. The simulation lasts for thirty

seconds. The mobility session is moving at 100

mbps. Furthermore, the several interfaces in the

simulation reflect in different amounts of seconds.

According to the available research [8], the

simulation's [15] settings are configured.

International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232028.2024.4.4

Indumathi Lakshmi Krishnan

E-ISSN: 2769-2477

Volume 4, 2024

3.2.1. Analysis of PMIPv6 Simulation

The WLAN is the current interface that the MN uses

to start the simulation. In the simulation, Wi-Max

connects at second 11, but the MN sends a signal to

Wi-Max in second 13.9. The simulation indicates

that the MN transmits its signal to 3G at 28 seconds,

whereas 3G begins to function at 24.5 seconds. Fig.

4: shows the PMIPv6 handover graph.

Fig. 4: Simulation Handover Result of PMIPv6

3.2.2. Analysis of OPMIPv6 Simulation

In the simulation, the MN starts off using its original

interface, which is WLAN, and at the eleventh

second, it switches to Wi-Max. However, the MN

connects to Wi-MAX at the thirteenth and twenty-

sixth seconds, respectively, before transitioning to

3G. Fig. 5. The findings of the O-PMIPv6 handover

simulation are displayed graphically.

Fig. 5: Simulation Handover Result of OPMIPv6

3.2.3. Analysis of SD-PMIPv6 Simulation

In this case, the MN first utilises WLAN and then,

at the eleventh second, switches to Wi-Max. But in

the thirteenth second, the MN enters Wi-MAX, and

at the twenty-sixth second, it transitions to 3G. The

OPMIPv6 changeover simulation result is displayed

in Fig. 6, although at the 25th second, the MN

switches to 3G. The outcomes of the SD-PMIPv6

handover scenario are also shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6: Simulation Handover Result of SD-

PMIPv6

3.2.4. Comparison of Handover Latency of SD-

PMIPv6

Handover latencies can be compared between AU-

PMIPv6, PMIPv6, O-PMIPv6, and SD-PMIPv6 to

observe how they differ. The outcomes are clearly

displayed in Fig. 7. Compared to other methods,

PMIPv6 has a longer hand-over latency since it

doesn't fully utilise Open-Flow signalling.

Compared to SD-PMIPv6, O-PMIPv6 appears to

have a longer hand-over latency because it has

separate Open-Flow devices for LMA and MAG.

This analysis clearly shows that the SD-PMIPv6 has

a lower hand-over delay than the methods currently

in use.

Fig. 7: Comparative Analysis of Simulation

Handover Result of Various PMIPv6 protocols

4 Conclusion

SD-PMIPv6 is a version of PMIPv6 for the open-

flow architecture. To enable flexibility in the OF

design, portable activities are placed in the control

units and switches and detached from the PMIPv6

parts. Furthermore, because of its Augmented-

Controller, its proposed technique provides an even

International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232028.2024.4.4

Indumathi Lakshmi Krishnan

E-ISSN: 2769-2477

Volume 4, 2024

more flexible formation architecture that may

increase management volume and endure letdown.

The results of the effectiveness assessment indicate

that SD-PMIPv6 is superior than PMIPv6.

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The author contributed in the present research, at all

stages from the formulation of the problem to the

final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The author has no conflict of interest to declare that

is relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

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International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232028.2024.4.4

Indumathi Lakshmi Krishnan

E-ISSN: 2769-2477

Volume 4, 2024