d555557b-8b84-471c-aa63-0942c678167820250404054813795wseas:wseasmdt@crossref.orgMDT DepositWSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS2224-28991109-952610.37394/23207http://wseas.org/wseas/cms.action?id=40161720251720252210.37394/23207.2025.22https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2025.phpAdeKomaludinFaculty of Economics and Business, Siliwangi University, INDONESIANanangRuslianaFaculty of Economics and Business, Siliwangi University, INDONESIAJumriJumriFaculty of Economics and Business, Siliwangi University, INDONESIAIrmanFirmansyahFaculty of Economics and Business, Siliwangi University, INDONESIAThe main objective of this research is to find out how the level of religiosity influences work skills and wages (labor income) in the Embroidery Home Industry in Sukaraja District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java, Indonesia. By using multivariate analysis with PLS-SEM and multigroup analysis (MGA), the research concluded that the level of religiosity has a significant positive effect on work skills and wages (labor income) both directly and indirectly. This happens to both male and female labor groups, in the Home Embroidery Industry which uses manual or simple technology. This research provides implications for government policy materials in developing countries, especially for Muslim-majority populations, as well as filling research gaps that currently have not been targeted by many researchers.44202544202547048343https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2025/a845107-2759.pdf10.37394/23207.2025.22.43https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2025/a845107-2759.pdf10.1080/13562517.2020.1863345P. Arsenis and M. Flores, “Determinants of students’ salaries in the professional training year,” Teach. High. Educ., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 75 8–771, 2023, do i: 10.1080/13562517.2020.1863345. 10.1080/13504851.2021.1949429D. Bartnik, P. E. Gabriel, and S. Schmitz, “The impact of occupational feminization on the gender wage gap and estimates of wage discrimination,” Appl. Econ. Lett., vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 160 5–1609, 2022, d oi: 10.1080/13504851.2021.1949429. 10.1080/13504851.2020.1738324H. Okajima, K. Yugami, A. Morimoto, S. Okajima, and K. Nakamura, “Firm age and wage determination: evidence from matched employer–employee data in Japan,” Appl. Econ. Lett., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 133 –136, 2021, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2020.1738324. 10.1080/13504851.2017.1332738C. Pargianas, “Education and the minimum wage in the United States,” Appl. Econ. Lett., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 447–450, 2018, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2017.1332738. 10.1080/13504851.2017.1340562C. S. Brunt and A. G. Barilla, “An evaluation of the relationship between minimum wage and unemployment: does the local cost-of-living matter?,” Appl. Econ. Lett., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 493 –498, 2018, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2017.1340562. D. Brandt, “Wage determinants in the Swedish tourism sector,” Scand. J. Hosp. Tour., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1 8–38, 2018, doi: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1206832. 10.1080/19452829.2017.1353350G. Canavire-Bacarreza and F. Rios-Avila, “On the Determinants of Changes in Wage Inequality in Urban Bolivia,” J. Hum. Dev. Capab., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 464–496, 2017, doi: 10.1080/19452829.2017.1353350. A. R. Abdel-khalik and B. B. Ajinkya, Empirical Research in Accounting: A methodological viewpoint. Sarasota, Florida: American Accounting Association, 1979. 10.1080/13547860.2018.1515002J. W. Lee and H. Lee, “Human capital and income inequality*,” J. Asia Pacific Econ., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 554–583, 2018, doi: 10.1080/13547860.2018.1515002. 10.1080/07360932.2016.1155468L. C. Malloy, “The minimum wage, bargaining power, and the top income share,” Forum Soc. Econ., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 75–98, 2020, doi: 10.1080/07360932.2016.1155468. 10.1080/09585192.2021.1878255J. Lamane-Harim, D. Cegarra-Leiva, and M. E. Sánchez-Vidal, “Work–life balance supportive culture: a way to retain employees in Spanish SMEs,” Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2074 – 2106, 2023, doi: 10.1080/09585192.2021.1878255. 10.1080/20479700.2019.1656880R. Askari, S. Rafiei, R. Akbari, E. H. Ebrahimi, A. Dehghani, and M. Shafii, “The relationship between work-life balance and quality of life among hospital employees,” Int. J. Healthc. Manag., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 436–440, 2021, doi: 10.1080/20479700.2019.1656880. 10.1080/09585192.2012.709189A. McCarthy, J. N. Cleveland, S. Hunter, C. Darcy, and G. Grady, “Employee work-life balance outcomes in Ireland: A multilevel investigation of supervisory support and perceived organizational support,” Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1257–1276, 2013, doi: 10.1080/09585192.2012.709189. 10.1080/20479700.2020.1836734M. Aminizadeh, A. Saberinia, S. Salahi, M. Sarhadi, P. Jangipour Afshar, and H. Sheikhbardsiri, “Quality of working life and organizational commitment of Iranian prehospital paramedic employees during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak,” Int. J. Healthc. Manag., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 36 –44, 2022, doi: 10.1080/20479700.2020.1836734. 10.1080/10301763.2009.10669399D. ONG and G. RAMIA, “Study-Work-Life Balance and the Welfare of International Students,” Labour Ind., vol. 20, no . 2, pp . 181–206, 2009, doi: 10.1080/10301763.2009.10669399. 10.1080/09649069.2015.1081225C. Lyonette, “Part-time work, work–life balance and gender equality,” J. Soc. Welf. Fam. Law, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 321 –333, 2015, doi: 10.1080/09649069.2015.1081225. 10.4324/9780429327209R. G. Ehrenberg, R. S. Smith, and K. F. Hallock, Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy, Eight edit. Boston, USA: Addison Wesley, 2021. doi: 10.4324/9780429327209. 10.1080/07350015.2017.1379407H. G. Bloemen, “Collective Labor Supply, Taxes, and Intrahousehold Allocation: An Empirical Approach,” J. Bus. Econ. Stat., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 471–483, 2019, doi: 10.1080/07350015.2017.1379407. 10.1080/15623599.2020.1839705S. G. D. K. Bandara, F. N. Abdeen, V. Disaratna, and B. A. K. S. Perera, “Employee welfare and job satisfaction in the Sri Lankan hotel industry,” Int. J. Constr. Manag., vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 3045– 3054, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15623599.2020.1839705. 10.1080/09585192.2013.763840E. Teti and M. Andriotto, “Effectiveness of employee welfare schemes: differences of specific professional profiles,” Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag., vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 3232 – 3246, 2013, doi: 10.1080/09585192.2013.763840. 10.1080/1226508x.2016.1211813Y. Chang and S. Bin Kim, “On the Aggregate Labor Supply: A Progress Report,” Glob. Econ. Rev., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 275–293, 2016, do i: 10.1080/1226508X.2016.1211813. 10.1080/03075079.2019.1582011I. Iriondo, “Evaluation of the impact of Erasmus study mobility on s alaries and employment of recent graduates in Spain,” Stud. High. Educ., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 925– 943, 2020, doi: 10.1080/03075079.2019.1582011. 10.1080/21632324.2015.1006406O. Gajigo and A. Verdier-Chouchane, “Immigrants, skills and wages in The Gambian labour market,” Migr. Dev., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 16 –36, 2016, doi : 10.1080/21632324.2015.1006406. 10.1080/08832323.2015.1110552K. R. Hamlen and W. A. Hamlen, “Faculty salary as a predictor of student outgoing salaries from MBA programs,” J. Educ. Bus., vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 38 –44, 2016, do i: 10.1080/08832323.2015.1110552. 10.1080/13639080.2019.1617839V. Rudakov and S. Roshchin, “The impact of student academic achievement on graduate salaries: the case of a l eading Russian university,” J. Educ. Work, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 15 6–180, 2019, do i: 10.1080/13639080.2019.1617839. 10.1080/10611932.2018.1433411A. Xuehui, “Teacher Salaries and the Shortage of High-Quality Teachers in China’s Rural Primary and Secondary Schools,” Chinese Educ. Soc., vol. 51, n o. 2, pp. 103 –116, 2018, do i: 10.1080/10611932.2018.1433411. C. F. Tang, “The effect of real wages and inflation on labour productivity in Malaysia,” Int. Rev. Appl. Econ., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 31 1–322, 2014, do i: 10.1080/02692171.2013.872084. 10.1080/1359432x.2017.1358164W. C. Zou and J. Dahling, “Workplace spirituality buffers the effects of emotional labour on employee well-being,” Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., vol. 26, n o. 5, p p. 768–777, 2017, doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2017.1358164. 10.1080/13674676.2010.497963Y. A. Momtaz, T. A. Hamid, R. Ibrahim, N. Yahaya, and S. T. Chai, “Moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between social isolation and psychological wellbeing,” Ment. Heal. Relig. Cult., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 141 –156, 2011, do i: 10.1080/13674676.2010.497963. 10.1080/13674676.2014.1003169C. Mollidor, N. Hancock, and M. Pepper, “Volunteering, religiosity and well-being: interrelationships among Australian churchgoers,” Ment. Heal. Relig. Cult., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 20–32, 2015, doi: 10.1080/13674676.2014.1003169. 10.1080/00207590701700529A. Leondari and V. Gialamas, “Religiosity and psychological well-being,” Int. J. Psychol., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 241–248, 2009, doi: 10.1080/00207590701700529. 10.1080/1360080x.2019.1660045L. M. Thien and H. Jamil, “Students as ‘Customers’: unmasking course experience and satisfaction of undergraduate students at a Malaysian Research University,” J. High. Educ. Policy Manag., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 579–600, 2020, doi: 10.1080/1360080X.2019.1660045. 10.1080/15378020.2021.1935188K. A. Lim, S. Ham, H. Y. Moon, Y. J. Jang, and C. S. Kim, “How does food choice motives relate to subjective well-being and loyalty? A cross-cultural comparison of vegan restaurant customers in South Korea and Singapore,” J. Foodserv. Bus. Res., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 168–208, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15378020.2021.1935188. 10.1080/00223980.2020.1754153M. Alavi, A. A. Latif, M. T. Ninggal, M. S. Mustaffa, and M. Amini, “Family Functioning and Attachment Among Young Adults in Western and Non-Western Societies,” J. Psychol. Interdiscip. Appl., vol. 154, no. 5, pp. 346 –366, 2020, do i: 10.1080/00223980.2020.1754153. 10.1080/2331186x.2020.1746105R. R. Mohammadi, M. Saeidi, and S. Ahangari, “Self-regulated learning instruction and the relationships among selfregulation, reading comprehension and reading problem solving: PLS-SEM approach,” Cogent Educ., vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2020.1746105. 10.1080/12460125.2020.1824566M. A. Erskine, D. G. Gregg, and J. Karimi, “Individual characteristics and geospatial reasoning ability: a multigroup analysis of age, culture, and gender,” J. Decis. Syst., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 451–473, 2022, doi: 10.1080/12460125.2020.1824566. 10.1080/2374068x.2021.1948699M. Iqbal, M. Dipu, M. Masfiq, and A. Rashid, “Investigation to identify the causes of low back pains among garment workers of a sel ected garment factory in Bangladesh,” Adv. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 32 81–3296, 2022, doi: 10.1080/2374068X.2021.1948699. 10.2147/jmdh.s240195D. Syahrizal et al., “The differences in perceptions of interprofessional education among health profession students: The Indonesian experience,” J. Multidiscip. Healthc., vol. 13, pp. 4 03–410, 2020, doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S240195. 10.1080/13504850500461399K. W. Ho and R. Tan, “Nonmonotonic relationship between human capital and unemployment: An exploratory study with empirical evidence on Singapore,” Appl. Econ. Lett., vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 1177–1185, 2008, doi: 10.1080/13504850500461399. 10.54055/ejtr.v6i2.134J. F. Hair, C. M. Ringle, G. T. M. Hult, and M. Sarstedt, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), vol. 46. S AGE Publications, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.002. 10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203J. F. Hair, J. J. Risher, M. Sarstedt, and C. M. Ringle, “When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM,” Eur. Bus. Rev., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 2 –24, 2019, doi : 10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203. 10.2753/mtp1069-6679190202J. F. Hair, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt, “PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet,” J. Mark. Theory Pract., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1 39–152, 2011, doi: 10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202. 10.1080/2331186x.2017.1355610M. T. Yazdi, K. Motallebzadeh, H. Ashraf, and P. Baghaei, “A latent variable analysis of continuing professional development constructs using PLS-SEM modeling,” Cogent Educ., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2017, doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2017.1355610. U. Narimawati, A. Azhar, J. Sarwono, and S. Priadana, Ragam Analisis dalam Metode Penelitian, Pertama. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: ANDI, 2020. Q. Ibrahim, “The Role of Financial Technology in Enhancing the Efficiency of Financial Performance: an Applied Study on a Sample of Small,” World Econ. Financ. Bull., vol. 9, no. A pril, pp. 40 –50, 2022, [Online]. https://www.scholarexpress.net/index.php/w efb/article/view/780 (Accessed Date: July 1, 2024).