<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_batch version="5.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0 https://www.crossref.org/schemas/crossref5.4.0.xsd" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:fr="http://www.crossref.org/fundref.xsd" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xmlns:rel="http://www.crossref.org/relations.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head>
    <doi_batch_id>NONE</doi_batch_id>
    <timestamp>20251231141634482</timestamp>
    <depositor>
      <depositor_name>wseas/wseas</depositor_name>
      <email_address>content-registration-form+ja@crossref.org</email_address>
    </depositor>
    <registrant>content-registration-form</registrant>
  </head>
  <body>
    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS</full_title>
        <issn media_type="print">1109-9526</issn>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2224-2899</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>Optimising Traffic Congestion in Lagos using Machine Learning: A Case Study on Impacts on Students, Health, Education, and Businesses</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Koziba</given_name>
            <surname>Motlhabane</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>School of Science Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, 318, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, zip code: 310023, CHINA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Tao</given_name>
            <surname>Xiangxing</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>School of Science Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, 318, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, zip code: 310023, CHINA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract xml:lang="en">
          <jats:p>The expansion of urban transport systems and the increase in population have led to severe traffic congestion, causing significant inconvenience to people. In Lagos, Nigeria, traffic congestion has long been a persistent problem, affecting students' academic performance, public health, educational outcomes, and business productivity. This study examines the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques to mitigate the adverse effects of traffic congestion in Lagos, with implications for students, health, education, and businesses. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis with qualitative insights from stakeholders. The findings indicate that machine learning models, such as KNN, ARIMA, and GARCH, particularly those utilizing real-time data and predictive analytics, can be used to prevent major traffic jams and reduce congestion impacts both in the short term and long term by altering people's transportation habits. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and suggestions for future research directions.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>12</month>
          <day>31</day>
          <year>2025</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>12</month>
          <day>31</day>
          <year>2025</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>2677</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">210</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
        <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
        </ai:program>
        <doi_data>
          <doi>10.37394/23207.2025.22.210</doi>
          <resource>https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2025/e265107-056(2025).pdf</resource>
        </doi_data>
        <citation_list>
          <citation key="ref0">
            <unstructured_citation>Auwalu, F. K., &amp; Bello, M. (2023). Exploring the contemporary challenges of urbanization and the role of sustainable urban development: a study of Lagos City, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 7(1), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2023.v7n1-12. DOI: 10.25034/ijcua.2023.v7n1-12</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref1">
            <unstructured_citation>Xiao, A. H. (2022). The congested city and situated social inequality: Making sense of urban (im) mobilities in Lagos, Nigeria. Geoforum, 136, 312-320 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.04.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.04.012</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref2">
            <unstructured_citation>Afolabi, O. J., Oluwaji, O. A., &amp; Fashola, O. K. (2017). Socio-economic impact of road traffic congestion on urban mobility: a case study of Ikeja local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 18(2), 246-255.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref3">
            <unstructured_citation>Olaniyi, T. K., &amp; Agbaje, A. A. (2024). Integrated solutions for urban sustainability in Lagos, Nigeria: enhancing housing accessibility and transportation efficiency. International Journal of Innovative Business Strategies, 10(1), 657-662. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijibs.2046.3626.2024.0 081. DOI: 10.20533/ijibs.2046.3626.2024.0081</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>Aremu, A. (2020). Health Implications of Traffic Congestion in Lagos. Public Health Journal, 25(3), 78-90.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref5">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajayi, S. A., Adams, C. A., Dumedah, G., Adebanji, A. O., &amp; Ackaah, W. (2023). The impact of traffic mobility measures on vehicle emissions for heterogeneous traffic in Lagos City. Scientific African, 21, e01822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01822. DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01822</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref6">
            <unstructured_citation>Bamidele, O. (2021). The Impact of Traffic Congestion on Business Productivity in Lagos. Business and Management Journal, 19(2), 45- 58.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref7">
            <unstructured_citation>Bello, S. (2018). Environmental Pollution from Traffic Congestion in Lagos. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(4), 123- 135.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref8">
            <unstructured_citation>Nguyen, N. P., &amp; Mogaji, E. (2022). Information technology for enhancing transportation in developing countries. In Management and information technology in the digital era: Challenges and perspectives (pp. 81-94). Emerald Publishing Limited https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877- 636120220000029006. DOI: 10.1108/S1877-636120220000029006</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref9">
            <unstructured_citation>Dada, O. (2020). Traffic Congestion and Urban Mobility in Lagos. Urban Mobility Review, 16(2), 45-59.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref10">
            <unstructured_citation>Ajayi, S. A., Adams, C. A., Dumedah, G., Adebanji, O. A, Ababio-Donkor, A., Ackaah, W, &amp; Kehinde, A. (2023). Public perceptions of vehicular traffic emissions on health risk in Lagos Nigeria: A critical survey. Heliyon, 9(5) doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15712. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15712</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref11">
            <unstructured_citation>Fagbemi, T. (2021). Traffic Congestion and its Effects on Education in Lagos. Education Research Quarterly, 18(1), 23-35.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref12">
            <unstructured_citation>Akanmu, A. A., Salisu, U. O., Gbadamosi, K. T., &amp; Sonde, D. R. (2025, June). Livability assessment and socioeconomic impact indicators in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. In Forum Geografic (Vol. 24, No. 1). DOI: 10.5775/fg.2025.1.3678</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref13">
            <unstructured_citation>Chidi, O. C., &amp; Badejo, A. E. (2024). Emerging Issues in The Development of Lagos as A Mega-City. UDS International Journal of Development, 11(1), 1092-1104.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref14">
            <unstructured_citation>Ige, A. (2019). The Role of Infrastructure in Traffic Management in Lagos. Infrastructure Development Review, 13(2), 56-69.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref15">
            <unstructured_citation>Johnson, A. (2021). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Mental Health in Lagos. Mental Health Journal, 26(3), 78-90.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref16">
            <unstructured_citation>Kareem, A. (2018). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Economic Growth in Lagos. Economic Growth Review, 14(2), 34-45.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref17">
            <unstructured_citation>Audu, M. O., &amp; Adeiza, O. M. (2024). Overview of Nigeria’s Infrastructural Development. CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development, 7(3), 10. https://doi.org/10.7454/jid.v7.i3.1148. DOI: 10.7454/jid.v7.i3.1148</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref18">
            <unstructured_citation>Madu, C. (2019). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Urban Sustainability in Lagos. Urban Sustainability Review, 16(1), 23-36.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref19">
            <unstructured_citation>Nwankwo, S. (2021). The Role of Public Policy in Traffic Management in Lagos. Public Policy Journal, 19(2), 45-58.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref20">
            <unstructured_citation>Ogunmefun, C. (2018). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Environmental Quality in Lagos. Environmental Quality Journal, 25(4), 123-135.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref21">
            <unstructured_citation>Mogaji, E. (2022). Cycling in Lagos: the challenges, opportunities, and prospects. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 14, 100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100608. DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100608</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref22">
            <unstructured_citation>Oladokun, O. (2019). The Impact of Traffic Congestion on Public Health in Lagos. Public Health Journal, 17(3), 78-92.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref23">
            <unstructured_citation>Oluwole, A. (2021). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Education in Lagos. Education Research Quarterly, 18(1), 23-35.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref24">
            <unstructured_citation>Mobolaji, D., Adebayo, A., Emmanuel, A., &amp; Daramola, O. (2025). Infrastructure Delivery in Public Housing Estates of Lagos, Nigeria. TheJournalish: Social and Government, 6(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.55314/tsg.v6i2.879. DOI: 10.55314/tsg.v6i2.879</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref25">
            <unstructured_citation>Oyinloye, A. (2020). Traffic Congestion and Urban Development in Lagos. Urban Development Journal, 20(1), 34-47.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref26">
            <unstructured_citation>Otuoze, S. H., Hunt, D. V., &amp; Jefferson, I. (2021). Neural network approach to modelling transport system resilience for major cities: case studies of lagos and kano (Nigeria). Sustainability, 13(3), 1371. doi: 10.3390/su13031371. DOI: 10.3390/su13031371</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref27">
            <unstructured_citation>Beitelmal, W. H., Nwokolo, S. C., Meyer, E. L., &amp; Ahia, C. C. (2024). Exploring adaptation strategies to mitigate climate threats to transportation infrastructure in Nigeria: Lagos City, as a case study. Climate, 12(8), 117. doi: 10.3390/cli12080117. DOI: 10.3390/cli12080117</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref28">
            <unstructured_citation>Taiwo, A. (2018). Traffic Congestion and its Impact on Economic Growth in Lagos. Economic Growth Review, 14(2), 34-45.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref29">
            <unstructured_citation>Otuoze, S. H., Hunt, D. V., &amp; Jefferson, I. (2021). Monitoring spatial-temporal transition dynamics of transport infrastructure space in urban growth phenomena: a case study of Lagos—Nigeria. Frontiers in Future Transportation, 2, 673110. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2021.673110. DOI: 10.3389/ffutr.2021.673110</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
        </citation_list>
      </journal_article>
    </journal>
  </body>
</doi_batch>