Self-Efficacy, Alertness and Work-Family Conflict Toward Women

Entrepreneurial Success

MALIANI MOHAMAD1,a, RUSNIFAEZAH MUSA2,b, AZIZI ABU BAKAR1,c,

SITI NUR ZAHIRAH OMAR3,d, RAZLI RAMLI4,e, CHE MOHD SYAHARUDDIN CHE COB3,f

1Universiti Utara Malaysia,

Sintok, Kedah,

MALAYSIA

2Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA),

MALAYSIA

3Universiti Teknologi MARA,

Kelantan Branch, Machang Campus,

MALAYSIA

4Universiti Teknologi, Kuala Lumpur,

MALAYSIA

aORCiD: https://orchid.org/0000-0002-6162-0460

bORCiD: https://orchid.org/0000-0002-3803-6127

cORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9982-5608

dORCiD: https://orchid.org/0000-0003-0195-7376

eORCiD: https://orchid.org/0000-0001-9614-5690

fORCiD: https://orchid.org/0000-0002-9509-7946

Abstract: - Over the last few decades, the rise in women's entrepreneurship has been influenced by greater

access to education, changing societal attitudes, advancements in technology, and initiatives aimed at

empowering women in the business world. The increasing number of women entrepreneurs worldwide, is

attributed to technological advancements and a decrease in job opportunities in both government and private

sector. As a developing country, Malaysia also has a considerable number of women entrepreneurs taking

advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities due to limited prospects and desire to have more quality time with

their families. This research delves into the correlation between self-efficacy, alertness, and work-family

conflict toward the success of women entrepreneurs. Recognizing that women play a crucial role in family

management and business, this study investigates the moderating effect of work-family conflict on the

relationship between self-efficacy, alertness, and the success of 300 women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. 300

successful women entrepreneurs participated through an online survey method and the data gathered were

analyzed through the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 22 and SmartPLS 3.0.

Key-Words: - women, entrepreneurial success, women entrepreneur, women entrepreneurial success, work-

family conflict, self-efficacy, alertness, moderating effect.

Received: April 26, 2023. Revised: February 19, 2024. Accepted: March 11, 2024. Published: April 5, 2024.

1 Introduction

Women are not excluded from the natural roles as

housekeepers, who manage families even with a

high level of education background and living in an

urban environment. Women are always committed

when it comes to family matters. For women, family

is a priority. The pure feeling the motherly love

towards their children and family always made

women strong in facing challenges. Women tend to

choose careers and dual roles as wives and mothers.

Being an entrepreneur is a good choice among

women nowadays because of the shrinkage of job

opportunities in the market, besides the flexible

hours in running own business compared to being

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS

DOI: 10.37394/23207.2024.21.76

Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

E-ISSN: 2224-2899

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under-employed. However, running a business from

the start-up to the established level is not simple. An

entrepreneur needs energy, focus, sources of

finances, and a lot more.

The chaotic life of a woman causes them to be

often less concerned with the emotional and mental

condition, commonly exposed to work-family

conflict. Women will easily stressed in balancing

their everyday lives. It disturbs their personal or

family life and degrades the work's quality, so they

cannot reach maximum performance levels or

success. Researchers studying the conflict between

family and entrepreneurship roles have suggested

that an elevated level of demand in the family role

contributes to work-family conflict, [1], resulting in

heightened life stress. Nevertheless, family life and

entrepreneurship intertwine with [1], [2], [3], [4],

describing family as very important in life.

Numerous women in developing nations, including

Malaysia, engage in entrepreneurship as a means to

supplement their income, while others transition

from employment to entrepreneurial pursuits. In the

new era of technology nowadays, women are driven

to explore business ventures due to the market's

limited job opportunities, [5].

The socio-demographic and political changes

also being among the external factors towards

opportunities in entrepreneurship. Socio-

demographic factors can significantly influence the

involvement of women entrepreneurs in various

ways. These factors encompass characteristics

related to social and economic demographics and

can shape women to opportunities, challenges, and

experiences in entrepreneurship.

2 Literature Review

2.1 Women Entrepreneurs in Malaysia

Entrepreneurship has become the main agenda in

Malaysia. Over the recent decades, significant

strides have been made in reducing the disparity in

women's roles in a developing country such as

Malaysia. This advancement is noticeable both in

absolute and relative terms, encompassing increased

rates of female workforce engagement, progress in

women's productive endeavors, heightened

participation in education, and enhancements in

health status. The total population of women in

Malaysia for the year 2021 was 15.6 million , with

the majority being 15 to 64 years old, [6]. In

Malaysia, there are three main ethnicities, namely

the Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Women in

Malaysia are among the traditional mothers who

provide their time to comfort and take care of the

families while their men are working to feed the

families.

According to the research statistics by Global

Entrepreneurship Monitor, Malaysia is categorized

among three developing nations in Asia, alongside

China and Thailand. It is noteworthy that, among

these Asian developing countries, Malaysia exhibits

the lowest Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial

Activity (TEA) for female adults aged 18 to 64

years, as compared to Thailand and China, [7]. Most

women avoid taking risks in business and are

involved in micro and small enterprises rather than

other more prominent industries. A limitation still

diverts women entrepreneurs in Malaysia from

endeavoring success in entrepreneurship wholly.

2.2 Women's Entrepreneurial Success

Women's entrepreneurial success is a dynamic and

evolving process, influenced by a combination of

internal and external factors. Recognizing and

addressing these factors can contribute to creating a

supportive environment where women entrepreneurs

can thrive and make significant contributions to the

business world.

The success of women entrepreneurs is a

multifaceted concept. The key elements that

contribute to women's entrepreneurial success

include leadership skills, innovation and

adaptability, financial management, networking and

relationship building, access to resources, education

and skill development, resilience and persistence,

strategic planning, work-life integration, social

impact, and also community involvement.

According to [8], conflict can lead to success

under certain circumstances. While conflict is often

associated with challenges and tension, it can also

catalyze positive change and improvement.

Successful women entrepreneurs may contribute to

the empowerment of others, particularly by creating

opportunities for women in the workforce,

mentoring emerging entrepreneurs, or advocating

for gender equality in business. Success may be

assessed through various metrics, including the

entrepreneur's financial profits, the employment

opportunities generated by the entrepreneur, and the

sustained duration of the firm's existence, [8].

2.3 Alertness

[9], introduced and delved into the concept of

alertness or opportunity recognition. The

identification of entrepreneurial opportunities has

been recognized as a fundamental behavior in

entrepreneurship. In line with [10], entrepreneurial

alertness is defined as a unique set of skills that

involve the perceived processing of information.

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Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

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recognized as an intellectual engine propelling the

identification of opportunities. This study views

alertness as a multidimensional variable, including

scanning and search (S&S), association and

connection (A&C), and lastly, evaluation and

judgment (E & J). Alertness is a notion that

typically denotes the condition of being watchful,

focused, and mentally responsive to stimuli in one's

surroundings. alertness involves diverse cognitive

and physiological processes that impact an

individual's wakefulness and awareness.

The [10], supports Kirzner's theory by asserting

that alertness hinges on the capability to perceive

signals of change accurately. The ability of a

person’s alertness leads to the quality of the

decision-making. Decision-making is an essential

element in the entrepreneurship field.

The effectiveness of entrepreneurial alertness in

discerning opportunities within environmental

complexity has the potential to unlock previously

untapped profits, consequently contributing to the

success of women entrepreneurs.

2.4 Self-Efficacy

According to [11], self-efficacy is referring to an

individual's subjective assessment, and it reflects

their ability to organize and execute actions required

to accomplish specific tasks. Notably, studies

indicate that, on average, females express lower

confidence in their entrepreneurial abilities than

males, [11]. There are a few numbers of research on

entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE). In the context of

entrepreneurship, high entrepreneurial self-efficacy

is associated with a greater likelihood of taking

entrepreneurial actions, persisting in the face of

obstacles, and being resilient in the dynamic

business environment. Individuals with solid

entrepreneurial self-efficacy are more inclined to

identify and pursue opportunities, manage

uncertainties, and adapt to the challenges inherent in

the entrepreneurial journey. Interestingly, evidence

suggests this gender disparity in self-efficacy

emerges early among young adults and adolescents,

[12], [13]. Self-efficacy is a reflection of an

individual's confidence in their ability to succeed in

specific situations. Understanding one's beliefs

regarding their capacity to exert influence in various

circumstances plays a crucial role in shaping their

ability to face challenges and helps make effective

decisionsIndividuals tend to be highly motivated to

take on challenging tasks and seek new experiences

when their self-efficacy is slightly above their

current skill levels, [14]. Individuals with high self-

efficacy exhibit a more significant commitment to

task completion and demonstrate more resilience

than those people with low levels of self-efficacy,

[15]. Self-efficacy beliefs represent a pivotal aspect

of human motivation and behavior, shaping actions

that have the potential to profoundly influence one's

life and contribute to success in entrepreneurial

endeavors.

2.5 Work-Family Conflict as Moderator

Work-family conflict is typically characterized as a

clash between the demands of work and family

roles, where pressures from these domains are

mutually incompatible in certain aspects. On the flip

side, work-family conflict arises when behaviors,

moods, stresses, and emotions stemming from the

work domain exert either negative or positive

impacts on the family sphere, as outlined in [16].

[17], were among the researchers that first defined

work-family conflict, [18], who explored how

individuals navigating inter-role responsibilities

experience conflict in their work. In another study,

[18], examined the moderating impact of work-

family conflict. Additionally, [19], delved into

exploring the moderating influence of work-family

conflict on the effects of childbearing on subjective

well-being. Work-family conflict (WFC), as studied

by [20], was considered a unidimensional construct

and has significantly influenced women

entrepreneurs' success. Numerous researchers,

including, [21], [22], have examined the relationship

of work-family conflict and entrepreneurial success.

Studying conflict holds importance due to its

function as a driver for change. Every resolution of

a conflict leads to enduring transformations within

the social system in which it took place. The

evolution of changes and adaptations within the

social system follows the resolution of conflicts.

Factors contributing to work-family conflict for

women may include long working hours, inflexible

work schedules, limited access to supportive

workplace policies (such as flexible hours or

parental leave), and societal expectations regarding

traditional gender roles. Striking a balance between

career aspirations and family obligations can be a

constant challenge. Consequently, conflict may

serve as a moderator, either boosting and fortifying

the determination of women entrepreneurs for

greater success or demotivating them. When

considering work-family conflict as a moderator, it

pertains to its role in influencing the strength or

direction of the relationship between two variables.

In the realm of women entrepreneurs, numerous

philosophers and psychological theorists agreed that

having a sense of control over behavior,

environment, thoughts, and feelings is paramount

for achieving happiness and overall well-being. In a

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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2024.21.76

Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

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world perceived as predictable and manageable, it is

important to know how to control behaviors,

thoughts, and emotions so that a person can have a

better perception to confront life's challenges,

nurture positive relationships, and attain personal

satisfaction and peace of mind. The stress resulting

from work-family conflict may influence an

individual's self-efficacy, affecting the capacity to

achieve life satisfaction and succeed in the career.

While work-family conflict poses unique

challenges, it does not necessarily preclude success.

Like their male counterparts, women entrepreneurs

can employ strategies to effectively manage and

navigate the demands of their professional and

personal lives. Success in entrepreneurship often

involves resilience, adaptability, and adequate time

and stress management.

3 Proposed Framework

The proposed framework is supported by the Social

Behavioral Theory and Role Theory. As clarified by

[23], attribution theory pertains to how social

perceivers utilize information to formulate causal

explanations for events. It delves into the process of

gathering information and how it is amalgamated to

shape a causal judgment, [23]. In measuring the

instrument, the five-point Likert scale is chosen.

Fig. 1: Proposed Theoretical Framework

Based on Figure 1, the objectives of this research

are:

i. To determine the significant relationship

between self-efficacy and women's

entrepreneurial success.

ii. To examine the significant relationship

between alertness and women's

entrepreneurial success.

iii. To analyze the relationship between the

work-family conflict and women's

entrepreneurial success

iv. To analyze the moderating effect of work-

family conflict on the relationship between

self-efficacy and women's entrepreneurial

success

v. To analyze the moderating effect of work-

family conflict on the relationship between

self-efficacy and women's entrepreneurial

success.

4 Methodology

According to [24], it is imperative to define margins

of error when determining the sample size. This is

essential to ensure accuracy and appropriateness,

ensuring that the selected sample effectively

represents the characteristics of the entire

population. According to the Global

Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the definition of

a successful business is when the business was

established for more than 36 months to 48 months.

The registered businesses in the CCM until Dec

2022 were 8,481,655, with 7,347,074 being sole

proprietorships and a total of 1,455,284 being

partnership.

The unit of analysis in this research was

individual. The target population was according to

the criteria such as the women must currently play

an active role in managing their businesses. The

women entrepreneurs must operate the business for

at least 36 months and the business must be a stand-

alone business.

This study employed a stratified random

sampling technique, which involves dividing or

stratifying the population into distinct and mutually

exclusive groups. As explained earlier, subjects

were then randomly selected from each stratum,

[25]. The stratified random sampling technique is

typically chosen when a large population consists of

several subpopulations. Simultaneously, it was

anticipated that similarities would prevail in terms

of women's responsibilities, networking

environments, and adherence to similar national

policies and business procedures. Table 1 provides a

summary of the instrumental approach used in this

study. The success variable (dependent) was

adapted from Lau, Shaffer, and Au (2007),

consisting of 19 items. The alertness variable was

adapted from Kirzner (1973,1999) and consists of

13 items in 3 dimensions. The self-efficacy variable

was adopted from Matthias Jerusalem and Ralf

Schwarzer (1981) and consists of 10 items. While

the work-family conflict variable (moderator) was

adopted from Netemeyer and Boles (1996),

consisting of 5 items.

Alertness

Women

Entrepreneurial

Success

Work-Family Conflict

Self-efficacy

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Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

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Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

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Table 1. Research Instruments

Variable Type

Items

Sources

Success

Lau, Shaffer and Au (2007)

Alertness

Self-efficacy

Kirzner (1973,1999)

Matthias Jerusalem & Ralf

Schwarzer (1981)

Work-family

Conflict

Netemeyer & Boles (1996)

Data were gathered using fully structured and

closed-ended questionnaires. The study utilized the

internet-based electronic survey method, employing

a questionnaire administered through Google

Survey (Google Docs.). An internet survey was

chosen to enable the researcher to reach a broader

geographical area and collect a substantial amount

of data at a relatively low cost. A total of 300

completed questionnaires were collected and

subsequently analyzed through the SPSS and Smart

PLS.

5 Analysis and Findings

5.1 Demographic

Respondent’s demographic profile describes the

background of 300 profiles of successful women

entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The descriptive statistics

results postulate that 10.4%(24) of respondents are

single,65.6%(151) are married and the other

23.9%(55) are divorcees. 57%(131) of the

respondents are doing online business while the

other 43%(99) are not doing online business at all.

The education of respondents illustrates that higher

education (degree, master & phd holders) are at

39.1% while middle education (stpm, certificate &

diploma holders) are 42.2% while the rest are from

the high school level.

5.2 Assessment of Internal Consistency and

Convergent Validity

The measurement model for this research is shown

in Figure 2. Table 2 is the summarization of the

result on the 1st and 2nd order measurement model

(Figure 2). All the constructs in this study presented

a composite reliability (CR) exceeding 0.80 and

average variance extracted (AVE) above 0.5, which

fulfill the condition of the measurement model to

proceed to the next analysis in structural model.

There are a few items deleted to achieve the AVE.

Fig. 2: Measurement Model

Table 2. Results of the Measurement Model

5.3 Structural Model

The structural model as attached in Figure 3, shows

the moderation effect, and the model was analyzed

through 1000 bootstrapping.

Fig. 3: Structural Model

CONSTRUCTS

1st Order

2nd Order

Items

Loadings

AVE

No. of

Indicators

Scanning & Search (S&S)

0.683

0.738

0.851

0.658

3(6)

0.861

0.876

Association and Connection

(A&C)

0.777

0.698

0.831

0.622

3(3)

0.748

0.838

Evaluation and Judgement

(E&J)

A10

0.793

0.739

0.836

0.562

4(4)

A11

0.703

A12

0.789

A13

0.708

ALERTNESS (AL)

(S&S)

0.726

0.682

0.836

0.671

(A&C)

0.833

(E&J)

0.890

SELF-EFFICACY (SE)

SE5

0.749

0.821

0.869

0.525

6(10)

SE6

0.730

SE7

0.753

SE8

0.713

SE9

0.691

SE10

0.783

WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT

(WFC)

WFC1

0.851

0.927

0.860

0.557

5 (5)

WFC2

0.595

WFC3

0.664

WFC4

0.875

WFC5

0.706

SUCCESS (SUCC)

SUCC 3

0.657

0.892

0.911

0.507

10 (19)

SUCC4

0.762

SUCC5

0.683

SUCC6

0.723

SUCC7

0.690

SUCC8

0.716

SUCC9

0.744

SUCC10

0.783

SUCC11

0.701

SUCC12

0.645

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Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

E-ISSN: 2224-2899

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Indirect

effect (ß)

STDEV

T-statistic

Result

ALWFCSUCC

-0.087

0.088

0.988

Not

Significant

SE WFCSUCC

-0.194

0.187

1.039

Not

Significant

5.4 Direct Relationship

Table 3 recounted the result of the direct

relationship between self-efficacy (SE), alertness

(AL), and women entrepreneurs’ success (SUCC).

The result shows that self-efficacy and alertness

towards women's entrepreneurial success are

significant while work-family conflict and women

entrepreneurial success is not significant.

Table 3. Result of Direct Relationship

5.5 Indirect Relationship

Table 4 indicates the result of the moderating effect

of work-family conflict on alertness and self-

efficacy towards women entrepreneurs’ success

(SUCC). The result shows no significant moderation

effect of work-family conflict towards both

independent variables.

Table 4. Result of Indirect Relationship

R square 1 denotes the coefficient value before

introducing the moderating effect, while R square 2

reflects the coefficient value after incorporating the

moderating effect. The disparity between the two R

square values indicates a noticeable difference. The

R2 values indicate a modest impact of the predictors

(alertness, self-efficacy, and work-family conflict)

on the dependent variable (success).

6 Conclusion and Recommendation

The field of entrepreneurship is crucial in the

economic development of any country.

Entrepreneurial activities can boost the economy

and improve the standard of living for the

population in a country. Entrepreneurship serves as

a driver of innovation, opening up numerous job

opportunities for the community. Through

entrepreneurship, various developments take place,

leading to the advancement of regions.

Entrepreneurs contribute to the economy through

the introduction of new ideas and technologies.

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role as a job creator,

absorbing the workforce, and fostering economic

growth. Successful entrepreneurs can inspire others

by identifying key elements and aspects related to

their success. The findings of this study offer

implications that can be utilized for examining and

evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of women

entrepreneurs, facilitating their endurance and

success in the business realm. Additionally, the

information from this study can serve as a stimulus

and a means for national leaders to assist and

encourage women to progress in their respective

fields. To avoid conflict, stakeholders can

proactively enhance time management skills

between business and family management. The

results of this study can catalyze fostering the

development and accomplishments of women

entrepreneurs, ensuring they keep pace with the

rapid advancements in globalization and technology.

Past research [26], [27], consistently indicates that

women entrepreneurs have played a significant role

in reducing poverty and expediting the achievement

of broader socio-economic goals.

Consequently, women's entrepreneurship has

become a key focus for policymakers in developing

countries for several decades. However, their

contribution depends on their performance, and the

motivating factors or circumstances leading to their

success are not identified. As a result, there is

currently a lack of research aimed at examining the

factors that could contribute to or moderate the

success of women entrepreneurs, ultimately

enhancing their achievements.

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effect (ß)

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T-statistic

P value

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ALSUCC

0.252

0.069

3.628

0.000

Significant

SESUCC

0.326

0.062

5.227

0.000

Significant

WFC- SUCC

0.111

0.097

1.153

0.125

Not

Significant

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS

DOI: 10.37394/23207.2024.21.76

Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

E-ISSN: 2224-2899

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Volume 21, 2024

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS

DOI: 10.37394/23207.2024.21.76

Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

E-ISSN: 2224-2899

932

Volume 21, 2024

Jaringan Usahanita. Jurnal Pengurusan

(UKM Journal of Management), 18.

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Women entrepreneurs and work-family

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Maliani Mohamad - Writing - review & editing

Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the

published work, specifically writing the initial

draft (including substantive translation)

- Rusnifaezah Musa -Management and coordination

responsibility for the research activity planning

and execution.

- Azizi Abu Bakar- Oversight and leadership

responsibility for the research activity planning

and execution, including mentorship external to

the core team.

- Siti Nur Zahirah Omar- Acquisition of the

financial support for the project leading to this

publication.

- Razli Ramli - Oversight and leadership

responsibility for the research activity planning.

- Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob -Acquisition of

the financial support for the project leading to this

publication.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS

DOI: 10.37394/23207.2024.21.76

Maliani Mohamad, Rusnifaezah Musa,

Azizi Abu Bakar, Siti Nur Zahirah Omar,

Razli Ramli, Che Mohd Syaharuddin Che Cob

E-ISSN: 2224-2899

933

Volume 21, 2024