Leadership in Unstable Conditions: Change Management Strategies
and Effective Crisis Management for Achieving Success
TETIANA KULINICH1*, OLHA MATERYNSKA2, YULIIA ALESKEROVA3,
HANNA KUZMENKO4, IZOLDA BALIAN5
1Department of Management of Organizations,
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv,
UKRAINE
2Department of Fundamental and Private Legal Disciplines, Faculty of Law, Public Management and
Administration, Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia,
UKRAINE
3Department of Finance, Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Accounting, Finance and Audit, Vinnytsia
National Agrarian University, Vinnytsia,
UKRAINE
4 Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Kyiv,
UKRAINE
5Institute of Agrarian Resources and Regional Development of the National Academy of Agrarian
Sciences of Ukraine, Berehove,
UKRAINE
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - The paper is devoted to the issue of leadership in unstable conditions in terms of change
management strategies and effective crisis management for achieving success. The relevance of the study lies
in the fact that it is challenging to be a leader in a changing world where it is almost impossible to predict all
the factors of influence, as well as the significance of each unfavorable factor. Consequently, the leadership
should be based on precise calculations and a deep understanding of the processes. Also, it should be based on
the absence of fear of risk and loss of the company's leading position in the market. The article aims to
highlight the leadership in unstable conditions in terms of change management strategies and effective crisis
management for achieving success. The subject of the study is modern change management strategies in the
business environment. Research methods. The research employed such methods as description, analysis and
synthesis, comparison, generalization, and modeling. The article outlines the complexities of leadership in the
modern unstable environment. The authors describe the factors influencing the contemporary business
environment. Furthermore, they analyze the essence of VUСA as a modern world and compare the differences
between the VUСА and BANI worlds. The paper considers such features of the contemporary world as
complexity, ambiguity, uncertainty, instability, fragility, anxiety, and the presence of many threats. In addition,
it summarizes the impact of artificial intelligence on the business environment and competitiveness. The
authors describe such modern change management strategies as the strategy of developing emotional
intelligence and intuition, the strategy of non-linear thinking, the VUСA concept, and mindfulness. The article
describes the possibilities of developing each strategy while training staff and managers. Also, the use of
scenarios in specific cases is analyzed. The paper analyzes the essence of crisis management and determines the
differences between preventive and curative strategies. The study considers the application of crisis
management in certain circumstances and its benefits. It was determined that the relevance of this work is the
importance of leadership in today's unstable world, which allows us to determine how leadership can be
effectively implemented in various aspects. In addition, due to the pandemic and military operations, economic
crises, and the emergence of new markets, it is difficult to fully compete with strong players. Accordingly, the
issue of leadership strategies is quite relevant.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
2781
Volume 20, 2023
Key-Words: - Bani, Business environment, Concept, Crisis management, Leadership, Modern change
management strategies, Unstable conditions, Vuca.
Received: May 17, 2023. Revised: November 25, 2023. Accepted: December 11, 2023. Published: December 22, 2023.
1 Introduction
Today, it is quite difficult to keep a leading position
in the market and maintain leadership. Many factors
directly affect the leadership. For example, the
instability of the modern business environment is
manifested in the fact that the business world can be
affected by factors that seem to have no direct
connection. For example, a conflict between two
countries may be perceived as a political issue.
However, if one of the countries closes its border
crossing points fully or halfway through the conflict,
this factor will have a significant impact on the
economic situation. Therefore, companies will need
to build new logistics routes and look for new
partners and suppliers.
In addition, leadership is now becoming more
complicated because various virtual technologies
have emerged that allow businesses to find their
target audience quickly. If a company uses outdated
systems, in this case, it will be difficult for it to
achieve leadership, as competitors will use the latest
technologies. On the other hand, if the system fails,
the company will have to look for new ways to
attract the target audience.
Therefore, the issue of leadership in an unstable
environment is quite important today. In particular,
the study of this topic reveals what strategies should
be used by an enterprise if a leader wants to
succeed.
2 Literature Review
The issue of leadership in unstable conditions in
terms of change management strategies and
effective crisis management to achieve success has
been studied by such Ukrainian researchers as, [1],
[2], [3], [4], [5]. In their opinion, a manager must be
flexible and quickly adapt to new changes, as well
as effectively train staff to have a leadership
position.
For example, [2] emphasizes that modern
leadership is based on considering various aspects
and factors because the current world is quite
changing. As a result, leadership is possible today
only if the leader thinks outside the box and in a
non-linear way without clear correlations.
Another notable study is the work, [4]. The
author identifies non-linear thinking as a component
of developing an effective change management
strategy. In particular, it is essential not to draw
straightforward correlations but to understand
correlations as well as to consider psychological and
other factors. This is the only way to achieve the
desired result.
The analyzed literature is sufficient for the study.
However, the issue of leadership in unstable
conditions is not fully disclosed, which determines
the relevance of this study.
This paper aims to highlight leadership in an
unstable environment through the lens of change
management strategies and effective crisis
management for achieving success. The significance
of achieving this goal results from the fact that the
modern world is quite unstable, so the business
environment needs to adapt to new changes quickly.
Therefore, it raises the question of the essence of
transformational leadership at the current stage.
The research data allow us to determine that
leadership issues in crises are based on both
economic methods and methods related to the study
of consumer behavior in unstable situations.
3 Research Goals
According to the study's aim, the following tasks
should be achieved:
– to define the leadership within unstable
conditions;
– to determine the impact of the BANI worlds
on the business environment;
– to analyze modern change management
strategies;
– to describe effective crisis management.
4 Methods
The following research methods were used in this
study: description, analysis and synthesis,
comparison, generalization, and modeling. The
description method was used to reflect the essence
of leadership in unstable conditions. Analysis and
synthesis methods were used to highlight the
existing scientific base on the research topic and to
determine the main results. The method of
comparison was used to compare the worlds of
BANI (undefined world that does not lend itself to
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 20, 2023
explanation) and VUKA (undefined world that lends
itself to explanation). The method of generalization
was used to summarize the main research findings.
The modeling method is one of the main ones in
this study. Its essence lies in the fact that the main
change management strategies are reflected and
presented as a model. According to this method,
elements and aspects were identified that allow to
building of a system of steps that facilitates change
management in unstable conditions.
5 Results
The issue of leadership is currently receiving
considerable attention. The reason for this is that
today, it is quite challenging to be a leader in the
face of such factors as:
– Growing competition.
– New factors of influence.
– Changing geopolitical situation.
– The economy integrates into other areas.
Accordingly, achieving success no longer
involves following clear guidelines that promote
business development but rather strategic planning
to accomplish tasks, considering various factors and
scenarios. In particular, if company managers want
their company to become a market leader, they
should decide with their team what needs to be done
to increase profits and expand the target audience.
Moreover, they should determine what steps should
be taken to achieve success in the following cases: if
a new competitor appears, if demand for a particular
product or service decreases, if the economic
situation in the country worsens, if the main supplier
or partner refuses to cooperate, [2].
Given the unstable conditions that are currently
present in the Ukrainian economy, in particular, due
to Russia's war against Ukraine, leadership involves
determining the optimal logistics routes or ways to
deliver products to customers. The leader must
understand that it may be necessary to change the
route or transportation means. Therefore, alternative
ways of delivering products or goods must be
developed in this case.
The uncertainty also affects the fact that the
company's leadership in a particular area is more
often determined by how widely the company is
represented in the virtual space. After all, the
Internet enables the audience to be informed about
the existence of a particular brand at minimal cost
and with a significant set of marketing tools. It also
provides an opportunity to discover customer
preferences and demonstrate the benefits of
company products and services.
At the same time, the virtual space has precisely
the technologies that help the target audience
familiarize themselves with products and services
without physical contact or the need for a warranty
period. Therefore, the client can explore detailed
product descriptions in a picture, read reviews, and
use trial services on the Internet without visiting a
company branch, [6]. Besides, the fact that
leadership can be influenced by such factors as
virtual space and social networks is evidenced by
the studies of such scholars as, [7], [8].
The leadership issue is now complicated by what
is commonly called the VUKA world. In other
words, it is an unstable, complex, ambiguous, and
uncertain world. In particular, the business
environment today is influenced by many factors
that are difficult to predict and determine their
course, such as:
– the geopolitical situation or natural disasters;
– some changes are impossible to predict, or
information about them is confidential;
– often, one minor situation has a significant
impact on the entire business environment, which
could not have been predicted in advance;
– leaders in certain areas often determine the
trends of the entire market.
All these factors make it impossible to develop a
perfect business strategy that works with great
accuracy. Leadership is manifested in the fact that
leaders must constantly adapt their company and
their product to the current challenges and take risks
to be competitive. In an unstable environment, risks
often lead to the fact that an enterprise can go
bankrupt or lose customers. However, it can also
lead to improved market positions, [9].
It is also commonly believed that modern
leadership takes place in the BANI world. It is a
world where everything is fragile and disturbing, yet
this does not mean that such a world is unstable, as
certain processes can be predicted. Fragility here is
defined by the fact that leadership is about being
ready to lose everything but gaining invaluable
experience. Quite often, in such a world, one change
can affect the trends of the entire market, [10].
According to, [11], the leader's personality can
influence the effectiveness of achieving success.
Furthermore, leadership is now complicated by
anxiety. For example, while it used to be
challenging to build an effective business strategy
due to the lack of access to the full range of
information, today, the problem is that such
information is changing rapidly. In other words, the
market situation that existed six months ago is
entirely different in the next six months. Therefore,
if leaders are worried about whether they can
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
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develop the company, this anxiety can only harm its
development.
Also, leadership is now full of various threats.
The CEO and management staff must constantly
expect that a certain situation can cause
destabilization. At the same time, they need to plan
for the future, what will happen if something goes
wrong, and how to deal with it to gain advantages
rather than lose the target audience.
The modern world is also full of non-linearities.
Thus, it is difficult to determine what kind of event
can affect the market environment. For example, the
emergence of a new competitor may or may not
dramatically affect the market. At the same time,
even the coronavirus pandemic was not initially
considered a factor that would affect the global
economy and the organization of other areas.
Therefore, leadership must assess the risk in each
factor, [12].
In addition, it is worth noting that artificial
intelligence is now a key factor influencing the
business environment. Thus, special programs can
choose the most optimal option for a person,
determine a set of goods and services for a
customer, create or generate an image or a specific
work of art, and find the necessary information. As
a result, they can replace the services of different
companies and employees and reduce the cost of
their goods. Therefore, leadership must ensure that
the company develops in a way that makes its
products and services unique so that artificial
intelligence cannot surpass them. However, the use
of artificial intelligence, depending on the situation
and method, can be both legal and illegal, as
emphasized by, [13], [14], [15].
Therefore, given the above, the following change
management strategies can be identified. They are
shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1: Modern change management strategies.
The VUCA concept means that a leader who
wants to succeed in an unstable environment must
be able to see the connection between different
processes, realize cause and effect, clearly see the
reasons for various events, and make fast decisions.
Leadership in today's world is risky, so leaders must
understand in advance whether they are ready to
build everything again if something fails. Therefore,
this concept is determined by the ability to create
and reformat everything depending on the
circumstances. Also, a leader must be constantly
calm and rationally solve problems without
unnecessary emotions. In particular, leadership here
is based on attention to detail, as well as taking into
account various factors, [24].
In addition, according to this concept, leaders
must be able to identify their role in specific
processes and their environment correctly. In other
words, this strategy implies that leaders must
understand how they can solve a particular issue and
how their subordinates or colleagues can solve the
problem as well. It allows us to eliminate those
expectations that are difficult or unrealistic to
realize, as well as to mobilize resources in time to
stop the negative factors. For example, if sales fall
due to a deteriorating economic situation, leaders
must understand what they can offer employees to
retain their jobs due to falling income. Meanwhile,
their employees must understand how they can
interest the target audience in buying the product,
[5].
The concept also involves the development of
critical thinking. For example, leaders who think
only rationally and operate with simple ratios cannot
achieve the desired success for their company. In
particular, this is because a leader must see the
connection between different processes and predict
their trends. As a result, it is vital that the leader can
see how some factors can affect others, i.e., perceive
risks as something normal, [16].
This strategy can only be implemented through
staff training. A leader can do this by engaging
companies that offer staff development services. For
instance, it is possible to teach critical thinking and
determine one's place in teamwork through training,
seminars, and courses for employees. A leader can
also attend special lectures on leadership
development, [17].
The strategy of developing emotional
intelligence and intuition involves the formation of
such a component of self-development as emotional
intelligence in employees and leaders. In particular,
it helps to develop the ability to make the right
decisions, determine communication tactics,
develop intrapersonal aspects and socialization, and
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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develop compassion. In other words, people learn to
control their internal processes and influence the
resolution of the situation in this way, [18]. The
importance of this strategy in the development of
network and transnational business was emphasized
in the studies by, [19].
Intuition, in this case, implies the ability of the
leader and staff to focus on their feelings rather than
on reasonable indicators and trends. In other words,
it is important to develop one's premonitions and
sense of what is inevitable. At the same time,
intuition in leadership is essential only when leaders
rely on their own experience and understanding of
certain relationships. In this case, certain reflexes
and instincts are triggered, allowing a person to feel
what is happening. Furthermore, intuitive thinking is
also based on the model formed in a person's mind
so that a leader can make both the right and wrong
decisions. Yet, it is worth noting that the longer a
leader thinks about something, the higher the
percentage that this decision may be wrong, [1].
Conducting various trainings and seminars forms
a strategy for developing emotional intelligence and
intuition. In particular, a manager can use practical
situations to discuss with staff how to act in certain
scenarios, as well as how to respond appropriately
and what to do first. Such training is also crucial for
leaders, as it will make them feel more confident,
[20].
The strategy of non-linear thinking is manifested
in the fact that the leader must learn to think not
according to certain standards but to see the essence
of specific processes. In particular, if a company
surveys the target audience, it should realize that the
results may differ from the real picture. For
example, there may be the following scenarios:
– If respondents want to provide an answer, that
will present them in a better light.
– If respondents wish to reflect their positive
attitude towards the brand.
– If respondents want to hide something.
In particular, there are the following strategies of
non-linear thinking, which are demonstrated in
Figure 2.
For example, if a survey is conducted on the
target audience's income level to understand the
pricing policy's formation, respondents may provide
a false answer about their real income to create a
vision of themselves as successful and fulfilled for
the brand.
In other words, non-linear thinking allows a
leader to get the desired result while looking at the
problem non-standardly. Often, such a decision may
be risky and illogical, but it is mostly the right one.
In addition, staff training takes place through the
study of practical cases, when real-life experience
determines which tactics are correct. Besides,
leaders can teach their staff and learn from their
own experience when the company's mistakes are
not something to be hidden but instead can be a
helpful experience for achieving success, [4].
Fig. 2:. Strategies of non-linear thinking
According to, [21], mindfulness is a strategy
whereby a leader does not use intrusive ideas. In
other words, a leader does not worry about the fact
that the company is operating in an unstable
environment but simply develops options for the
company's development. As a result, the leader can
control all processes in the organization, allowing
them to succeed quickly. They are guided only by
their own experience and do not use situational
assessments but focus on the critical aspects of the
present. Therefore, leaders do not just constantly
improve their productivity but also train their staff.
This allows them to increase the overall company's
effectiveness, [22].
In particular, mindfulness can be developed
through seminars and online classes. Accordingly,
this strategy aims to build normal relationships
between employees, customers, and partners. An
essential aspect of this strategy is that employees
and managers learn not to be attached to certain
things and places. For example, if a brand has a
well-known product line that is no longer in
demand, it should abandon such a product. The
strategy is also effective now when businesses have
to relocate during the war, so being tied to a location
only negatively affects success, [25].
Leadership in an unstable environment means
that a company must have a developed apparatus for
getting out of difficult situations, namely, a crisis
management system. It can be both preventive and
emergency. Preventive crisis management is the
development of alternative ways out of difficult
situations before they occur. It is possible to do this
Strategies of non-linear thinking
A strategy in
which the leader
knows the
correct answer
A strategy in
which positive
experience is
applied
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Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
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Volume 20, 2023
when a company understands the risks it may face.
At the same time, it is impossible to foresee all the
unfavorable situations that may occur, but their
calculation already allows for the development of
specific ways to improve operations. For example, if
a company understands that it may be subject to
hacker attacks or stop working due to a server
failure, it should define its activities in such a way
as to organize work on additional services, [23].
An emergency crisis management occurs when a
situation has already happened that may destabilize
the company's operations. Mainly, such problems
arise when an economic crisis occurs or when
factors can affect the company's financial condition.
As a result, when a problematic issue arises, the
company must quickly adapt to new realities. It is
related to changes in the organization of the
company's work, as well as to changes in
employees' activities and changes in the leader's
thinking, [3].
Also, crisis management nowadays mostly solves
the problems that arise due to the war's impact on
the functioning of organizations. These may include
the following:
– relocation of an enterprise;
– organizational changes;
– reorientation to a new market;
– search for new partners;
– expansion of the target audience.
Therefore, wartime leadership is complex and
requires strong-willed decisions.
6 Discussion
According to our research, leadership in an unstable
environment is a complex and integrated process
that requires the cooperation of the manager and
staff. However, it is a controversial issue what
strategies should be chosen to achieve success. In
particular, it is determined that the company should
make innovative decisions, and the leader should
take risks to achieve the desired. However, such a
risk can lead to the company's collapse, and it may
lose its market position. Therefore, despite their
effectiveness, the analyzed strategies can only work
if certain factors coincide. As a result, none of the
strategies considered can guarantee success for a
leader.
It is also determined that crisis management is
preventive and extraordinary. At the same time, it is
not considered what measures are carried out mainly
in managing situations that have not occurred, as
well as in handling cases that have already
happened. Accordingly, more attention should be
paid to crisis management, for example, how
leadership affects the development of crisis
management.
It can be noted that promising areas of research
on this issue include as follows:
– The role of leadership in solving problematic
issues.
– The personality of a leader in uncertain
conditions.
– The choice of a specific leadership strategy
depends on the situation.
In particular, it is advisable to consider specific
strategies certain companies use depending on the
unstable environment they face.
7 Conclusions
Therefore, this paper has highlighted leadership in
unstable conditions in terms of change management
strategies and effective crisis management for
achieving success. The importance of this topic
results from the fact that the modern world is
unstable. For this reason, a leader must make
effective decisions to avoid conflict and crises.
The article describes leadership in an unstable
environment. The modern world is marked by
various factors that affect the effectiveness of
activities, such as economic, social, and political
factors. These include economic and geopolitical
factors, as well as the impact of virtual space and
artificial intelligence. In addition, competitiveness
significantly affects the specifics of doing business.
The authors determine the impact of the VUСA
and BANI worlds on the business environment. It is
established that the VUСA world is defined by its
instability and uncertainty. In other words, each
factor can significantly affect business. At the same
time, the BANI world is defined as one where the
world is fragile and disturbing, and it is possible to
find a correlation between different factors.
The article analyzes modern change management
strategies. Current change management strategies
include the following:
– the strategy of developing emotional
intelligence and intuition;
– the strategy of non-linear thinking;
– the VUСA concept;
– mindfulness.
The combination of different strategies allows
for achieving the desired results.
This paper describes effective crisis
management. Effective crisis management is a way
of solving issues when a leader implements changes
and gets the desired result. Such management has a
preventive and emergency nature. At the same time,
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Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
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hostilities have a significant impact on the ways of
solving complex issues of using crisis management.
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
2787
Volume 20, 2023
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.236
Tetiana Kulinich, Olha Materynska,
Yuliia Aleskerova, Hanna Kuzmenko, Izolda Balian
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
2788
Volume 20, 2023