Appropriate Communication of the Strategy as an Impact Factor for
Business Model Digitalization
ROSITA ZVIRGZDINA
Faculty of Business Administration,
Turiba University,
Riga,
LATVIA
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-6662
HELENA SKADINA
Faculty of Business Administration,
Turiba University,
Riga,
LATVIA
IVETA LININA
Faculty of Business Administration,
Turiba University,
Riga,
LATVIA
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-2604
Abstract: - The global economy is driving digital innovations that transform entire systems and make industries
and business sectors more connected, efficient, and smarter. Companies that want to digitize and are going to
build digital business models need to re-engineer existing ones, redefine their objectives as part of their strategy
or create even new ones. The decision-making process in the context of strategy is of paramount importance, as
the management determines the future development of the company. This study aims to highlight the
importance of employee involvement in the development of a company's digital strategy and identify aspects
that are essential for developing a digital company strategy in this context. The tasks of the research are to
study the theoretical aspects of strategy and its development aspects, cognitive processes that are of great
importance to ensure the transition to a smart and digitally capable company, the impact of digitalization on
employees and aspects of the involvement of employees in the process of strategy-creating. As a result, this
paper can influence the decision-makers to rethink the processes and talents needed to digitize the company and
the communication process, knowledge, and understanding that are an integral part of the new digital culture.
Key-Words: - communication, strategy , business model, cognitive process, digitalization
Received: April 15, 2023. Revised: July 16, 2023. Accepted: July 22, 2023. Published: August 4, 2023.
1 Introduction
Globalization as a trend towards greater integration and
interdependence between countries and regions of
the world is characterized by free markets, free
competition, etc. on a global scale, [1]. The term
'digital economy' describes the phenomenon of the
digitization of businesses, which is characterized by
its dependence on information and communication
technologies, [2]. The global economy is driving
digital innovations that transform entire systems and
make infrastructure, manufacturing, trade, and other
sectors more connected, efficient, and smarter. In
addition to the above, the author also includes the
role of social activities, arguing that the digital or
Internet economy refers to all economic and social
activities provided by the Internet and other
information and communication technologies, [3].
For many companies, developing and adapting their
value proposition is a major challenge in the context
of digitalization and globalization, [4].
Companies that want to build a digital business
model need to re-engineer existing models to
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maximize opportunities and avoid risks. Businesses
need to redefine their objectives as part of their
strategy or create even a new ones because the
dynamic development of digitalization thus also
places great demands on established digital business
models, [5]. Even new entrants have to think about
how to penetrate the market and how to become part
of the ecosystem or create a new one. Whether a
company is already part of the digital ecosystem or
still defining its role, competence in designing digital
business models is crucial, [6] searching for and
identifying fields of action is the beginning of the
process. Even if there are many ideas, there are
obstacles that affect the process and may even stop
it. The term ‘‘strategizing’’ is used to cover the
complete process from envisioning to planning,
taking action, and assessing outcomes, [7], [ 8]. This
means that the process of strategizing covers both
strategy formulation and execution. This applies to
hierarchical structures as well as to the working
environment, cooperation, and working methods.
Work is becoming flexible and networked,
production work is becoming knowledge work, and
lifelong learning requires new tools for staff
development. Managers become 'enablers' and
coaches, [9], of their employees.
To achieve the goal of this research various
methods were used in the research: the theoretical
part consists of the scientific literature analysis.
Semi-structured interviews with 3 experts,
representing Fin Tech industry and governance
sector were conducted during the course of the
research. The experts represent the E-Money
Institution (ENIM) of Malta (represented by OC);
the E-Money Institution (ENIM) of Great Britain
(represented by TJ) and the Innovation and
Technology department of the Administrative district
of Brandenburg (represented by RS). The research
data will be processed by continuous comparative
analysis, using open coding, level 2 coding, axial
coding and content analysis methods with inductive
and deductive approaches, [10]. In interviews,
experts were asked to assess the digital
transformation in their companies, knowledge
transfer as well as involvement of employees by
strategizing digital issues by using the Likert scale
with points 1-3, where is 1(satisfactory); 2(very
good); 3(excellent). The choice of experts was based
on the diversity of their expertise (OC 10 years,
TG 20 years, RS 42 years). The companies
represented by experts are completely different and
unrelated to each other.
2 Previous Research
Strategies are used to describe the company's
intentions and global activities. Strategy can also be
seen in terms of the actual behaviour of a company,
observing certain strategic manoeuvres, such as
conquering a new market or niche. The existence of
formal strategic planning is not a necessary
condition, strategy can also exist in a cognitive form
as a shared orientation that shapes strategic action.
This is often the case in smaller companies whose
founders have very precise ideas about the strategic
development of their company but have not
specifically documented it. Strategy is therefore also
the shared knowledge of key decision-makers about
the principles of the firm, [11].
To explain the existence of certain strategies and
development processes in the company, it seems
logical to the author to consider also the cognitive
processes and structures of the people working in the
company. Bamberger examines the roles of
individual employees' values and attitudes in
strategic processes and the outcomes of these
processes, considering the cognitive perspective as
fundamental to explaining strategic processes, [12].
Strategy development is first and foremost a
mental process, so it is important to understand the
organization’s behaviour and reactions to its
environment, which in turn give rise to the mental
models of key decision-makers that interpret and
understand this environment to ultimately make
important decisions. The mental model integrates
prior knowledge, facts, and contexts into a single
"picture" that more or less corresponds to the real or
imagined world. Mental models enable people to
understand relationships, draw inferences, make
predictions, plan and make decisions, monitor action
plans, and correct them if necessary, [13]. Strategy
researchers are particularly concerned with the
question of how managers perceive and process
information, and in particular why certain
information is given strategic importance. The
decision-making process in the context of strategy
and business modelling is of paramount importance,
as the management determines the future
development of the company.
The two central variables in this context are
cognitive structures and cognitive processes.
Cognitive structures represent individuals'
knowledge, [14], conceptually relating
representations of objects, people, actions, or events.
Because individuals are unable to process all stimuli
due to limited information processing capabilities,
cognitive structures or schemas are simplified
representations of reality. It should be noted that
cognitive structures do not only have a simplifying
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function, but also fill in information gaps based on
existing or non-existing experience, and thus enable
or prevent the controller from taking action. In their
functions of perceptual control, information
processing, and interpretation, cognitive structures
directly influence cognitive actions such as the
formation of expectations, the evaluation of action
options, the development and evaluation of problem-
solving alternatives, and the processing of
uncertainty or learning.
At the company level, cognitive structures
correspond to organizational knowledge, [15].
Cognitive processes occur both automatically, such
as language comprehension, and in a controlled
manner. In particular, controllable individual
cognitive activities are subject to cognitive
limitations or 'defects'. These constraints, which are
manifested in the individual's efforts to reduce
cognitive effort, essentially limit rationality, [16],
which in the case of corporate governance results in
decision defects. Decision defects may include
solving a problem without defining it, selective
perception of different aspects of the business,
limited perception of alternatives, overly strong
attachment to executable functions, distorted causal
relationships, etc, [17].
At the heart of every information capture and
processing process, for example, of information
related to strategy, two aspects interact. On the one
hand, the individual's context dominates, where
information about whether the individual has options
for a given issue, justifying and influencing those
options, and information about the individual's
perception of the context of the issue interact. The
other dominant influence on the thought process in
perception and information processing is the
organizational context. This adds to the previous
information the norms, values, and traditions of a
particular company, the style and even the culture of
dress, which in one way or another influence and
characterize the company's activities, location, the
quality and completeness of its equipment, as well as
its relations with colleagues. The interaction between
these two dominants results in a process that can be
described as a "search for meaning", [18] to find
more congruence between the first and the second
dominance. In this process, the individual considers
the relevance of the solution to his or her
understanding of the case, identifies the causes and
consequences of the solution, compares it with his or
her experience, knowledge, and abilities, and thus
applies it to him or herself. This process of
application results in his/her willingness to go along
with the collective way of thinking, opinion, or
solution, or not to do so. It has been stressed above
that the cognitive perspective in the context of
strategy research and development constitutes an
important business management perspective.
Most management decisions have a lasting
impact: the knowledge, experience and expertise of
the manager are crucial. Decision-making is based
on subjective patterns of judgement and the
manager's associated capabilities. These are derived
from the cognitive belief system of the manager or
owner and have a significant impact on the
performance and results of the business. From a
strategy-creating perspective, 'interventions' in
specific working areas should be assessed, taking
into account the possible consequences of the
interaction of both manager and employee 'belief
frameworks'.
Evaluating the authors' definitions, three types or
"levels" of strategies are proposed: individual
strategies, enterprise strategies, and enterprise
strategies. Different company employees pursue
their interests, and as a result, they also have
individual ideas about the company's future
development. In this context, we are talking about
individual strategies, which represent individual
cognitive orientations. The transformation of these
individual strategies into corporate strategies can
take place in decision-making processes such as
strategic planning, [19]. Cognitive management
research reveals that each manager or organization
develops different images of environmental reality
due to different interpretive mechanisms. In this
context, the question of how perceptions and
thinking mechanisms operate in individuals or
organizations, resulting in different models of
organizational reality, [20], is particularly relevant in
the context of both strategy and business model
development.
To survive in today's market conditions,
businesses need to develop two opposed skills: they
need to become more flexible and adaptable to
external conditions; at the same time, they need to
remain distinct from other market players in terms of
supply, [21]. Given the fact that all business
decisions have to be taken in an increasingly
competitive environment, [22], the need to learn to
work in a complex and diverse, high-performing
multinational team, where social and cultural
differences are used positively to foster innovation
and growth, creating a distinct and different
company culture from competitors, becomes a
strategic component of every company, [23].
It is the culture of an organisation that creates
the structures, routines and hierarchies that influence
its employees and their motivation to adopt or not
adopt the company's strategic orientations. Some
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academics believe that it may even be the company's
culture that could guarantee the company a
sustainable competitive advantage in the future, [24],
[25]. Whether an organisation's strategies then
become a common orientation for action depends on
the processes of social interaction that reflect these
organisational strategies and processes. Such social
interaction processes are essentially communication
processes in which individually perceived and
interpreted events, circumstances or performance
outcomes are discussed with the aim of finding
solutions and reaching an agreement. The
methodology by which these discussions are
organised and conducted plays an important role in
these discussions.
The ability to observe, analyse and evaluate
progress is a prerequisite for the accumulation of
experience, as is the ability to discuss interpretations
to reach a collective consensus, as the risk of
misinterpretation and 'mislearning' is particularly
high in intercultural organisations, [26]. To minimise
this risk, decisions regarding the digitisation of the
enterprise must be taken collectively to ensure that
each knowledge base and interpretation process is
coordinated. The accumulation of knowledge within
a firm influences the firm's decision on the intensity
of digitalization e.g. the choice of the form of market
conquest, [27], country choice, [28], country
portfolio diversification, [29], or the costs.
Creating a digital strategy should involve
employees, who will then better understand and
identify the processes and elements that will be
further included in the business model, their roles
and their importance, [30]. Involving employees in
the development is an opportunity for the company
to foster creativity leading to innovation, [31]. In this
way, a close relationship is established between the
values created in the company and their creators,
building and strengthening their loyalty to the
company itself. As the cognitive process of an
employee, including a manager, takes place at both
the individual and the organisational level, the
insights that emerge from this cognitive process
conceptually reflect the interactions of all actors with
each other and with complex situations at the
beginning of the business model life cycle, [32]. If
employees identify themselves with what they do in
the company and with the strategy, their work has a
positive impact on the development of the company
as a whole. As the culture and leadership of a
company are the most difficult to copy, its strategic
management value becomes significantly higher.
Digitalisation also has a significant impact on
the labour factor itself, with new forms of
employment, and diversification of functions, [33].
Key requirements include multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary thinking as well as methods for
systematic knowledge development, [34]. On the one
hand, these forms offer the advantages of increased
flexibility and mobility; on the other hand,
employees often do not feel part of the company,
[35]. Instead, flexible, virtual and mobile working
time models and the replacement of hierarchical
control by a corporate culture characterised by
"responsibility for process and result", [36] can be
cited. In a management context, this implies a shift
towards a new type of management that focuses on
an open innovation culture with inherent
transparency and collaboration, [37] and clear rules
of conduct, [38].
A digital strategy is crucial for building and
implementing a digital business model, as it allows
one to develop existing markets and discover new
ones. Customer contact and knowledge of the
customer and their experience is one of the guiding
principles of a digital strategy, as data and the
services built on it, [39], rather than products and/or
services and their accompanying services, are
becoming increasingly important in the development
of new digital models. The customer has become
demanding, wants to be served always, everywhere,
and immediately, expects an extraordinary shopping
experience, demands speed and individuality,
expects a great value, and is not necessarily loyal,
extremely knowledgeable, and well-networked, [40].
Value creation becomes fully automated and
supports the entire data lifecycle, from data
generation to data extraction to business use. The use
of digital technologies enables more efficient and
flexible internal business processes and more
specific control of productivity measures.
Completely new jobs are being changed and created,
the integration of which places an enormous
responsibility and competence on management in
terms of communication and change management.
Employees always wonder how their responsibilities
will change and whether their current skills are still
sufficient. Especially critical is the effective
communication between IT, sales and marketing,
and the rest of the organization if the company is to
realize the full value of its investments in digital
technology, [41].
Not only work processes are subject to change,
but also working time and communication. Mobility
and accessibility are becoming increasingly
important. Digitalization in the enterprise is
impossible if the world of work does not change.
This applies to hierarchical structures as well as to
the working environment, cooperation, and working
methods. Work is becoming flexible and networked,
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production work is becoming knowledge work, and
lifelong learning requires new tools for staff
development. Managers become 'enablers' and
coaches, [42] of their employees.
The digital transformation of a company and its
business model can only be effectively driven if the
purpose of the transformation process is known,
[43]. The transformation process results in a data-
driven enterprise where data is used to increase the
efficiency, flexibility, and agility of production
processes on the one hand and to increase sales on
the other. Digital transformation is fundamentally
changing not only the value proposition of the
business but also the focus and allocation of
resources. The main reason for this change is a
paradigm shift in the value proposition, [44]. There
is no longer a physical product, there is the data
generated by that product, which also constitutes the
actual asset of the company or is the carrier of the
actual value, [45].
From an institutional perspective, the use of
digital technologies is directed towards changing the
concept of what the firm offers to the market and
leads to a transformation of the range of services and
the possibility of increasing sales. From a functional
perspective, strategic processes and their
implementation are important, focusing on the use of
digital technologies in the company's internal
environment. From either perspective, the role of
digital technologies and their choices is crucial as
they support the process of service design and
delivery, i.e. the implementation of the strategic
direction, [46]. This is a major challenge for
companies, as all aspects need to be taken into
account, from customer and channel strategy to
processes that go beyond the existing organization,
to appropriate technology.
An important social driver of digitization is the
shift from an industrial to a knowledge-based
society, which entails increased demands on people
to apply and organize knowledge, [47]. Key
requirements for the knowledge worker include
multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary thinking as
well as methods for systematic knowledge
development, [48]. They are thus able to act
independently and shape the interaction between
work and leisure themselves. Instead, flexible,
virtual, and mobile working time models and the
replacement of hierarchical control by a corporate
culture characterized by 'responsibility for process
and result', [49]. For management, this means a new
kind of leadership that focuses on an open and
hierarchical innovation culture characterized by
transparency, openness, collaboration, and clear rules
of conduct, [50]. There seems to be a new ''digital
mindset'' those successful managers need to adopt to
develop an effective e-business strategy. The
successful development and application of this
digital mindset is the primary goal of the e-business
strategy.
The application and use of new information
technologies in a business context, as mentioned
above, is leading to fundamental changes in
business, creating new models of value creation at a
tremendous speed. Digitization merges the digital
and physical business worlds, [51], as the business
models or enterprises that have emerged as a result
of digitization are not limited to the digital world.
Examples of such physical-digital fusion are cyber-
physical systems and the Internet of Things, which
are currently intensively discussed in the context of
digital manufacturing. A company has two main
challenges: increasing the effectiveness, efficiency,
and attractiveness of internal collaboration and
improving internal creativity and innovation, [52].
Companies can no longer afford to limit innovation
to a few people and developers. The potential of all
employees must be harnessed. The key to this is
effective and transparent information and better and
different communication. This results in shorter
process times, less duplication of effort, pooling of
strengths and themes, and better and faster feedback,
[53].
3 Research Results and Discussion
The ability of employees and managers to face or
manage the aforementioned circumstances is a key
success factor on the road to becoming a digital
company, [54]. The basic requirement for the
transition from analogue to digital is the enthusiasm
and willingness of the entrepreneur and managers,
[55]. The challenge for the company is to ensure
that employees are equipped with and can use the
right work equipment and communication tools
(wikis, blogs, apps, social intranet, etc.). In addition
to logical, i.e. analytical, planning, coordinating, and
controlling activities, the digital management of the
company should also include a human resources
aspect. According to its basic understanding, it must
have a visionary, forward-looking, change-oriented
character that is consistent with the management
concept.
To achieve the goal of this research and to
highlight the importance of employee involvement
in the development of a company's digital strategy
and identify essential aspects, experts were asked
how the digital transformation of their company is
managed and was also asked to rate this process on
a scale of 1 to 3 where 1 (unsatisfactory); 2 (very
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good) and 3 (excellent) by giving reasons for the
decision. RS rated this process as satisfactory saying
that “the process is very complicated”. “You always
have questions, the answers to which might lead to a
suboptimal decision” (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.). According to experts in the beginning,
the digital structure in the company was very
deficient, “a zoo of technology, a server on the
verge of collapse and unqualified service providers”,
so there was an acute need for action. OC rated the
digitalization process as very good arguing that
“without digitalization, the company simply will not
survive” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.). The big
push came at the beginning of the corona pandemic
when entrepreneurs were well-positioned for mobile
working, but “the document flow did not work
smoothly” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.). “It's a
systematic process of digitalisation that happened
bit by bit and developed out of external necessities”
(interview with RS, 23.02.2023.). TJ rated the
digitalization of the company also as very good by
saying that “the firm is already a remote-first
company, as it can work one hundred per cent from
anywhere in Europe” (interview with TJ,
01.02.2023.). And that means from the setup of the
daily work alone. An interesting fact mentioned by
the experts was that the customers often have fewer
digital processes that force them to follow this path,
i.e. “we sometimes still receive documents from
customers, sometimes by a letter that does not allow
us to send them back by post in any other way”
(interview with TJ, 01.02.2023.) About growth and
scaling, entrepreneurs are noticing the streamlining
of processes that are already digital, but that are
nevertheless indispensable in terms of
transformation. “No one has to move paper anymore
and the information is also available at very short
notice” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.). That is
the main benefit, that “you have the information you
need on the screen very quickly, get an overview
and can make decisions” (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.).
The next question that the author asked experts
was dedicated to the strategy of their digital
company. The strategy is seen by experts “as a
rationale for business model development”, where
managers and employees have a clear vision of
“where to go” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.). For
this reason, all experts interviewed rated the impact
of strategy on the business model very highly,
noting that the strategy must be “regularly updated
and adapted to changing market conditions and
environmental influences” (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.). Some experts described it as partially
implemented and justified it by the lack of
communication between employees and
management and “the general wording of the
strategy and its lack of detail (interview with TJ,
25.02.2023.). The experts stressed that a poor or
unsuccessful strategy leads to a regression of the
business model and proportionally to the same
failure. As an alternative to a good strategy, the
experts proposed “a well-thought-out offer”
(interview with RS, 23.02.2023.), which would have
a positive impact on the company's existence on the
market.
The third question was about knowledge
management and competence leadership design in
expert companies. They argued that they “look
around in a wide variety of areas for active people
who are willing to learn, who also want to
experience a certain working atmosphere and have a
high willingness to learn” (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.). The specifics of the work for each
position are learned in the induction process, which
takes between 12 and 24 months. Every new
employee receives basic equipment and further
training in certain relevant areas. Every year there is
also the opportunity to take the latest developments.
Above that, “there are also always language
qualifications or dealing with certain digital tools, so
further training funds are generously planned and
spent” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.) because the
development of competencies always has priority
“at the highest level” (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.). There are several aspects here: the
first is “respect for confidentiality” (interview with
TJ, 25.02.2023.). This applies to ordinary
employees. The second aspect is the “management
of access rights which is taken very seriously”
(interview with OC, 25.02.2023.). It means that
those who produce value for the company have
greater access rights. Next is “the organisation of
processes and procedures (interview with TJ,
25.02.2023.) that determine what works and how.
Managers come with their competencies; they try to
implement our model. “Some of their knowledge is
brought to life” (interview with OC, 25.02.2023.).
And what is embedded in the company is also
developed and continued.
The special importance of teamwork was
emphasised by all the experts, pointing to the
division of competencies, the involvement of
specialists from different departments in the
business modelling process, and the formation of
collective committees, which traditionally include
project managers (interview with RS, 23.02.2023.).
In some business models, working groups are set up
to develop certain areas (interview with TJ,
25.02.2023.). The process of pooling staff
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competencies involves “different talents and
professional backgrounds” (interview with OC,
25.02.2023.) For employees to evaluate their
performance and learn about the potential for
improvement, the experts believe that regular
feedback should be provided to gather good and bad
practices (interview with OC, 25.02.2023) and
discuss them in joint team meetings. Some business
models have appraisal programmes where
employees see their progress (interview with RS,
23.02.2023.): this ensures transparency between
employee and manager (interview with OC,
25.02.2023, interview with TJ, 25.02.2023.). These
aspects contribute to a shared sense of curiosity and,
as a result, to improved performance.
Further, the author asked the experts to talk
about the company's ability to adapt to the existing
market conditions by rating it from 1 to 5 where
1(irrelevant); 2(unimportant); 3(moderate);
4(important); 5(very important). One expert (OC)
rated the aforementioned ability as important, but
two (TJ, RS) as very important saying that the
company can't just accommodate customers all the
time and “doesn't change products for every hype.
Even if it is considered something that can even be
called fashion” (OC). It was believed that running
after every change is wrong. Other experts didn’t
also see it as “essential, because every development
in the market and not every new trend has to be
significantly beneficial for the growth of the
company(interview with TJ, 25.02.2023., with RS.
23.02.2023.). “We are very good at defining certain
opportunities as not relevant for us” (interview with
OC, 25.02.2023.), argued the experts, because
“otherwise there is a risk to deviate from our
strategy” (interview with RS, 23.02.2023.). This
makes the conclusion possible that if you make a
well-founded decision in advance in the direction of
strategic growth, not every market development
necessarily leads to deviation from the strategy. You
have to be flexible, the market is very dynamic, but
you also have to be able to say NO with conviction.
4 Conclusions
To sum the aforementioned up and be able to draw
certain conclusions as a bottom line it has to be
noticed that:
Digital technology enables new and innovative
forms of value creation and managers need to
understand these new forms of value and incorporate
them into the business ‘‘strategizing’’ process.
Related to the new forms of value creation, there
is a great deal of learning and discovery associated
with digital strategy. Key requirements for the
knowledge worker include multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary thinking as well as methods for
systematic knowledge development. Whether a
company is already part of the digital ecosystem or
still defining its role, competence in designing digital
business models is crucial.
The strategy is a rationale for digital business
model development and has to be fully
implemented, regularly updated and adapted to
changing market conditions and environmental
influences. Otherwise, it leads to a regression of the
business model and proportionally to the same
failure. An alternative to a good strategy is a well-
thought-out offer, which also has a positive impact
on the company's existence on the market.
Each company is forced to think through its
processes from a strategic perspective because,
without digitalization, the company simply will not
survive. The impact of the pandemic made this
process even faster. The process of digitalization is a
systematic process that happens bit by bit. At the
end of it, the firm can work from anywhere having
the information it needs very quickly and can make
decisions. There has to be insured the streamlining
of processes that are already digital.
From the beginning, companies look for
employees who are willing to learn, want to work in
a certain working atmosphere and have a high
willingness to learn because the process of pooling
staff competencies involves different talents and
professional backgrounds. Before employees are
involved in the strategizing process, they have to be
prepared because there are aspects in each company
that have to be taken into account: training in certain
relevant areas, the latest developments, language
qualifications, confidentiality, management of access
rights and the organisation of processes and
procedures. This adds to the previous information on
the norms, values, and traditions of a particular
company, which in one way or another influence and
characterize the company's activities, completeness
of the equipment, as well as relations with
colleagues. After this the special importance of
teamwork has to be emphasised, pointing to the
division of competencies, the involvement of
specialists from different departments in the process,
and the formation of collective committees, which
traditionally include project managers.
It is also necessary for employees to evaluate
their performance and communicate about the
potential for improvement, and provide feedback to
gather good and bad practices. This ensures
transparency between employee and manager and
contributes to a shared sense of curiosity and, as a
result, to improved performance.
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.151
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Rosita Zvirgzdina is lead author.
Helena Skadina was the creator of the theoretical
base.
Iveta Linina was the data analyzer.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.151
Rosita Zvirgzdina, Helena Skadina, Iveta Linina
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 20, 2023