Financial Support of Natural Agricultural Production in Ukraine
OLEKSANDR LABENKO1, INNA DOLZHENKO1, MAKSYM KLYMENKO1,
OLENA ILCHUK2
1Department of Finance, The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyiv,
UKRAINE,
2Department of Organization of Entrepreneurship and Exchange Activities,
The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv,
UKRAINE
Abstract: The processes of modern globalization and social transformations have significantly increased the
priority of environmental protection, accordingly, they require the implementation of priority measures to solve
urgent problems in the field of environmental protection and the simultaneous rational use of natural resources.
The solution to these problems significantly depends on the system of financial support formed in the countries,
as well as the established composition and volumes of funding sources and the determined directions of their
use, which determines the need for a scientifically based analysis. The purpose of the work is to study the
innovation activity of Ukrainian enterprises by sources of their financing and the development of practical
recommendations for choosing the optimal model of influence on innovation efficiency of innovation support.
The methodological basis of the research was the use of a set of general scientific and special methods:
generalizations and scientific abstraction, historical-logical, extrapolation, and tabular visualization methods.
Results of the research - The system of financial support for environmental protection at the current stage of the
development of the economy of Ukraine was investigated. It is noted that environmental taxes should not just
fill the state budget of the country, but stimulate the payer to have a positive and responsible attitude towards
the natural environment. The dynamics of revenues to the budgets due to the application of environmental
taxation mechanisms was studied and a conclusion was drawn regarding its effectiveness. The effectiveness of
the implementation of the fiscal and regulatory functions of the environmental tax in Ukraine was evaluated.
The order of distribution of environmental tax funds, as the main source of replenishment of environmental
funds, was considered and the inefficiency of its use was analyzed. It was established that the environmental
tax does not fully fulfill its fiscal function because the received income does not allow for fully financed
environmental protection measures. The obtained results can be used as a basis for reforming the environmental
tax in the direction of increasing its fiscal and effective effectiveness.
Keywords: financial support, natural agroproduction, environmental payments, sustainable development,
environmental tax, state support.
Received: June 5, 2022. Revised: September 11, 2022. Accepted: September 27, 2022. Available online: October 21, 2022.
1 Introduction
When investigating issues of financial support for
any enterprises, including agrarian ones, an
important role is played by the ability of the
economy to ensure the compliance of commercially
profitable projects with the necessary amount of
financial resources. Crisis phenomena in the global
financial system exert significant pressure on the
development of not only individual countries, but
also individual sectors of the economy, reflecting
the challenges of growing trends in the integration
of national economic and financial systems. The
process of financial support becomes especially
noticeable in the conditions of the formation of the
economy of sustainable development, which is
becoming more and more significant, taking into
account the impact that the intensive development
of production has on the state of the environment
and the quality of life of the population.
The development of natural agricultural production
is one of the basic conditions for the implementation
of the concept of sustainable development in
Ukraine, [28], since the use of natural agricultural
production technologies is aimed, on the one hand,
at the restoration and protection of soils from
depletion during the use of traditional technologies
with the use of mineral fertilizers, growth
stimulants, and chemical means of crop processing
etc., and on the other hand, it ensures the cultivation
of ecologically safe products. Thus, the introduction
of natural agricultural production is aimed at solving
the problems of spheres and ecological and food
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security, which are components of the national
security of the country, [8], [10].
At the same time, the introduction of natural
agricultural production technologies requires
significant financial resources, as it is riskier,
compared to traditional agricultural production,
which in itself has a significant level of risk in both
operational and, accordingly, financial activities,
[17]. In addition, the transition from traditional
technologies to technologies of natural agricultural
production takes a certain period of time from two
to five years, when the level of profitability of the
activity may decrease, and therefore the possibility
of using borrowed funds and increasing their value,
taking into account the level of risk, decreases.
Despite the dynamic development of natural
agricultural production in Ukraine, the issue of its
financial support is currently insufficiently studied
by modern financial science, although a fairly
significant number of works have been devoted to
the problem of financial support for the
development of agricultural enterprises, [12], [18].
At the same time, the specifics of the development
of natural agricultural production allow the use of
rather non-traditional forms of financial support for
its financial support.
We believe, that environmental taxes should not just
fill the state budget of the country, but stimulate the
payer to have a positive and responsible attitude
towards the natural environment. The funds
received can be used to stimulate environmental
protection, state programs for the development and
import of resource-saving technologies, waste
disposal, and the introduction of natural agricultural
production technologies.
2 Analysis of the latest Research and
Publications
The intensive development of science and
technology without taking into account the need for
environmental protection has led to the acceleration
of the destruction of the environment due to the
deterioration of the quality of soils and drinking
water, the reduction of fresh water reserves, air
pollution due to emissions of harmful substances,
the reduction of deposits of raw materials for carbon
energy, etc. Before the emergence of the paradigm
of sustainable development, two concepts were
actively discussed, which were developed with the
assistance of members of the Club of Rome: the
concept of dynamic growth, [19], and the concept of
organic growth, [3]. One of the first studies
conducted in this direction was a study by MIT
professor Jay Forrester "World Dynamics", [13], in
which the "World 1" model was proposed. In our
opinion, a significant study that laid the foundation
for the concept of sustainable development was the
study by Denis and Donella Meadows, Jørgen
Randers and William Behrens III, [22], [23], who in
their work "The Limits to Growth" (The Limits to
Growth ) in 1972, they presented the results of the
analysis of the causes and consequences of
population growth and material consumption in the
long term, using the theory of system dynamics and
computer modeling, and proposed the "World 3"
model. In particular, it was noted that the impact on
the environment on a global scale due to pollution
emissions and the use of natural resources will
significantly affect global development in the 21st
century. The authors developed 12 scenarios of the
development of events, which were based on theses
about the exhaustion of natural resources and the
limited ability of the planet to absorb industrial and
agricultural pollution.
In 2011, the UNEP report "Towards a Green
Economy - Pathways to Sustainable Development
and Poverty Alleviation" stated that "the financial
and climate crisis are one and the same. The
solution lies in a "green" economy... the transition to
a "green" economy promises numerous benefits for
the international community and all nations from the
point of view of solving the problems of food,
energy, water security, and climate change. It is
considered an effective response measure to the
financial crisis. It can ultimately lead to the
achievement of the development goals announced in
the Millennium Declaration", [35].
In order to qualitatively ensure the development of
"green finance", it is necessary to determine the
basic constituent elements included in relations in
this area. This is most fully reflected in the work of
G. Schmidt-Traub and J. Sech (Schmidt-Traub G.,
Sachs J.D.) "Financing of sustainable development",
[29]. Sources of financing are divided depending on
the level of the economic system, namely: the
national and international level, taking into account
the interrelationships in solving both social and
environmental problems. At the same time, within
the limits of the national level, it is worth
distinguishing the local level and going beyond the
national level, such a regional level, such as, for
example, the European region, within which its own
rules for ensuring sustainable development and
financing relevant measures are defined.
Environmental taxes are becoming increasingly
important among economic instruments due to their
high effectiveness in achieving the goals of
economic and environmental policy. N. Avramenko
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and Z. Shpylkivska, [1], considering the system of
environmental taxation in Ukraine, propose ways to
improve it through the implementation of the
principles of stimulating the reduction of
environmental pollution, limiting and penalizing
such pollution, applying for tax benefits under the
condition of introducing environmentally friendly,
resource- and energy-saving, low-waste
technologies, the introduction of excise-type
environmental taxes on environmentally hazardous
goods and services. I.S. Volokhova notes that the
increase in the rates of environmental payments
should be carried out in accordance with the amount
of damage caused to the environment, [36].
Y.S. Shemshuchenk was also engaged in the study
of environmental issues, [32]. Serebryansky,
researching the regulatory function of
environmental pollution charges, [31], S. Suchek,
analyzing the impact of financial and environmental
28 instruments on the formation of a "green"
economy, [33], and many others.
The issues of the current state of production of
organic products were highlighted in the works of
many domestic scientists. Thus, according to
analytical research by I.A. Bilotkach,
M.P. Martyniuk, N.M. Davydenko and
Z.M. Titenko specified the main aspects of the
formation and development of the organic products
market in Ukraine and confirmed the leading role of
state regulation in the field of organic production,
[4], [7], [9]. E.V. Mylovanov, N.Yu. Buga and
I.G. Yanenkova researched the current state of
organic production and considered approaches to
regional support of organic production, [5], [24].
Within the framework of our research, based on the
in-depth work of foreign and domestic scientists, we
will consider the development of organic
agricultural production in Ukraine and the
possibility of financing land regeneration through
taxation, because environmental taxes are one of the
sources of finance that should be directed to the
restoration of destroyed forests, environmental
protection measures, elimination of pollution and
conservation of natural resources. High tax rates
should force enterprises to introduce technological
schemes that ensure rational and complex
processing of extracted raw materials and will
contribute to land regeneration.
3 The Research Results
3.1 Development of Organic Agricultural
Production in Ukraine
Ukraine is a country with exceptionally unique
natural features of the land fund. The basis of the
land fund is agricultural land, including 41,507.9
thousand ha of agricultural land, at the same time,
"the share of particularly valuable land on which
agricultural production is carried out, according to
the State Land Agency of Ukraine, is 11.9 million
ha or 19.8% of the territory", [20].
However, the current use of Ukraine's land
resources does not meet the requirements of rational
nature management; the state of Ukraine's land
resources is close to critical, [19]. Intensive use of
agricultural land, reduction of an agrarian culture of
agriculture, and the man-made principle of
development of the agricultural industry in order to
obtain high and stable yields, lead to deterioration of
soil quality, an increase of the area of eroded land,
and destruction of the natural environment. In
general, about 20 percent of Ukraine's land is
polluted, about 57 percent of Ukraine's territory is
affected by water and wind erosion, more than 12
percent of the country's territory is flooded; the
causes of such a situation are complex in nature,
especially the violation of the ecologically balanced
relationship between land categories, the reduction
of the territory of unique steppe areas, the excessive
plowing of the territory and the violation of the
natural process of soil formation, the use of
imperfect technologies in agriculture, [37].
Therefore, the development of natural agricultural
production is one of the basic conditions for the
implementation of the concept of sustainable
development in Ukraine since the use of natural
agricultural production technologies is aimed, on the
one hand, at restoring and protecting soils from
depletion during the use of traditional technologies
with the use of mineral fertilizers, growth
stimulants, chemical agents crop processing, etc.
using technologies of Industry 4.0, [2], [30], and on
the other hand, it ensures the cultivation of
ecologically safe products.
That is, the introduction of natural agricultural
production is aimed at solving problems in the field
of environmental and food security, which are
components of the national security of any country,
[11], [12].
The total area of certified agricultural land in
Ukraine, on which organic products are grown, is
growing every year (Table 1).
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Table 1. Dynamics of organic production
development indicators in Ukraine*
Area,
thousand
hectares
Number of
farms,
units
2012
273
164
2013
393
175
2014
401
182
2015
410
210
2016
411
360
207
420
375
2018
309
501
2019
458
617
2020
462
722
2020 +/-
to 2012
189
558
Source: compiled by the author based on data, [26],
[27], [34].
As of the end of 2020, it amounted to 462,000
hectares, which is 189,000 hectares more than in
2012. Such an increase in cultivated areas can be
explained by the growing interest of agro-industrial
producers of Ukraine in the production of organic
agricultural products and products of their
processing. The development of market relations in
Ukraine for permanent reforms in the agrarian
sector of the economy, in particular in the field of
land resources, leads to the interest of landowners in
preserving and improving the qualitative
characteristics of soils and reducing the impact of
negative factors when using the latter. A positive
trend is maintained in the change in the number of
enterprises engaged in the production of organic
products. In 2020, their number increased to 722,
which is 4.4 times more compared to 2012. An
important point when evaluating domestic
agricultural production is that its development is
carried out with minimal financial support from the
state, and in the majority of "organic" farms,
without at all its, [15]. For producers, only support
elements regarding financial assistance, application
of compensation for the use of organic technologies,
or obtaining certificates are projected by legislation.
In 2020, the number of organic production operators
in Ukraine increased by 17%, the number of
processors of organic products increased by 33%,
and the number of producers who already have a
labeled organic product in their offer to the end
consumer increased by 7%. Of the 722 organic
market operators registered as of January 1, 2021,
114 have processed as a type of certified activity, of
which 64 operators package products for the retail
shelf. The number has increased significantly, and
the directions of organic processing and finishing
have stabilized - in 2020, this indicator is 24
categories, compared to 2019 which it has increased
by 60%. The leading players in the market of
organic products are the USA, Germany, France,
and England. The specific weight of the US market
is more than 50% of the world market. The
Ukrainian market of organic products is developing
dynamically, but despite the significant growth
rates, it remains small in size and therefore carries
significant risks, [17]. Its further development
requires significant support from the state not only
from a financial point of view but also from the
point of view of more active promotion of the ideas
of effective development and education of the
population about the importance of consuming
quality products. As world experience shows, it is
the financial support of the state that stimulates the
increase in the number of organic producers, the
development of the market of organic agricultural
production, its structure, and ensuring
competitiveness, [16]. Ukrainian producers of
organic products are mainly large enterprises, but
the average area of agricultural land per farm is
decreasing every year. The ecological component is
subordinate to social, economic, and financial
because only changes in the latter can change the
ecological situation in the country and the world.
3.2 Assessment of the Level of Financial
Support of Natural Agricultural Production
in Ukraine
The introduction of natural agricultural production
technologies requires significant financial resources,
as it is riskier, compared to traditional agricultural
production, which in itself has a significant level of
operational and, accordingly, financial activity risk.
In addition, the transition from traditional
technologies to technologies of natural agricultural
production takes a certain period of time from two
to five years, when the level of profitability of the
activity may decrease, and therefore the possibility
of using borrowed funds and increasing their value,
taking into account the level of risk, decreases.
Using the analysis of environmental tax instruments,
it is possible to assess the direct or indirect influence
of the state on ecology, trace the quantitative
contribution of the tax to ensuring a reduction in the
level of pollution, determine the presence of
economic incentives for taxpayers to develop
measures to reduce the destructive technogenic
impact on the natural environment. The fiscal
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function of the environmental tax is to ensure the
filling and increase of budget revenues at various
levels due to the taxation of the activities of legal
entities that have a harmful effect on the state of the
natural environment. Accumulated resources form
financial support for the implementation of
environmental protection measures. It should be
noted that the financial provision of natural
agricultural production as an ecological component
of sustainable development of Ukraine is mainly
carried out at the expense of environmental fees.
The Tax Code regulates the payment of tax by
business entities for environmental pollution and
violations of environmental protection legislation "
Environmental tax", [21]. It covers all
environmental payments for the special use of
natural resources and for pollution of the natural
environment (Table 2).
Table 2. Receipt of environmental tax to the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine
in 2011–2019, UAH million
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Receipts for
emissions into
atmospheric air
849.97
1276.34
1869.68
2003.37
24 85.37
2991.32
2411.96
2402.97
2465.88
1918.98
2072.79
Proceeds from
emissions of
carbon dioxide
into the
atmosphere
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
837.18
1037.18
1047.22
Receipts for
the generation
and/or
temporary
storage of
radioactive
waste in
46.84
72.13
101.82
122.71
111.83
142.31
144.85
159.06
155.73
1015.11
1035.54
Receipts from
placing waste
in specially
allocated for
this places or
on objects _ _
418.95
598.37
729.67
859.10
684.83
785.91
863.47
1064.72
1017.00
1048.52
1129.49
Income from
discharges of
pollutants into
water bodies
46.84
72.13
101.82
122.71
111.83
135.03
137.85
152.27
147.07
146.03
150.53
Source: compiled by the author based on data, [26], [27].
Before the adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine in
2010, environmental and economic regulators in the
domestic tax system were used in the form of
payments (fees) for environmental pollution. With
the introduction of the Tax Code, they acquired the
status of an environmental tax. It is important that,
according to the Budget Code of Ukraine, until
2014, funds from the environmental tax were not
transferred to the general, but exclusively to the
special funds of the state and local budgets, which
ensured the targeted nature of their environmental
protection use. At the same time, starting from 2019
in accordance with clause 161 of Art. 29 of the
Budget Code of Ukraine, a special procedure for the
allocation of funds from the Tax on pollutant
emissions by stationary sources of pollution was
introduced, which consists in the fact that tax
revenues in the part of carbon dioxide emissions are
credited to the general fund of the state budget in
full, [6].
At the same time, environmental taxes in the
structure of budget revenues in Ukraine had low
values, usually not exceeding 1% of consolidated
budget revenues. According to the data in Table 2,
during the years 2011–2021, there is no fixed
growing trend in nominal terms in the dynamics of
environmental tax revenues to the Consolidated
Budget of Ukraine. In particular, environmental tax
revenues increased linearly during 2011-2014,
which is associated with an increased economic
burden on the natural environment and economic
growth. In 2016–2018, nominal revenues were at a
fixed level – 4,987–4,922 of million UAH.
respectively, and in 2019-2021 we observe unstable
amounts of deductions that do not have a clearly
established trend. At the current stage, the volume
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of financial support for the ecological sphere of
sustainable development of the region is gradually
increasing. However, this does not indicate that
these volumes are sufficient. Own funds of
enterprises institutions and organizations can also be
used to finance environmental protection measures
(implementation of innovative projects,
development of standards, implementation of
organizational and cultural activities, modernization
of production projects, replacement of energy
resources with environmentally friendly types of
energy, use of renewable types of natural resources
for production purposes and replacing them with
synthetic ones, etc.), [14]. Let's note that business
entities implement environmental protection
measures, provided that it is profitable and
profitable. The development of appropriate means
of economic stimulation and their legislative
consolidation would make it possible to solve this
problem taking into account primarily
environmental priorities.
Table 3. The share and dynamics of environmental tax revenues for 2011-2021
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
GDP, billion
UAH
1316.60
1408.89
1454.93
1566.73
1979.46
2383.18
2982.92
3558.71
3974.56
4194.10
5459.57
Revenues of
the
Consolidated
Budget of
Ukraine,
billion
hryvnias
398 .6
445.5
442.8
456.1
652.0
782.5
1016.8
1184.3
1289.8
1376.7
1662.2
Tax revenues,
billion UAH
334.7
360.6
354.0
367.5
409.4
503.9
627.2
753.8
799.8
851.1
1076.0
Environmental
tax, billion
UAH
2.3
2.8
3.9
4.8
2.7
2.99
2.41
2.4
2.47
1.92
2.07
Share of
environmental
tax in GDP, %
0.18
0.20
0.27
0.30
0.14
0.21
0.13
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
Share of
environmental
tax in
revenues of
the
Consolidated
budget, %
0.58
0.63
0.88
1.05
0.40
0.64
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.14
0.13
The share of
environmental
tax in the
structure of
tax revenues,
%
0.69
0.78
1.10
1.31
0.53
0.77
0.38
0.32
0.31
0.23
0.19
Source: compiled by the author based on data, [25], [26], [27].
The entire volume of income from the
environmental tax, which comes to local budgets, is
directed to a special fund. Accordingly, it is
provided that the received funds have a specific
purpose, and therefore will be used for
environmental protection measures. Receipts of
environmental tax to local budgets in the period
2011–2014 had a steady upward trend, however,
starting from 2015 to 2021, an unstable trend of
environmental tax is observed. In 2017 , revenues
were reduced by UAH 390 million compared to
2016, in 2018 – by UAH 835 million less than in
2017. A slight increase in revenues took place in
2019, local budgets received 2,238.19 billion
hryvnias, which is 93 million hryvnias higher. more
than in 2018. At the same time, in 2020 there was a
decrease in revenues again, this time by 147 million
hryvnias. The actual decrease in revenues is
explained by changes in the Budget Code of
Ukraine: up to 2018 inclusive, 80 percent of the
environmental tax was credited to local budgets
(except for the environmental tax that is paid for the
generation of radioactive waste (including already
accumulated) and/or temporary storage of
radioactive waste by their producers over the
established special conditions of the license, the
term that is credited to the general fund of the state
budget in full), and from 2019 - only 55%.
Considering the financial support of natural
agricultural production, there is a need to study the
costs of environmental protection. Thus, having
compared the costs of the Consolidated Budget for
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the protection of the natural environment and the
receipts to the Consolidated Budget at the expense
of the environmental tax, we observe an annual
(exception only in 2014 - related to the costs of the
country's defense) imbalance between these articles.
Thus, expenses are 1.5-2.2 times greater than
income from environmental taxation. This testifies
to the limited growth of ecologically oriented
initiatives at the expense of budget funds, the lack of
rational incentives for economic entities to
conscientiously pay environmental taxes and control
their connection with environmental security,
relying on budget funding.
The existing structure of costs for environmental
protection in Ukraine does not meet the
requirements of the times. The lion's share of costs
is the cost of eliminating pollution, while costs of a
preventive nature (these include the costs of
preserving the nature reserve fund and costs of
fundamental and applied research and development
in the field of environmental protection) do not
exceed 8% of total costs and still tend to decrease
annually. Such an imbalance of budget policy is an
indicator of a decrease in the level of support for
environmental security in Ukraine.
The specifics of the development of natural
agricultural production allow the use of rather non-
traditional forms of financial support for its
financial support.
One of the forms of the new lending mechanism is
the participation of international financial and credit
institutions in the financing of agricultural
producers. The program of microcredit for
agricultural producers in Ukraine is conducted by
the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development and the German-Ukrainian Fund.
Mortgage lending is a promising practice of credit
unions in terms of long-term lending. Important at
the same time is the development of fundamentally
new crediting schemes for agricultural producers.
The development of these schemes will be
facilitated by cooperation with other branches of the
cooperative sector in the agricultural sector:
production and service cooperatives, consumer
cooperatives, in particular, the participation of credit
unions as structural components of agro-industrial
formations created on a cooperative basis.
4 Conclusions
One of the most effective tools for maintaining
ecological balance is environmental taxation. The
existing tax mechanisms in Ukraine, which should
be aimed primarily at preventing environmental
pollution, are not sufficiently effective. We believe
that it would be appropriate in the agricultural sector
of Ukraine to introduce a system of environmental
tax reimbursement in combination with the
reproduction of soil fertility and biological
resources, as well as ensuring the sustainable
production of ecologically clean agricultural
products. Environmental tax reimbursement (tax
concessions) is one of the methods of financial
support in the agrarian sector of the economy.
We focus on the fact that for the development and
effective implementation of a balanced
environmental policy in Ukraine, it is important to
take into account the experience of the modern
systemic environmental policy of the member states
of the European Union. The ability to adapt the
levers and instruments of our state's environmental
policy to EU standards, including those related to
the agrarian sector of the economy, will directly
affect environmental well-being, a quality living
environment and, ultimately, form the basis for the
production of competitive ecologically clean
agricultural products and ensuring food security of
Ukraine.
Despite the presence of significant problems related
to land degradation due to non-observance of crop
rotation, uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers and
insufficient application of organic fertilizers,
Ukraine nevertheless has potential opportunities for
successful land regeneration. For this, in our
opinion, it is necessary to implement the following
measures at the state level:
to develop a strategy for financial provision of land
reproduction at the macro level;
contribute to ensuring a stable economic situation in
the country to attract investments in the agricultural
sector, and, in particular, in the reproduction of
land;
implementation of constant monitoring of the use of
funds received from the state for the reproduction of
land (for this purpose, it is advisable to improve
financial reporting on the use of state financial
support funds;
to exempt from taxation that part of the land to
which natural renewal is applied (pure vapors).
Thus, the agricultural sector is a strategically
important sector of the economy of Ukraine.
Therefore, the strategy of financial support for land
reproduction at the macro level should correspond
to the overall national strategy for the development
of agriculture. At the state level, the strategy of
financial support for land reproduction should be
implemented by: implementing special financing
programs, providing soft loans, attracting foreign
investments, preferential tax conditions.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.19
Oleksandr Labenko, Inna Dolzhenko,
Maksym Klymenko, Olena Ilchuk
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
200
Volume 20, 2023
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Oleksandr Labenko, Inna Dolzhenko,
Maksym Klymenko, Olena Ilchuk
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
-Oleksandr Labenko was responsible for
formulating the conclusions.
Inna Dolzhenko conducted a review of literature.
-Maksym Klymenko investigated the issue of
financial support for organic production.
-Olena Ilchuk analyzed the current state of
development of organic production
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2023.20.19
Oleksandr Labenko, Inna Dolzhenko,
Maksym Klymenko, Olena Ilchuk
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
202
Volume 20, 2023
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
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(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
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