Construction of Incentive Model for Young Teachers' Professional
Development Based on Artificial Neural Network
HONG YAO1,2
1Lyceum of the Philippines University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, PHILIPPINES
2School of Management, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou, CHINA
Abstract: - Because the traditional incentive model for young teachers' professional development does not
combine incentive measures with independent professional development, the incentive effect is poor. And the
relationship between external support measures and teachers' independent professional development has not
been well connected. In order to solve the problem of poor effect of the incentive model, an incentive model for
young teachers' professional development based on artificial neural network was designed., constructs an
evaluation system of incentive measures for young teachers' professional development, divides incentive
measures into three primary indicators and nine secondary indicators, evaluates nine secondary indicators by
using artificial neural network model, and obtains that the secondary indicators are all good. According to the
incentive measures in the secondary indicators and the target management theory, the incentive model of young
teachers’ professional development is constructed. The results show that the scores of robustness, incentive
selection, scope of use and homomorphism of the model are 95.6, 96.7, 94.2 and 93.8 respectively; after using
the model, the professional development perspectives of young teachers, such as learning aid, professional
training and teacher-apprenticeship, have been improved by 47.80%, 52.00% and 53.20% respectively.
Key-Words: -Artificial neural network; Young teachers; Professional development; Incentive model; Incentive
measures; Evaluation system.
Received: September 2, 2022. Accepted: September 28, 2022. Published: October 21, 2022.
1 Introduction
Since the 1990s, the professional development of
teachers has become one of the important research
topics in foreign academic circles [1]. Since the
beginning of this century, domestic scholars have
begun to carry out fruitful research on this topic.
Scholars in China and abroad have reached a
consensus on the important role of professional
development of teachers in educational reform, and
have recognized teaching. Teacher professional
development is at the center of all educational reform
strategies. It is the key to the success of school
development and educational reform. It is also the
center of all school improvement programs [2].
Young teachers are the new force of school-based
management. The improvement of their professional
quality directly determines the future development
level of the school and the quality of students’
training. As Lu put forward, young teachers are the
starting point of teachers’ professional development
and have infinite potential. However, few scholars
have explained and analyzed the role and motivation
mechanism of teacher professional development,
although Song has proposed that teachers’
professional development should be emphasized. Zhu
pointed out the significance of the research on the
differences of teachers professional development
motivation, but there is still a lack of in-depth and
systematic research in this area.
At present, there are abundant research results on
teachers’ professional development. Summarizing the
existing research in China and abroad, it can be
roughly divided into the following aspects according
to the characteristics of the research contents:
Throughout the current research results, the academic
community has noticed that the intrinsic motivation
of teachers’ independent development plays a key
role in teachers' professional development, and put
forward improvement strategies and management
methods in combination with their respective
professional knowledge. Ma's master dissertation on
primary and secondary school teachers found that
school system incentives and teachers’ professional
development initiative were significantly positively
correlated. But generally speaking, external support
measures and teachers' independent professional
development were studied and discussed separately,
and the two were not well connected.
Reference [3] proposed that there are two types of
users in BSS: leisure travelers and commuters.
Operators and the government are adopting a two-
way incentive model (BIM) to improve their
redistribution service level. In other words, BIM
stimulates leisure travelers to actively respond to the
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1716
Volume 19, 2022
bicycle reset demand of the system; On the other
hand, it guides commuters by encouraging them to
avoid traveling during peak hours. This is conducive
to reducing the scheduling pressure of bicycles
during peak hours, and even achieving BSS self reset.
Reference [4] proposed a feature extraction method
based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD)
energy entropy. The mathematical analysis for
selecting the most important intrinsic mode function
(IMF) is given. Therefore, the selected features are
used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) to
classify the bearing defects. The experimental results
show that the method based on operation fault
vibration signal can reliably classify bearing defects.
Using the recommended Health Index (HI), REB
degradation of different defect types and severity can
be perfectly detected. The purpose of this study is to
illustrate how school external management measures
can motivate teachers independent professional
development, and to construct an incentive model for
young teachers' professional development. According
to the characteristics of the hierarchy, complexity and
diversity of the incentive measure evaluation system,
the weight is determined by the analytic hierarchy
process. Establish BP neural network evaluation
model, determine the network structure, training
samples and network training, andconstruct the
incentive mechanism model of young teachers'
professional development according to the theory of
management by objectives.
2 Methods
2.1 Construction of Evaluation System of
Incentive Measures for Young Teachers'
Professional Development
The evaluation of incentive measures for teacher
professional development has different contents and
purposes in different stages of teacher professional
development. The commonly used evaluation models
are CSE model, CIPP model, Taylor model, CIRO
model, Kirkpatrick's four-tier model, Kaufman's five-
tier model, Philips'five-tier ROI framework, wile
Performance models and so on. The effectiveness of
evaluation depends on a good evaluation model. This
study adopts Wile performance model to evaluate.
While Performance Model is a performance factor
analysis model proposed by American performance
technology expert Wile in 1996. It combines
professional development incentive measures with
the process of incentive performance evaluation. It
forms an evaluation system of teachers’ professional
development incentive measures. The composition of
the system is mainly from the outside of the incentive
performance. The analysis of the ministerial factors,
mainly including incentive measures, incentive
measures management, and incentive measures to
support the three aspects.
The weight of incentive measures in the evaluation
system has an important impact on the effectiveness
of the evaluation [5, 6]. The commonly used weight
determination methods are AHP, Delphi, compulsory
scoring, ring comparison method, etc. AHP is the
most widely used one. According to the
characteristics of hierarchy, complexity and diversity
of incentive measures evaluation system, this study
uses AHP to determine the weight. The evaluation
system of incentive measures is shown in Table 1. It
can be seen from Table 1 that the weight of learning
support in the first level indicators is large, and the
weight of learning support is 0.14; In the secondary
indicators, the weight of on-the-job research and
teaching competition is relatively large, and the
weight of on-the-job research and teaching
competition is 0.22.
Table 1. Table Type Styles
First level index
Weight
Two level index
Weight
Learning support
0.14
In-service Study
0.22
Visiting school in famous Schools
0.19
academic activities
0.18
Professional training
0.11
Scientific research funding
0.21
Paper reward
0.19
Teaching competition
0.22
Teacher and apprenticeship
0.13
Teaching guidance
0.18
Scientific research and help
0.19
Management training
0.21
2.2 Establishment of BP Neural Network
Evaluation Model
Neural network is a nonlinear adaptive dynamic
system composed of a large number of processing
units, which imitates the information processing
mechanism of the brain at different levels. It has the
functions of learning, memory, computing and
intelligent processing, generalization ability and
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1717
Volume 19, 2022
strong fault tolerance. It can be used in signal
processing, pattern recognition, combination
optimization, knowledge engineering, process
control and other data processing occasions [7].
Compared with the traditional data processing
methods, it is more suitable for dealing with fuzzy,
nonlinear and ambiguous mode characteristics.
2.2.1 BP Network Overview
BP network model is the core part of the forward
neural network, which consists of three parts,
including input layer, hidden layer (middle layer)
and output layer. The input layer and output layer
are usually only one layer, and the hidden layer may
have one or more layers. Each node in the network
represents a neuron, each layer of neurons
distributed in parallel with no connection. There is
only a connection between layer and layer neurons
(nodes), and there is no connection between neurons
in the layer. The evaluation model based on BP
neural network not only has simple network
structure and good objectivity, but also is
convenient for computer programming.
2.2.2 Determination of Network Structure
The following steps are taken to establish the neural
network model for evaluation of incentive measures
for young teachers' professional development.
2.2.2.1 The Determination of the Input Layer
Nodes
According to the specific requirements of the
evaluation process for young teachers’ professional
development, a three-layer BP neural network is
constructed. The evaluation indexes can be divided
into three primary indicators and nine secondary
indicators.9 of the secondary evaluation indexes are
used as input nodes of neural network.
2.2.2.2 Determination of Output Layer Nodes
The ultimate goal of the comprehensive evaluation
of incentive measures for young teachers’
professional development is to get an objective and
accurate quantitative value reflecting the incentive
effect, namely the evaluation value [8]. Therefore,
the quantitative value of the incentive effect of
young teachers’ professional development is taken
as the output vector of BP neural network model,
that is, the number of output layer nodes is
determined as one, and the value range is [0,1].
2.2.3 Determination of Training Samples and
Network Training
2.2.3.1 The Determination of Input Variables
The training sample data are obtained through the
questionnaire, so this study is the evaluation of the
survey results. Each teacher was asked to score 9
indicators with a total score of 0-100. The young
teachers made a qualitative evaluation of the effect
of professional development incentives in their own
universities. The evaluation grade was set to five
levels. Grade: excellent, good, medium, qualified
and unqualified [9]. By analytic hierarchy process
(AHP), the weight of each of the nine indicators is
calculated, and the incentive score of each measure
is calculated as the expected output value T of the
model.
By comparison, the scores of teachers' incentive
measures are consistent with the grade of teachers'
qualitative evaluation.
Weight calculation steps:
1) The judgment matrix A is established. Through
the experts' evaluation of the evaluation indicators,
the two pairs are compared. Its initial weight forms
the judgment matrix A. The element xij in the i-th
and jth rows of the judgment matrix A represents
the scale coefficient obtained after the comparison
between the index xi and xj.
2) Calculate the geometric mean of each scale data
in each row of the judgment matrix A, and record it
as wi.
3) Carry out normalization. Normalization is to use
formula calculation to determine the
weight coefficient of each index according to the
calculation results.
2.2.3.2 Network Training
Forty samples were taken as training data and
normalized by Formula (1). Among them,
x
and
x
were the values before and after sample data
conversion, Max and Min were the maximum and
minimum values of sample data respectively.
x x Min Max Min

According to the above model, the maximum
training frequency is 1000 and the error precision is
0.001. After training, the error curve of the network
establishment process can be obtained. From this
error curve, it can be seen that the network has
reached the accuracy requirement after 98 steps of
iteration.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1718
Volume 19, 2022
2.3 Incentive Model for Young Teachers'
Professional Development
According to the theory of goal management [10],
this study constructs the incentive mechanism model
of young teachers’ professional development.
Teachers’ professional development goals are
usually manifested in two aspects: professional titles
and posts. Professional titles are divided into three
levels: primary, intermediate and advanced [11-13].
After the implementation of the post-setting system,
the employment of professional and technical posts
is divided into 13 levels, with advanced level of 1-4,
a deputy advanced level of 5-7, an intermediate
level of 8-10, and a primary level of 11-13. Each
level set the appropriate conditions of employment,
and young teachers determine their own
development goals according to their own
development stages [14-17]. Because each level has
a clear requirement on teachers’ research
achievements, number of papers and teaching
achievements, young teachers should adopt
appropriate organizational citizenship behaviors
according to their own goals, and constantly
improve their knowledge level through in-service
education, visits to famous schools in China and
abroad, and participation in frontier academic
activities. Teachers’ scientific research projects and
hosting youth-funded scientific research projects
can improve their scientific research ability,
gradually improve their scientific research ability in
the process of writing research reports and
publishing scientific research papers under the
support of the projects, and improve their teaching
skills. In the process of mutual attendance and
participation in teaching observation and
competition, they improve their teaching skills and
form a unique teaching style [18-20]. Young
teachers' leadership ability is often neglected by
researchers to improve their organizational
coordination and leadership ability. In fact, the
training of young teachers' leadership ability is
indispensable for them to form a leading academic
team and lead the development of disciplines, even
if they do not take part-time management positions
in the future.
3 Results
In this experiment, the incentive model of young
teachers’ professional development based on
artificial neural network is used to evaluate the
incentive measures of young teachers' professional
development in 25 Chinese universities. In the
experiment, MATLAB neural network toolbox was
used for simulation. The original data of the
experiment came from the Yearbook of Education
Statistics in China. The sample selection considers
generality and penalization, and tries to fully reflect
the level of incentive measures for professional
development of young teachers in different types of
universities, while taking into account the
differences between regions, as far as possible in
different provinces and cities, reflecting the
universality of the region.
In order to verify the effectiveness of the young
teachers' professional development incentive model
based on artificial neural network, this paper uses
the young teachers' professional development model
based on the analytic hierarchy process and the
young teachers' professional development model
based on the weighted sum as a comparison. The
three models are compared under the same
experimental environment. This paper analyzes the
changes of young teachers’ professional
development before and after accepting the
incentive measures designed in this paper from three
angles of the apprenticeship. The results are shown
in Table 2.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1719
Volume 19, 2022
Table 2.Effects of different models on young teachers' professional development
Young teachers' professional
development index before young
teachers' professional development
incentives
Young teachers' professional
development index after using
young teachers' professional
development incentives
Effect
Model of this paper
Learning aid
Perspective
27.90%
75.70%
Promote
47.80%
Professional
training
scheduling
31.60%
83.60%
Promote
52.00%
Apprenticeship
with angle
24.70%
77.90%
Promote
53.20%
Incentive model for young
teachers' professional
development based on Analytic
Hierarchy Process
Learning aid
Perspective
27.90%
55.40%
Promote
27.50%
Professional
training
scheduling
31.60%
64.20%
Promote
32.60%
Apprenticeship
with angle
24.70%
58.80%
Promote
34.10%
Incentive model for young
teachers' professional
development based on weighted
summation method
Learning aid
Perspective
27.90%
62.10%
Promote
34.20%
Professional
training
scheduling
31.60%
66.90%
Promote
35.30%
Apprenticeship
with angle
24.70%
54.8%
Promote
30.10%
Through the analysis of Table 2, it can be concluded
that the incentive effect of young teachers’
professional development has been improved by
47.80%, 52.00% and 53.20% respectively, and the
incentive effect of young teachers' professional
development has been improved by using this
model. The angles of study aid, professional training
and attempt to impart increased by 27.50%, 32.60%
and 34.10% respectively; after using the incentive
model of young teachers’ professional development
based on weighted summation, the incentive effect
of young teachers' professional development was
improved by 34.20%, 35.30% and 30.10%,
respectively. By comprehensive analysis of these
experimental data, we can see that the effect of
professional development of young teachers has
been greatly improved after using the proposed
model. This is because the young teachers'
professional development incentive model based on
the artificial neural network has constructed an
evaluation system for young teachers' professional
development incentive measures. The incentive
measures are divided into three first level indicators
and nine second level indicators. The nine second
level indicators are evaluated using the artificial
neural network model, and the second level
indicators are all good. According to the incentive
measures and the theory of management by
objectives in the secondary indicators, an incentive
model for young teachers' professional development
is constructed.
4 Disscusions
Both the educational administration department and
the universities themselves have realized the
importance of the professional development of
young teachers, and have taken various measures to
urge and encourage the professional development of
young teachers. According to the training breadth of
these measures in the professional development of
young teachers, we classify these external measures
into three categories in turn: study aid, professional
training and teacher-apprenticeship.
1) Learning aid. From the perspective of
teachers'initiative in professional development,
learning aid mainly refers to the encouraging
policies adopted to implement the idea of lifelong
learning, encourage young teachers to broaden their
horizons and continue learning. There are three
common forms of in-service education, visiting
schools in China and abroad, and attending
academic conferences of the same profession.
Universities generally encourage young teachers to
study for master's and doctoral degrees in-service by
reimbursing all or part of their tuition fees.
2) Professional training. In order to promote the
ability of young teachers in scientific research,
thesis writing and teaching, educational
administration departments and universities have set
up different levels of training policies to encourage
young teachers to grow up through selection
competition. The optimum incentives for scientific
research are as follows: setting up a national fund
for young doctoral teachers, provincial-level
projects for young teachers'cultivation and school
principals' funds, etc. to subsidize young teachers to
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1720
Volume 19, 2022
conduct scientific research and training through
special scientific research projects.
3) Apprenticeship. The practice of traditional
teacher-apprenticeship model has proved to be an
effective way for young teachers to become an
excellent and mature teaching and scientific
researcher. Through the old academic band, the
young teachers will grow up in an all-round way. In
order to help young teachers get into the role of
teachers as soon as possible, some universities have
selected instructors for young teachers, asking
young teachers and instructors to listen to each
other, and directing young teachers to improve their
teaching skills.
4) Combined with our own teaching work, we will
try to reform information technology and various
disciplines to adapt to the development of new
teaching concepts. Actively participate in on-the-job
learning and training. Actively participate in in-
service learning and training; Diligent in thinking,
improve the ability of education and teaching
research; Conduct professional cooperation with
other teachers, effectively develop the ability of
cooperation and communication, and master modern
information technology.
5 Conclusions
Teachers’ professional development is the key to the
success of school reform. The level of teachers'
professional development directly determines the
level of school development. As a young teacher in
the school, the development level represents the
future development of the school. This study
designs an incentive model for young teachers’
professional development based on artificial neural
network. Firstly, the incentive measures for young
teachers' professional development are divided into
three primary indicators and nine secondary
indicators, and the evaluation index system of
incentive measures for young teachers’ professional
development is constructed. Then the artificial
neural network model is used to evaluate the
secondary indicators, and the secondary indicators
are all above good. Finally, according to the
incentive measures in the secondary indicators and
the target management theory, the incentive model
of young teachers’ professional development is
constructed. From the experimental results, the
robustness, incentives, range of use and
homomorphism scores of the model are 95.6, 96.7,
94.2 and 93.8 respectively, which shows that the
model has better robustness, range of use and
homomorphism. After using this model, the angles
of learning aid, professional training and teacher-
apprentice transmission of young teachers have
increased by 47.80%, 52.00% and 53.20%,
respectively. This shows that the professional
development level of young teachers has gradually
improved after using this model. In the future
development, it is necessary to improve the
classroom teaching art of young teachers, strengthen
the teaching reflection ability, and make the original
concept more perfect and scientific.
References:
[1] J. O. E. Ferrá, Salary Incentives for Teachers
Linked to Student Outcomes: Proposals based
on An Analysis of the Catalan Model, Revista
De Educacion, No.377, 2017, pp.9-29.
[2] T. Bosko, M. Dubow, T. Koenig,
Understanding Value-based Incentive Models
and Using Performance as A Strategic
Advantage, Journal of Healthcare
Management, Vol.61, No.1, 2015, pp.11-11.
[3] L. Li, and M. Shan, Bidirectional Incentive
Model for Bicycle Redistribution of A Bicycle
Sharing System During Rush Hour,
Sustainability,Vol.8, No.12, 2016,pp. 1299-
1230.
[4] J. B. Ali, N. Fnaiech, L. Saidi, B. C. hebel-
Morello, and F. Fnaiech, Application of
Empirical Mode Decomposition and Artificial
Neural Network for Automatic Bearing Fault
Diagnosis based on Vibration Signals, Applied
Acoustics, Vol.89, No.3, 2015, pp. 16-27.
[5] A. Sharma, P. K. Sahoo, R. K. Tripathi, and
L.C. Meher, Artificial Neural Network-Based
Prediction of Performance and Emission
Characteristics of CI Engine Using Polanga as
A Biodiesel, International Journal of Ambient
Energy, Vol.37, No.6, 2015,pp. 559-570.
[6] F. Angerosa, L. D. Giacinto, R. Vito, and S.
Cumitini, Sensory Evaluation of Virgin Olive
Oils by Artificial Neural Network Processing
of Dynamic Head-Space Gas Chromatographic
Data, Journal of the Science of Food &
Agriculture, Vol.72, No.3, 2015,pp. 323-328.
[7] L. L. Zhang, M. Zheng, and J. Tang,
Realization of Handwritten Numeral
Recognition Method based on BP Neural
Network, Automation&Instrumentation,Vol.8,
No.6, 2015,pp. 169-170.
[8] E. Coppola, F. Szidarovszky, M. Poulton, and
E. Charles, Artificial Neural Network
Approach for Predicting Transient Water
Levels in A Multilayered Groundwater System
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1721
Volume 19, 2022
under Variable State, Pumping, and Climate
Conditions, Journal of Hydrologic
Engineering, Vol.8, No.6, 2015,pp. 348-360.
[9] N. Fu, P. C. Flood, J. Bosak, D. M. Rousseau,
T. Morris, P. O'Regan, High-Performance
Work Systems in Professional Service Firms:
Examining the Practices-Resources-Uses-
Performance Linkage, Human Resource
Management, Vol.56, No.2, 2017,pp. 24-25.
[10] M. Egan, Driving Water Management Change
Where Economic Incentive is Limited, Journal
of Business Ethics, Vol.132, No.1, 2015, pp.
73-90.
[11] P. D. E. Mendoza, Distributional Incentives in
an Equilibrium Model of Domestic Sovereign
Default, Journal of the European Economic
Association, Vol.14, No.1, 2015, pp. 7-44.
[12] S. Tian, J. Zhang, X. Shu, L. Chen, X. Niu, Y.
Wang, A novel evaluation strategy to artificial
neural network model based on bionics,
Journal of Bionic Engineering, Vol.19, No.1,
2022, pp.224-239.
[13] J. Szoplik, M. Ciuksza, Mixing time prediction
with artificial neural network model, Chemical
Engineering Science, vol.246, 2021, pp.116949.
[14] Y. Shoji, T. Katsura, K. Nagano, MICS-ANN
model: An artificial neural network model for
fast computation of G-function in moving
infinite cylindrical source model, Geothermics,
vol.100, 2022, pp.102315.
[15] G. B. Kim, Y. C. Son, C. I. Hwang,
Determination of new national groundwater
monitoring sites using artificial neural network
model in South Korea, Geosciences Journal,
vol.26, No.4, 2022, pp.513-528.
[16] W. Wu., W. Deng, Y. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Ji,
Prediction of the working conditions for the
pulse tube cooler based on artificial neural
network model, Applied Thermal Engineering,
vol.197, No.7, 2021, pp.117424.
[17] Z. Sun, L. Xie, D. Hu, Y. Ying, An artificial
neural network model for accurate and efficient
optical property mapping from spatial-
frequency domain images, Computers and
Electronics in Agriculture, vol.188, 2021,
pp.106340.
[18] N. Zhang, H. Zou, L. Zhang, A. J. Puppala, S.
Liu, G. Cai, A unified soil thermal conductivity
model based on artificial neural network,
International Journal of Thermal Sciences,
vol.155, 2020, pp.106414.
[19] K. A. Sidorenko, A. N. Kondratyev, Improving
the ionospheric model accuracy using artificial
neural network, Journal of Atmospheric and
Solar-Terrestrial Physics, vol.211, No.12, 2020,
pp.105453.
[20] E. Zhu, Y. Ju, Z. Chen, F. Liu, X. Fang, DTOF-
ANN: An artificial neural network phishing
detection model based on decision tree and
optimal features, Applied Soft Computing,
vol.95, 2020, pp.106505.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.155
Hong Yao
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
1722
Volume 19, 2022