Validating the Framework of the Accounting Information Systems
Components and Firm Performance: A Conceptual Study
Abstract: - The aim of this research is to propose a conceptual framework that links the Accounting
Information System components with the Firm Performance. The framework contained the Availability, the
Security and the Integrity, the Confidentiality and Privacy, and the System Quality as independent variable,
with Firm financial and non-financial performance among the Jordanian Firms as dependent variable. The
researcher followed the quantitative research methodology by testing the measurement model of the conceptual
framework by checking the convergent and discriminant virility of the framework. The researcher used the
mean of survey questionnaire as a research instrument, on which the researcher developed a 31 items
questionnaire and distributed 350 questionnaires, and received 263 fully answered questionnaire. The findings
of this study revealed that the scores of factor loadings and AVE did not achieve the recommended level of 0.4
and 0.5 respectively, which required a modification on the research model in the second run, on which the
researcher achieve a satisfactory level of Factor loadings, Composite Reliability, Cronbach Alpha, and AVE.
However, the scores of the Fornell and Larcker Criterion and HTMT which confirmed the discriminant
validity. This study was limited to the measurement model analysis only, an empirical study with both the
measurement and structural model will be a great addition to the future studies.
Key-Words: - Accounting Information System, Firm Performance, Jordan, SysTrust framework, Validity
Received: June 16, 2021. Revised: January 26, 2022. Accepted: March 19, 2022. Published: April 4, 2022.
1 Introduction
Accounting information has an important role in
making the various decisions regarding the financial
and economic issues. It has also a significant
influence on the survival of the organizations [1].
The effective systems of the internal control are
considered an essential to the successful operation
of the business and the accounting and
administrative control. It helps the AIS division to
generate and provide reliable and relevant
information. In the AIS environment, the
characteristics of the internal controls can affect the
operations and the management, and thus it affects
the internal control in general. In addition, such
internal controls are run in order to ensure the
achievement of the operational goals and the
performance [2].
It is generally believed that investment in the
AIS can provide an important opportunities for the
organizations to enhance the effectiveness of the
business process [3]. Accounting information
systems (AIS) add a value to the organization,
timely and accurate information, perform the main
activities efficiently and effectively, enhance the
quality and efficiency of the financial process [4].
The AIS is considered as one of the most important
systems in the organizations [5]. It aims to provide
the necessary information for the management. Such
information lead to help the management effectively
to performed their duties in planning, monitoring the
firm's resource, decision-making and enhance the
performance [6].
The effective implementation of the AIS has
several benefits such as, improvement the work
quality, flow of the product, flexibility, motivation
and development of using the software application,
develop the capability of employees in solve the
different problems, and increased the employees'
productivity and their performance regarding the
production cost [7]. In addition, using of the AIS is
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.86
Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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ABDLLAH MOHAMMAD SHAWABKAH1, MOHD RIZUAN BIN ABDUL KADIR2,
WAN MOHD NAZIF WAN MOHD NORI3, HASMAIZAN BINTI HASSAN4
1College of Management, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, MALAYSIA
2Department of Finance and Economics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
3Department of Accounting, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
4Department of Accounting & Finance University of Science Malaysia (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
able to improve the firm productivity and develop
the employees’ work, innovation and their attitude
[8], and facilitating the decisions making within the
organizations [1]. However, several prior studies
regarding the firm performance, such as Marashdeh,
(2014); Aldehayyat et al., (2017); Aktan et al.,
(2018) and Al Matari and Mgammal, (2019) have
been conducted in some developing countries, such
as United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and also in
Jordanian context, which is considered as beachhead
for the modern technologies and the modern
practices of the business in the Middle East or North
Africa (MENA) [9]–[12].
The AIS must be kept safe and protected always
given that it involves a very sensitive and
confidential information. Therefore, it is very
important for the organizations to secure their
sensitive information securely, due to the threat to
the information is rapidly increasing in malicious
attacks on the organizations’ IT infrastructure,
which can influence the business continuity. In
addition, penalties of the inadequate security can
make the organizations suffer substantial fiscal loss.
Given that the information technology is playing an
essential function in the businesses, the likelihood of
the security threats will increase. Consequently,
organizations are always encouraged to invest in the
comprehensive and strong IT security set- ups in
order to protect and safeguard the accessibility, the
integrity and the confidentiality of the accounting
and financial information from vulnerable of the
threat given that it can lead to substantial financial
consequences of the organizations, losing the
customers, as well as impairment of good will
amongst others [2].
Several prior studies regarding the firm
performance, such as [9]–[12] have been conducted
in some developing countries, such as United Arab
Emirates, Saudi Arabia and also in Jordanian
context, which is considered as beachhead for the
modern technologies and the modern practices of
the business in the Middle East or North Africa
(MENA). But the limitation of these studies is that
most of them focused on the association of the
firms' performance with the corporate governance
mechanisms. Several previous studies indicated that
further concern should be paid towards the
association between the AIS, internal control and
technology systems and the firms' performance [13],
[14].
Furthermore, the current study attempted to
bridge several gaps in the body of literature. The
first gap is lack of the studies on the AIS conducted
in the developing countries like Jordan [15].
Furthermore, the second gap was covering the needs
to investigate how the mentioned innovations will
be used in AIS to enhance the benefits, performance
and risks [16].
Therefore, the current study will help to bridge
all of the aforementioned gaps through evaluating
the effectiveness of the internal control in the AIS
on the firm performance (the financial and the non-
financial) through integrated and comprehensive
approach. In addition, the current study has purpose
to address the previous mentioned limitations in the
prior studies and further to enhance our
understanding of the significance and effectiveness
AIS in the Jordanian business context as a
developing economy. The current study explores
and examines the important factors within the AIS
which lead to the system’s effectiveness to be on-
going and stable system. In particular, this study
will examine the relationship between AIS' factors,
namely; (the Availability, the Security and Integrity,
the Confidentiality and Privacy, and the System
Quality) and their effects on the Jordanian firm
performance, through a survey on a larger scale in
order to get a broader perspective about the
relationships between AIS and firm performance.
Putting into consideration the aforementioned
gaps and problems cited in the pieces of literature,
the current study’s aim is to propose a conceptual
framework that links the Accounting Information
System components with the Firm Performance.
The framework contained the Availability, the
Security and the Integrity, the Confidentiality and
Privacy, and the System Quality as independent
variable, with Firm financial and non-financial
performance among the Jordanian Firms as
dependent variable.
2 Literature Review
Accounting information system considered as the
most significant part in the managerial information
systems. Thus, accounting information that obtained
from the AIS is a type of the basic knowledge for
the effective management system. Moreover, data
gained from the accounting system with the
computer base ensures extremely significant
contributions to the success the management
systems. The following Table 1 describes some
definitions of the accounting information system.
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
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Table 1. Definition of Accounting Information
System
Author
Definition
[17]
A collection of data and processing
procedures that creates needs
information for its users
[7]
A system which has several functions
such as collecting, processing,
categorizing the data, reporting the
financial events, and provide the
associated information in order to
storing the information, keeping the
inventories records and decision
making, as well as provide the needed
financial reports.
[18]
The unified structure in the entity, like
the business organization, which
employs the physical resources or any
components in order to transform the
economic data to the useful accounting
information, fulfilling the various needs
of the information to the variety of the
users”
[1]
Structure in which the business uses in
order to gather, store, direct, process,
recovers and reports its financial
information. So that, it can be utilized
through the owners, the accountants,
the advisor, the analysts, the managers,
internal and external auditors as well as
the regulatory and the tax agencies.
[19]
It is the system which is responsible for
the accumulation, storage and handling
of accounting and financial data that is
used to inward administration choice
making, comprising the nonfinancial
exchanges or transactions that
specifically influence the preparing of
monetary exchanges?
[20]
A combination of several subsystems,
procedures and policies that working
together to collect and provide the
needed information to support the
decision-making process.
According to Romney et al. (2017), AIS is
system which collects, stores, records and address
the data in order to produce the information that
used in the decision making [21]. It is basically
reflect an integration of several subsystems
processing or sub accounting information systems,
given that each transaction processing system have a
transaction processing cycle so that AIS [4].
Hall (2012) identified why we need to the AIS in
the organizations as follows: (i) provide the needed
data regarding the used organizational resources (ii)
provide the relevant data regarding the decision
making, (iii) provide the data which enhances the
efficiency of the employees [22]. There are several
studies provide evidence that the accounting
information able to provide benefits to the
decisions-makers of organizations and all of the
stakeholders [23], [24].
2.1 Components of the AIS
In the typical organizational environment setting,
the AISs are consists of various components.
According to Romney et al. (2017), and Ganyam
and Ivungu (2019), the AISs are consists of a six
components, namely; Individuals, Software, Data,
Information technology infrastructure, internal
control measures, procedures [15], [21].
In addition, the quality of the system
information, quality of the system itself and its
service [25], [26], and the infrastructure of the
Information Technology (IT) factors within the AIS
are considered some of the most important factors
that affect the effectiveness of AIS in the
organizations, given that they enables the companies
to easily tracking, recording and production the
financial and the accounting statements, as well as
such factors can quickly process the firm
transactions into financial statements [15], [27] In
the current study, the components of the AIS consist
of the following components: Security and Integrity,
Availability, Confidentiality and Privacy and
System Quality.
2.1.1 Availability
According to Al-Dmour (2018), the availability is
considered as an process of an accessibility that
characterised by an end-user capacity to use the
accounting information system in the adaptation
with the schedules and the agenda of the companies,
and whenever it’s needed [14]. Using AIS means
performing the inputting process in flawless and in
quality way, upgrading storing, and re-establishing
process in the time chosen. In this regard, there are
several conceivable sorts of the threats to the
availability of the AIS such as: failures of the
hardware or the software, the natural and the man-
made disasters, the human mistake, the different
viruses, and attacks of rejection-of-the services and
other acts of harm. It can be ensure the availability
of AIS through keeping up all of the hardware, the
providing equipment repairs immediately when
needed and provide the accurate working framework
environment, which must to be free of the software
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conflicts [28]. One of the studies was conducted by
Olugbode et al. (2018) with aim to implement new
integrated business and supporting IT systems by
studying the role of the system availability and how
it would streamline operations, increase internal
efficiency, facilitate sustained growth and increase
firm performance using a case-study approach. The
findings of this research illustrated a significant and
positive role of system availability on the firm
performance [29]. Moreover, Ismail and King
(2019) conducted a study focused on measuring the
availability of accounting information systems
(AIS) and how it affects the firm performance. The
researchers found that it is important as only after a
firm analyses its accounting information availability
can it have a clear idea on how to invest in new
technology or utilise the available technology
effectively and improve firm performance [30].
Availability is associated to the accounting
information have to be available when it's be
required by the customers at any time [31], [32]. In
addition, the availability reflect the availability of
operation and use of the system when needed at any
times, which involves reduce the downtime of the
system, develop the plans in order to face any
disasters, avoiding information loss and reducing
the possibility of expected loss [33].
The investment in quality of the AISs, such as,
the security, reliability use and the integration and
the availability of the needed and timely information
have an important role to support the organizations'
performance. Consequently, the organizations are
encouraged to pay more attention to invest in such
components in their accounting information system
in order to improve the organizations' performance
[34]. In their study, Rosa and Purfini (2019) found
the organizations with quality accounting
information system - the system that fulfilled some
elements such as availability of the information,
reliability use and accessibility- have been able to
enhance their performance, and the success of the
organizations is significantly depend on availability
of the information within the accounting
information system [34].
2.1.2 Confidentiality and Privacy
The confidentiality can be defined as “the
information or data are not available and not
disclosed to the unauthorised users”. It is protecting
the information in the storage and the transmission.
The confidentiality can be compromised when the
information be available or can be reached by the
unauthorised users or be disclosed to any one need
to know [14]. The keenness of the organizations in
ensuring the confidentiality of their information
regarding the organization's accounting systems, and
facing the viruses and the cybercrimes, lead to
increasing in the reliability of the information for
the investors and the beneficiaries [35]. The
effective AIS able maintains the confidentiality and
protect the sensitive accounting information from
the unauthorized disclosure [1].
The confidentiality is related to protection of the
sensitive accounting and financial information from
the unauthorized disclosure [32]. In addition, it has
been emphasized that assurance of the
confidentiality and privacy, security and integrity,
and availability will affect significantly and
positively the users' attitude towards the accounting
information system [36]. With aim to enhance
understanding of the effect of customer data privacy
on firm performance, Martin et al. (2017) conducted
their study on 414 public companies in several
European cities. The researchers, at both firm and
customer levels, confirm that data privacy generates
negative outcomes for firms, including negative
abnormal stock returns and damaging customer
behaviours [37]. In addition, the aim of this study is
to assess the role of data privacy on the Indonesian
firms’ performance in light of issuing new data
protection bills form the Ministry of
Communication and Information. The researchers
found that. The researchers found that data privacy
played a significant role for the Indonesian firms’
performance [38].
Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to privacy.
Several organizations nowadays are taken various
measures in order to ensure that the confidentiality
and the privacy are designed to prevent the access of
the wrong users to their sensitive information, and
to ensure that only the right users are able to reach
such information. Access should be restricted only
to the users who are authorised to reach the needed
information [14]. In any system, there must be high
level of the privacy and confidentiality regarding the
information. The information also must be limited
only for those authorized [23].
2.1.3 Security and Integrity
The issue of measuring the costs and the benefits of
the investment in the information security was one
of the reasons why the organizations do not allocate
their resources to the information security [2]. The
security principle applies to protect the systems
from the unauthorised access by anyone. When the
systems have restricted access, then it will help in
preventing the possible exploitation, resources theft
or the software misuse of firm system, as well as the
inappropriate and unsuitable use, the access to the
system, modification or damage and disclosure of
the information. The main factors to safeguard the
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system represents in allow the authorised access in
the firm system according to the necessity and deny
the unauthorised access in the all other cases [14].
Boritz (2005) conducted a study to determine the
significant attributes of the information integrity and
the related issues [39]. Boritz (2005) considered the
information security as one of the main attributes for
the information integrity. The integrity is associated
to the accuracy and the completeness of the
accounting information and its validity regarding the
customers’ value or expectation [32]. Moreover,
Olugbode et al. (2018) also studied the integrity of
IT systems with the growth of firm performance
using a case-study approach. The findings of this
research showed that a significant and positive role
of integrity of IT systems on the firm performance
[29]. In addition, Sundram et al. (2020) investigated
the role of information technology integration with
firm performance in Malaysia. The researchers
found that the relationship between information
technology integration and firm performance
measures [40].
The integrity of the processing and the security
of the system are considered as a significant
characteristic for any organization. The integrity of
the processing represents the completeness and
accuracy, the timeliness, the validity and the
authorization of the system processing. The integrity
is be exist when the system performs the intended
role in unimpaired way, free from the unauthorised
and/or the inadvertent manipulation [14], [39]. In
addition, Dimitrov (2014) identified several benefits
of the security such as; increased data safety,
recover and transfer the data in a fast way,
centralization, and improve the security software
mechanisms and maintenance [41]. It is very
important to the organizations to investing in
various security technologies, and considering the
importance of the information and the non-
information technology that associated to the
security investment factors. Further, it is vital for the
organizations to understand the influences of
investment in the information security on the
performance [2]. Al-Dmour and Al-Dmour (2018)
showed that the indicators of the organization
performance (financial and non-financial indicators)
can be significantly predicted through the reliability
of the AIS such as the security and the integrity
[42].
2.1.4 System Quality
AIS is categorized as a successfully executed
system if the outcomes of the AIS can be utilized in
the decision-making particularly that associated
decision to the financial reporting, performance and
the supporting decision [43]. The success of any
system of the information can be influenced by
several factors or dimensions. DeLone and McLean
(1992) in their study "Information Systems Success"
describe several factors or dimensions of any
information system to be success, one of these
factors is the system quality [44]. Regarding the
system quality, the system must be consciously and
integrated designed to create an effective and an
efficient process [45], due to the system quality is
positively and significantly affect the net benefits of
the AIS [46].
System quality is considered as a significant
indicator in measuring quality of the AIS. This
quality is utilized when evaluating the contribution
of the information systems in the organization
activities and it's describe the measures of the
information processing system itself [44]. Al-
Mamary et al. (2018) conducted a study to explain
the relationship between system quality and
information quality with organizational
performance. The researchers found a positive
relationship between system quality, information
quality with organizational performance [47].
Moreover, Leibert (2019) carried out a study to
analyse and compare the system quality of hospitals
participating in highly integrated systems with
non‐integrated hospitals based on outcome
measures involving hospital performance. The
results of the review demonstrate that there is a
statistically significant positive difference between
the system quality and hospitals’ organizational
performance.
Generally, system quality is associated to
whether any “bug/error” is exist or not in the
system, user interface consistency, easy to use,
quality of the document, program quality, the
encryption and its maintainability [48]. In addition,
system quality reflects ability of the information
processing in the firm system itself and assess the
software and system’s information from the
technical perspective [49].
2.2 Accounting Information System and the
Organization Performance
There are several prior studies carried out regarding
the relationship between the AIS and the
organization performance. Ironkwe and Nwaiwu
(2018) revealed that the AIS has a significant and
positive influence on the financial and the non-
financial performance indicators [50]. Daoud and
Triki (2013), and, Beg (2018) revealed on a
significant association between AIS and the
organization’s performance improvement [20], [51].
Trabulsi (2018) showed that using the AIS is
significantly affect all dimensions of the
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
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organization performance, namely, cost reduction,
improve the quality and effective decision-making
[13].
Patel (2015) found that the accounting
information system has an important function in
decisions-making regarding the financial and the
economic issues, as well as the profitability and
survival of the organizations [1]. Prasad and Green
(2015) revealed on a positive and significant
influence of the dynamic AIS capability (flexible
system, intelligent system, and professionals
accountants) with overall organization performance
[52]. Hla and Teru (2015) AIS has an important role
to improve the organization performance, as it is
facilitating the decisions-making, internal controls,
quality of the financial statements, organization's
transaction and improve the economic system [53].
While Soudani (2012) revealed that although the
AIS is very useful for the organizational
performance, there is no any relationship between
the AIS and the performance management [54].
2.3 Overview of the Conceptual Framework
The SysTrust service framework is an assurance
service that was jointly developed by AICPA and
CICA. It is designed to increase the comfort of
management, customers, and business partners with
systems that support a business or particular
activity. According to the AICPA (2013), SysTrust
is an assurance service that independently tests and
verifies a system’s reliability [55]. The AICPA
succinctly describes the overall purpose of SysTrust
in the following way: Developments in information
technology provide far greater power to companies
at far lower costs. As business dependence on
information technology increases, tolerance
decreases for systems that are not secure, and these
systems become unavailable when needed and
unable to produce accurate information on a
consistent basis. An unreliable system can cause a
chain of events that negatively affect a company and
its customers, suppliers, and business partners [56].
This study applies the SysTrust service framework.
Overall, this research examines the Availability, the
Security and the Integrity, the Confidentiality and
Privacy, and the System Quality to determine Firm
financial and non-financial performance among the
Jordanian Firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange.
As such, Figure 1 displays the proposed framework.
As a conclusion of the literature review, the
performance of the firms has attracted additional
interest, due to its widespread relevance in most of
the organizations activities. The performance is an
opinion, explanation or perception of the actual
reality. According to Fatihudin and Mochklas
(2018) [57], firm performance is the ability of the
firms to control its resources and as to achieve the
desired results. The definition of the performance
still ambiguous and this explains why it’s measured
through various instruments and measurements. In
most cases, various measurements such as;
profitability, efficiency, earning, financial and non-
financial indicators, competitiveness as well as
productivity are used to measure the performance.
According to Noyé (2002) [58], the performance
can be achieved when the business outcome
matches the organization's objectives. Thus, the
performance is not only a mere outcome or result,
but it can be achieved through the reviewed
outcome after comparing the objectives with the
outcome [59].
Thibault et al. (2002), and Nang (2017) [60], [61]
reveal that the factors that may affect the
organizations performance could be attributed to
several factors such as use of the technology,
operating location, business strategies, organization
structure, goals and motives, the attributes of the
employees and networking and systems as an
important factors in affecting the performance of the
organizations. It is generally believed that there is
no single factor can fully measure the firm
performance in all aspects [62]–[64].
Nowadays, the demand of the accounting
information system increasing due to its high impact
on the firms’ performance [65]. The AIS are
considered a significant mechanism for the
organizations’ effective management, and decision-
making, as well as controlling activities. It's an
effective tool for decision-making to controlling and
coordinating the organization's activities. In
addition, it's critical to the produce quality
accounting information on the time and provide
such information to the decision makers. In other
words, AIS has a significant influence on the
organizational effectiveness [66].
In addition, AIS considered as a significant tools in
which, are incorporated in the Information and the
Technology systems area. Such systems were
designed in order to help in manage and control of
the daily activities that associated to the
organization’s economic-financial issues. In
addition, the overwhelming advance in technology
field lead to open the possibility of generating and
using the accounting information from a strategic
viewpoint [3].
Currently, the demand of the AIS is increasing
given that its high impact on the firms performance
[65]. Most of the prior literatures were conducted in
the advanced countries where the techniques of the
computerized accounting systems have been widely
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.86
Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
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Volume 19, 2022
accepted. Therefore, further research in the
developing countries is recommended in this field to
fill the gap in literature [15].
Fig.1: Proposed Conceptual Framework
3 Research Methods
In this research, the researcher will utilize
quantitative research methods. Primary data was
collected from employees working for Jordanian
firms that use Accounting Information Systems and
listed on Amman Stock Exchange in the industrial
and Service Sector. According to the records of
Amman Stock Exchange (2021), a total of 70 firms
were listed as industrial or Service firms [67].
Therefore, the researcher distributed a total of 350
questionnaires, on which 263 out of 350 were
returned and fully answered and valid for analysis,
which represent a total of 75.1%. From the 263
valid questionnaires, 159 came from the firms that
are working in the Services sector (out of 200
questionnaire distributed). The Industrial sector
came second with 104 valid questionnaire (out of
150 ones). The results illustrated in Table 2.
Table 2. Response rate
#
Ministry
Questionnaires
Distributed
Respondents
1
Services
sector
200
159
2
Industrial
sector
150
104
Total
350
263
4 Instrument Development
The development of instruments was carefully
executed to reflect the nature of this research. As
such, the questionnaire was designed to include 31
items, and the variables were measured using the
five-point Likert scale, with five standing for
‘Strongly Agree’ and one standing for ‘Strongly
Disagree’. Since the participants spoke Arabic, the
survey needed to be accurately translated from
English to Arabic. As a result, a reverse translation
was conducted, which is a common method for
determining the accuracy of a translation in a cross-
cultural survey [68]. Furthermore, the validated
instruments listed in Table 3 were adopted from
relevant prior researches to measure the variables in
this research.
Table 3. Research Instrument
Construct
No of
Items
Adapted
Citation
AIS
Availability
4
AVA1: The entity’s
system availability is
periodically reviewed by
an authorised people
AVA2: There are
procedures to ensure that
personnel responsible for
the design and
development the system
availability features are
qualified to fulfil their
responsibilities
AVA3: Employees are
trained to make substitute
copies of the programs
AVA4: Procedures
exist to provide for
backup, offsite
storage, restoration,
and disaster recovery
[69]
AIS Security
and Integrity
6
SNI1: The firm's security
policies has approved
security requirements of
authorised users
SNI2: The firm’s system
security is periodically
compared with the
defined system security
policies.
SNI3: A security
awareness program has
been implemented to
communicate the entity’s
IT security policies to
employees.
SNI4: There are special
tests to make sure of the
integration of input data
before processing
SNI5: The firm’s
processing integrity and
related security policies
are established by a
designated individual or
group
SNI6: The firm's’
administration
develops procedures
to ensure the
completion and
accuracy of data
[69]
AIS
Confidentiality
and Privacy
(CNP)
7
CNP1: The firm’s system
confidentiality is
periodically reviewed by a
designated individual or
group.
CNP2: The firm publishes
its confidentiality and
related security policies
[69]
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.86
Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 19, 2022
on its corporate intranet.
CNP3: The process for
informing the entity about
breaches of
confidentiality is
communicated to
authorised users.
CNP4: The firm defines
documents,
communicates, and
assigns accountability for
its privacy policies.
CNP5: The firm describes
the choices available to
the individual with respect
to the disclosure of
personal information.
CNP6: The system
confidentiality and
requirements are
communicated to
authorised users.
CNP7: The firm
provides identifies the
purposes for which
personal information
is collected, used,
retained, and
disclosed
AIS System
Quality (SYQ)
6
SYQ1: The system is
flexible
SYQ2: AIS is regularly
examined and maintained
by IT unit staff.
SYQ3: The tutorials or
instructions provided by
AIS help to use the
system easily.
SYQ4: The processing
speed of the AIS assists in
accomplishing work very
fast.
SYQ5: The antivirus
software prevents the
systems from being
attacked by virus
SYQ6: User login is
required to access
always
[26]
Firm
Performance
8
PER1: The Company has
the ability to exploit all its
resources available to the
fullest, contributing to
achieving profits.
PER2: The Company
tracks the policy of
reducing indirect
expenditure on activities
in order to increase
profits.
PER3: The volume of the
company's profits are
suitable with the quality
of products and the nature
of the services provided
by customers.
PER4: The Company is
increasing the wealth of
shareholders and
achieving real returns on
investment.
PER5: The Company’s
profits distributed to
shareholders with their
tendencies and
[26], [70]
expectations.
PER6: The Company
applies effective methods
and policies that increase
the amount of future cash
flow.
PER7: Encourage access
to new markets with a
view to increasing sales
from services provided
and increasing return on
investment.
PER8: The investments of
the Regional and
International Company
offer profits investment
targets for the company.
5 Results and Analysis
The current study has assessed the measurement
model in two steps consisting of the assessment of
the Convergent Validity and the Discriminant
Validity. However, before these two steps, a brief
explanation is given regarding the respondents’
profiles.
5.1 Respondent Profile
The first segment of the instrument compiled
information on background profile of the
respondents which comprises of their Gender,
Sector, Experience, Organization Age, and System.
The characteristics of each demographic profile are
described below in Table 4.
Table 4. Respondent Profile (Frequencies)
Construct
Options
Frequency
Percent
Gender
Male
175
66.5
Female
88
33.5
Sector
Services
sector
159
60.5
Industrial
sector
104
39.5
Experience
Less than 5
years
107
40.7
5 – 9 years
121
46.0
10- 15 years
26
9.9
More than 15
years
9
3.4
Organization
Age
Less than 5
years
35
13.3
5 – 9 years
78
29.7
10- 15 years
115
43.7
More than 15
years
35
13.3
System
A
combination
of manual
and computer
43
16.3
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
992
Volume 19, 2022
processed
Completely
computerized
220
83.7
Total
263
100.0
5.2 Convergent Validity
The research model of this study was tested using
SmartPLS 3.3. In addition, an examination was
conducted regarding the measurement model
(validity and reliability of the measures). As a result,
all of the constructs recorded composite reliability
values higher than 0.7 for each group of data. Which
are above the cutoff point for Cronbach’s Alpha
(0.7), as recommended by Hair et al. (2017). In
addition, not all of the constructs in the first run
recorded AVE values higher than 0.5 for each group
of data [71], as the lowest AVE value reported is for
Firm Performance (PER) (0.429), followed by
Confidentiality and Privacy (CNP) (0.438), System
Quality (SYQ) (0.520), Availability (AVA) (0.615)
and Security and Integrity (SNI) (0.660).
Furthermore, CNP1, PER4, and PER8 scored low
factor loadings (-.100, .364, and .145 respectively)
which all were below the recommended level of 0.4
by Ramayah et al. (2018). Therefore, a form of
modification was considered in the second run and,
consequently, CNP1, PER4 and PER8 were deleted
to achieve satisfactory levels of AVE and factor
loadings [72]. Overall, all variables have achieved
the cut-off point, as illustrated in Table 5 and
Figure 2.
Table 5. Convergent Validity Results
Construct
Item
Factor
Loading
Cronbach's
Alpha
CR
AVE
Availability
(AVA)
AVA1
.761
.795
.865
.617
AVA2
.808
AVA3
.830
AVA4
.738
Confidentiality
and Privacy
(CNP)
CNP2
.691
.807
.860
.509
CNP3
.727
CNP4
.823
CNP5
.754
CNP6
.618
CNP7
.649
Security and
Integrity (SNI)
SNI1
.715
.896
.920
.659
SNI2
.768
SNI3
.849
SNI4
.843
SNI5
.848
SNI6
.839
System Quality
(SYQ)
SYQ1
.790
.815
.866
.521
SYQ2
.817
SYQ3
.703
SYQ4
.606
SYQ5
.660
SYQ6
.732
Firm
Performance
(PER)
PER1
.654
.840
.880
.550
PER2
.809
PER3
.760
PER5
.717
PER6
.760
PER7
.741
(*) CNP1, PER4 and PER8 were deleted due to low factor loading, Cronbach's
Alpha, and AVE, as follows:
- CNP AVE was 0.438 before deleting CNP1 (factor loading -
0.100)
- PER AVE was 0.429before deleting both of PER4 (factor loading
0.364) and PER8 (factor loading 0.145)
Fig. 2: PLS algorithms results
5.3 Discriminant Validity
Secondly, the discriminant validity was examined to
assess how truly distinct a construct is from other
constructs. In the area of distinguishing validity, the
correlations between variables. The estimation of
the model did not exceed 0.95, as suggested by
Kline (2016) [73], and the validity was tested based
on measurements of the square root of the average
variance calculated for a construct and the
correlations between constructs [73], [74]. Hence,
Table 6 contains the results of the Fornell and
Larcker Criterion and shows no value above the
recommended cutoff point of 0.95 [74].
Table 6. Fornell and Larcker Criterion
Constructs
AVA
CNP
PER
SNI
SYQ
AVA
.785
CNP
.410
.713
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 19, 2022
PER
.417
.597
.742
SNI
.445
.656
.679
.812
SYQ
.523
.648
.634
.749
.722
Moreover, the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio
(HTMT) is a calculation that estimates the actual
correlation between two constructs if they were
properly assessed (i.e., if they were perfectly
reliable) [71], [75]. Furthermore, HTMT is the
average of all correlations of indicators across
constructs measuring different constructs
(i.e., HTMT correlations) compared to the
(geometric) mean of the average correlations of
indicators measuring the same construct
(i.e., HTMT correlations) and can be used to assess
discriminant validity, on which Gold et al. (2001)
recommended the accepted level of HTMT to be
below 0.90. As such, the accepted level of HTMT is
0.90 can be seen in Table 7.
Table 7 HTMT Criterion
Constructs
AVA
CNP
PER
SNI
SYQ
AVA
CNP
.479
PER
.464
.675
SNI
.522
.755
.744
SYQ
.666
.751
.710
.859
6 Discussions
The aim of this study is to propose a conceptual
framework that links the Accounting Information
System components with the Firm Performance.
The framework contained the Availability, the
Security and the Integrity, the Confidentiality and
Privacy, and the System Quality as independent
variable, with Firm financial and non-financial
performance among the Jordanian Firms as
dependent variable. The statistical data analysis was
carried out using Smart PLS 3.3, and revealed that
all of the constructs recorded composite reliability
and Cronbach’s Alpha values higher than 0.7 for
each group of data, which are above the cutoff point
as recommended by Hair et al. (2017). In addition, a
modification on the model was required as not all of
the constructs in the first run recorded AVE values
higher than 0.5 for each group of data. Furthermore,
three items (namely; CNP1, PER4, and PER8)
scored low factor loadings which all were below the
recommended level of 0.4 by Ramayah et al. (2018).
Therefore, the above mentioned items were deleted
to achieve satisfactory levels of AVE and factor
loadings [72]. In addition, Fornell and Larcker
Criterion and shows no value above the
recommended cutoff point of 0.95 as recommended
by Fornell and Larcker (1981) and Kline (2016),
while HTMT Criterion scored also a satisfactory
level below 0.90 as recommended by Gold et al.
(2001) and Hair et al. (2017). [71], [75]
The findings of this study were inconsistent with
the published literature. Al-Dmour (2018) carried
out a study aimed to examine the impact of the
implementation of SysTrust's framework
(availability, security, integrity processing,
confidentiality, and privacy) as an internal control
method for assuring reliability of Accounting
Information System on the business performance
(financial and non-financial indicators). The
findings of the study support the proposition that
availability of SysTrust requirements as internal
method for assuring the availability of AIS is
positively linked to business performance.
Therefore, a better understanding of the influence of
SysTrust principles upon business performance and
quality of financial reporting should be viewed as
whole rather than isolated fragments. The
magnitude and significance of the loading estimate
indicate that all of these five principles of SysTrust
are relevant in predicating business performance and
quality financial reporting [14]. Furthermore, the
study of Martin et al., (2017) aimed to enhance
understanding of the effect of customer data privacy
on firm performance. The results showed that
confirm that data privacy generates negative
outcomes for firms, including negative abnormal
stock returns and damaging customer behaviours
[37]. However, disagreeing with the researcher’s
findings, Syaeid (2019) study aims at identifying the
impact of the reliability of the accounting
information systems (security, confidentiality,
privacy, the integrity of processes and readiness) on
the stock prices of Jordanian industrial companies in
Amman Stock Exchange. The results of the multiple
regression analysis showed a statistically significant
effect on the reliability of accounting information
systems in their dimensions (security,
confidentiality, privacy, integrity of processes, and
readiness) on the stock prices of Jordanian industrial
companies in Amman Stock Exchange, where the
moral effect appeared in all dimensions, except
(integrity of processes) [76]. Moreover, Al-Okaily et
al. (2020) explored the influence of Accounting
Information System (AIS) success or effectiveness
factors namely system quality, information quality,
service quality and training quality on the
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 19, 2022
organizational benefits of listed Jordanian firms
using a DeLone and McLean Information System
(IS) success model. The results show that system
quality did not have any significant impact on the
organizational benefits in context of this research
[77].
7 Theoretical and Practical
Implications
The goal of this research is to investigate which
elements are associated with the performance of
Jordanian businesses. As independent factors, the
researchers looked at the availability, the security
and the integrity, the confidentiality and privacy,
and the overall system quality of the system. This
study reveals a statistically significant relationship
between the availability, the security and the
integrity, the confidentiality and privacy from hand,
and the firm performance of Jordanian firms, which
supports the findings of the majority of previously
published literature on the subject of availability.
However, in contrast to some of the published
material, System Quality was shown to be
unimportant when it came to Firm Performance in
this study.
Furthermore, in terms of methodological
implications, the study presents a viable model to
lead researchers through the process of answering
research questions and describing the important
components of the investigation. Furthermore, in
order to fulfil the research aims and provide answers
to the research questions, the study takes an
academic approach. The study's methodology is
divided into many parts that must be completed in
order to meet the objectives. It is necessary to
review the literature pertaining to system trust in the
fields of finance management and accounting
information systems, particularly in Jordan, so that
theories and factors appropriate to the area and
environment of this study can be identified, and a
research model can be developed to guide future
research.
Furthermore, the questionnaires were designed
and tested prior to being used in the data gathering
process. In this research, data were gathered using a
quantitative approach by randomly distributing the
questionnaire to respondents using probability
sample selection processes. A pilot study was also
carried out to ensure that the data collection
technique was effective. The reliability and validity
of the items in the construct are tested using
Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis approaches,
which are used in this research. To conclude, the
study analyses and presents its results, which
include measurement and structural model analysis
to examine the link between dependent and
independent variables as well as assessing research
hypotheses using Smart PLS and IBM SPSS, among
other techniques.
Its theoretical implications are numerous, the
most important of which is that it will contribute to
the body of literature by conducting a
comprehensive study dedicated to Jordanian firms
and conceptualising what are the variables that
affect the firms that use accounting information
systems, which many studies have been limited in
their scope and have not included this aspect. For
this reason, the research design of this study was
properly thought out in order to bridge this gap and
theoretically address the challenge generated by this
gap.
8 Limitations and Future
Recommendations
This research was surrounded with many
limitations. The current study did not consider the
factors of technology’s adoption, like perceived
usefulness, ease of use, social norms…etc. in
addition, the sample of the current study was limited
only for the personnel working in accounting
management or IT professional positions. This study
was conducted only to show the validity of the
conceptual framework using the measurement
model analysis. This study has a lot of potentials,
many of them could be addressed here in order to
make sure that future researchers are aware of them.
For instance; focusing on other types of models, like
technology adoption or Diffusion of innovation
among the Jordanian firms as case study with
systematic selection would generate different types
of results on the factors that affect Firm
Performance. Moreover, an empirical study that
consider both of the measurement and structural
model may be the perfect completion of the current
study results. In this study, System Quality was
considered as independent variable while a good
sum of studies focused on the dimensions of the
system quality as independent variables, it is
recommended that the future studies may consider
the Service or System Quality and associate them
with Performance in a holistic study.
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.86
Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 19, 2022
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Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
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Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
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DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.86
Abdllah Mohammad Shawabkah,
Mohd Rizuan Bin Abdul Kadir,
Wan Mohd Nazif Wan Mohd Nori,
Hasmaizan Binti Hassan
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
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Volume 19, 2022
