The Impact of Perceived Benefits of Corporate Social
Responsibility Initiatives on Wetland Farming Communities in
Indonesia
LAILA REFIANA SAID1*, HASTIN UMI ANISAH1, MUHAMMAD RIZA FIRDAUS1, RUSNIATI
RUSNIATI1, MUHAMMAD KARUNIA RACHMAN1
1Faculty of Business and Economics
Lambung Mangkurat University
Kayutangi, Banjarmasin 70123, South Kalimantan
INDONESIA
Abstract: - The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) literature has advanced beyond its long-standing
emphasis on a firm's financial performance to include its social impact. However, it has fallen short of offering
insight into how effective CSR is in the event of a disaster. This study investigated the community's perception
of CSR in wetland farmers communities after flood disasters. Data were from 49 farmer groups in South
Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The research hypotheses were drawn: Perceived benefits of CSR initiatives
affect farming community resilience, farming community wellbeing, and perceived competence of wetland
farmers; Community resilience affects community wellbeing; Community wellbeing and community resilience
affect perceived competence of farmers. The structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis showed that CSR
initiatives positively affected community resilience and community wellbeing but had no effect on the
perceived competence of farmers; Community resilience had a positive effect on community wellbeing.
However, both community wellbeing and resilience did not affect perceived competence. This study sheds light
on the complex link between the community and the individual. Triple bottom line and community psychology
theories were applied, and this study contributes to the social impact of CSR by focusing on both community
and individual, especially in the face of natural disasters in wetlands.
Key-Words: - community resilience, corporate social responsibility, community wellbeing, Indonesia,
perceived competence, wetland
Received: July 15, 2021. Revised: December 18, 2021. Accepted: January 17, 2022. Published: January 18, 2022.
1 Introduction
This study investigated the community's perception
of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives
in Indonesia wetland farming communities. We
explore whether communities perceives CSR
initiatives to be positive and beneficial; more
importantly whether the availability of CSR
initiatives influence community resilience,
community wellbeing, and the perceived
competence of wetland farmers in Indonesia.
There are several reasons why the relationship
between variables of this study is important to
investigate. First, CSR activities are frequently
founded on ideas that conflict with indigenous
conceptions of development and community
aspirations for connection and interaction [1].
Second, most companies do not design their CSR
programs in Indonesia based on community needs
assessment or have a clear CSR program direction.
They merely wait for the proposal for community
assistance [2]. Third, previous research shows that
the design of CSR initiatives has not been based on
the nature of wetland communities, the programs are
spontaneous in response to charity proposals, and
companies do not seriously survey areas that need
support [3].
Law No. 40. Article 74, 2007 of Indonesia
requires industries or companies that use natural
resources to implement CSR programs. These
industries and companies encourage economic
growth by considering social and environmental
factors. Implementing CSR programs that are
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
402
Volume 19, 2022
perceived to bring benefits to the community is very
important because society at large is the company's
most important stakeholder.
Some research has explored the perceived
benefits of CSR initiatives in Indonesia [4]–[6].
However, very limited research assesses the
perceived benefits of CSR initiatives for wetland
communities.
The current study also expands the CSR research
by looking into the relationship between community
and individual. The current study applies the
community psychology theory to analyze whether
community wellbeing and resilience relate to the
farmer's self-competence.
Four main questions were addressed in this
study:
• To what extent do CSR initiatives influence
community resilience?
• To what extent do CSR initiatives influence
community wellbeing?
• To what extent do CSR initiatives influence
farmers as individuals?
• To what extent do community wellbeing
and community resilience influence farmers
as individuals?
1.1 Environment Management of Wetlands
in Indonesia
The term wetland is used for land affected by water
or conditions of standing water, flood tides, floods,
and mud. Wetlands have an ecological function and
socioeconomic function. The ecological function of
wetlands is as a medium of growing plants,
absorbents and water storage, carbon storage sites,
flood and drought control, and flora and fauna
habitats. Wetlands have socioeconomic functions
because they benefit from agricultural land, fuel,
shelter, recreation areas, forest product providers,
fish providers, industrial raw materials, and water
sources [7], [8].
In early 2021 one of the provinces with the
largest wetland area in Indonesia, South Kalimantan
province experienced an unprecedented flash flood
natural disaster. Extreme rainfall as an ordinary
natural phenomenon turns into a natural disaster
because, through large companies, humans
massively use the land for business purposes. The
company's activities were accused of being a major
factor in natural disasters. The impact of business
activities of many companies in the wetland area of
South Kalimantan related to natural resources within
several decades has been realized by the community
to be detrimental environmentally and socially.
According to the Agency for the Assessment and
Application of Technology of Indonesia, losses
from floods in South Kalimantan are approximately
IDR 1.349 trillion [9]. In addition to damaged
infrastructure losses worth IDR 424.128 billion,
losses also include the livestock sector around IDR
8.3 billion, the social protection sector around IDR
27.605 billion, the education sector worth
approximately IDR 30.446 billion, the fisheries
sector around IDR 46.533 billion, the agricultural
sector around IDR 216.266 billion, and in the end
the productivity of the people affected by losses of
IDR 604.562 billion [9], [10]. Therefore, it is
important to examine the impacts of CSR initiatives
on the community of wetland farmers.
The wetlands area of Barito Kuala (Batola)
Regency, South Kalimantan province in Indonesia,
was chosen for the current study because of the
following reasons:
1. Batola Regency has a potential agricultural sector
on 101,424 hectares of wetlands [11]. The wetland
community in Batola Regency generally works as
farmers. Wetlands are predominantly used as rice
farms, rubber plantations and oil palms. Eighteen
thousand twenty-three people are working in the
agricultural sector in Batola Regency [12].
2. The need for scientific analysis to improve the
competence of wetland farmers. The land ownership
area of Batola farmers is grouped into the medium
area (0.5-1ha) and large area (>1ha), with a low-
income level of less than US$ 100 per month [12].
Farmers have additional jobs in and out of the
agricultural sector to supplement their income. The
contribution of income derived from additional
work on farmers' overall income ranges from 70%-
91% [12].
In Indonesia, reclamation of wetlands has been
planned massively since the beginning of 1969-1984
era of the first of Five-Year Development Plan
through the Tidal Rice Opening Project. The
Indonesian Government cleared 5.25 million
hectares of land in tidal swamp areas in Sumatra
Island (Lampung, South Sumatra, Riau, and Jambi)
and Kalimantan/Borneo Island (West Kalimantan,
Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan,
including Barito Kuala regency).
The use of wetlands in Indonesia was initially to
increase rice production nationally. In addition, the
clearing of wetlands was related to transmigration
programs to reduce population density in Java and
Bali Islands. Data up to 1995 from the overall
location of transmigration, 35% were placed in 84
wetlands Settlement Units in Kalimantan Island,
201 Settlement Units in Sumatra Island, and 19
Settlement Units in Sulawesi Island [13].
The efforts of transmigrants farmers were
directed to agricultural food crops (rice fields) than
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
403
Volume 19, 2022
other crops. In terms of wetland clearing policy, the
Indonesian Government was stirred by the food
crisis in the 1965s. Until 1977, Indonesia had been
the largest food importer globally, with 20% of the
share traded globally by importing 2 tons of rice. In
1985 the efforts of the New Order Government
since 1969 for Indonesia's rice self-sufficiency were
finally achieved [13].
Indonesia's ability to provide food independently
has been very volatile. In 1990 Indonesia became an
importer of rice, amounting to 10% of the world
market share due to high population growth and
rapid land conversion. In 2008, Indonesia achieved
self-sufficiency in rice production once again.
Nevertheless, a year later, Indonesia has become an
importer of rice.
In the National Rice Improvement Program in
2011, the Indonesian Government, through the
Directorate General of Food Crops, targeted an
additional rice production of 10 million tons for five
years to 2015 to meet the national rice reserve goal.
The National Rice Improvement Program targeted
production optimization in 11 provinces, including
large wetland areas in South Kalimantan.
The wetland agriculture sector is considered
urgent to be the focus of CSR program initiatives in
this study because the impact of floods is felt in 11
districts/cities of South Kalimantan province, which
results in crop failure and reduced food supply to
the community, as well as impacting the economy
[14]. Thus, the current study investigates CSR,
which deals with environmental aspects, especially
wetlands.
2 Theoretical Framework, Literature
Review and Hypotheses
Development
There were two theoretical frameworks used in this
study: the triple bottom line perspective and the
community psychology perspective.
2.1 The Triple Bottom Line Perspective
CSR emphasizes the importance of three dimensions
of responsibility: economic, environmental, and
social [15], viewed as dimensions of stakeholder
expectations [16]. As a result, specific CSR
operating tools, such as the Guidance on Social
Responsibility ISO 26000:2010, suggest which
actions an operating unit should consider socially
responsible concerning stakeholder expectations
[17]. There are three parts of CSR responsibility
[17]: First, economic responsibility is defined as
adopting socially responsible practices in
organizational governance (farm management and
decision-making) and fair operating procedures by
an operating unit. Second, environmental CSR is
concerned with the attitudes of socially responsible
farmers toward environmental protection,
environmental responsibility, agricultural methods,
soil deterioration, and conservation. Third, the
social part of CSR is fulfilled through socially
responsible activities in labor practices, human
rights, local community involvement and
development, and consumer issues. The current
study focuses on the social responsibility part of
CSR.
2.2 Perceived Benefits of CSR Initiatives
CSR is a mechanism for an organization to
voluntarily integrate environmental and social
attention in its operations and interactions with
stakeholders [18]. CSR is the commitment of
business actors to continue to act ethically, operate
legally, improve the economy, improve the quality
of life of employees and their families, and improve
society's quality of life at large. Another definition
states that CSR is a business operation that follows
or exceeds ethical, legal, trade and public
expectations [19]. Many studies infer the influence
of CSR perception variables from a company's point
of view. Among other things, Shauki [4] found that
the perception of CSR performance influences
investor decisions to invest in companies.
In the 1950s and 1960s, capitalist business
models prioritized profit maximization and free
markets. The public realized many companies had
committed violations of the rights of their workers
and human rights in general [20]. Society demands
that companies act more responsibly regarding
social aspects, especially when linked to the United
Nations declaration of human rights in 1948 [21].
The era of the 1970s was marked by a severe
economic crisis around the world. It brings
awareness to social movements that champion civil
rights, the environment, women and various other
issues against corporations [22]. According to
Carroll [23], during that time, the purpose of
corporate CSR policy was directed to improve the
company's image and reputation to achieve social
legitimacy.
Since the 1980s, companies that care and intend
to carry out CSR activities have increased [24], [25].
The belief of business people that CSR is an
economic imperative in national and global markets
has increasingly strengthened [26]. The concept of
CSR increasingly affects how the business is
running. Some companies have re-branding their
basic values and incorporated the concept of CSR.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
404
Volume 19, 2022
During the 1980s and 1990s, it began to be
manifested in concrete actions against
environmental protection, especially in developed
countries, and the holding of various world-level
meetings to discuss these issues [20].
In the 2000s, market globalization, the
company's freedom to run its business, and the
complexity of the relationship between the company
and various social groups led to a change in its
business model [27], [28]. CSR had integrated into
the company's business strategy [29]. CSR becomes
an important element for companies responding to
various social issues [30]. Companies must
understand and be assumed to have social
responsibility and commitment to stakeholders to
operate in various world markets [30]–[32]. In
addition, CSR has become a core business part and
is the subject of research related to the company's
competitive advantage, the efficiency of resource
use, and corporate policy with environmental
program innovation as the main aspect of CSR [33].
At first, commitment and social responsibility
are voluntary received by the company to gain
public/market trust. However, over time, many
countries require various world companies operating
in the country to have a proposal of codes of good
practice [20]. Community support or acceptance of
industrial activities in a community is important for
the company's operations in the region. This
acceptance is also referred to as the social license to
operate (SLO), where the company meets the
community's expectations and the company's
activities can be accepted and get approval from
residents [34], [35].
Less emphasis has been made on the impact of
CSR efforts on communities [36]. The benefits of
CSR initiatives need to be well received by the
community because companies have set aside funds
to carry out various activities as proof of their
responsibility. The current study prioritizes
community viewpoints by assessing people's
perceptions in the wetland community toward the
benefits of CSR initiatives. Perceived benefits of
CSR initiatives ('Perceived CSR' in short) is
defined as an assessment of the perception of
wetlands farmers in general about the company's
support for disaster-disturbed communities in the
form of physical, social, mental, community
economic empowerment, and environmental
concerns [37]–[40].
2.3 The Impact of Perceived Benefits of CSR
Initiatives on Community Resilience,
Community Wellbeing, and Perceived
Competence
While the CSR literature has advanced beyond its
long-standing emphasis on a firm's financial
performance to include its social impact, it has
fallen short of offering significant insight into how
effective CSR measures are in the event of a
disaster. Little research has been conducted in
Indonesia on how CSR has enhanced community
resilience. Community resilience is the community's
ability to respond to significant changes within that
community [41]. Resilience is considered a response
that produces something different from the original
state. Resilience shows that society can adapt and
potentially change things better than before. The
effect of the CSR program on community resilience
in the nickel mining industry in Southeast Sulawesi,
Indonesia, showed that CSR positively affects
community resilience [5]. Through their CSR
initiatives, companies can be responsible and
support the community recover from the impact of
natural disasters. However, no study conducted
specifically assessed the perceived benefits of CSR
initiatives on wetland farmers, especially after the
flood disaster that destroyed the paddy fields. Thus,
the current study's objective was to test the impact
of perceived benefits of CSR initiatives on the
community resilience of wetland farmers.
Secondary data from the Central Bureau of
Statistics shows the absence of facilities, equipment,
and community readiness in the face of disasters
[42], [43]. Empirical research measuring the
benefits of CSR in conjunction with disaster
mitigation is still very limited. Therefore, it is
important to measure perceived CSR initiatives
against the community resilience of farmers,
especially in the face of natural disasters in the
wetland environment.
Some studies provide preliminary evidence that
CSR practices influence community welfare. For
example, CSR practices in China and Germany
promotes sustainable development and social
welfare [44]. Another study shows the benefits of
CSR in terms of community wellbeing [45].
Specifically, a study found that local farmers'
involvement in CSR activities positively affects
community wellbeing [46]. Accordingly, the current
study investigates the relationships between the
perceived benefits of CSR initiatives and the
community wellbeing of wetland farmers.
Community resilience has been considered an
important element in achieving community
wellbeing [47] by utilizing natural resources and
strengthening community capacity, activity,
effectiveness, and adaptation [41], [48], [49].
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
405
Volume 19, 2022
Additionally, community resilience disruption (e.g.,
natural disaster) affects community wellbeing [5]. It
is interesting to explore the effect of community
resilience on the community wellbeing of wetland
farmers.
Most research focuses on CSR's macro-level
benefits [50], with less attention paid to the micro-
level effects of CSR on individual behaviors and
attitudes [51]. For example, CSR is primarily
concerned with the external image and reputation of
the company [52]. CSR encompasses environmental
initiatives as well as the charity and business
communities. Perceived benefits of CSR initiatives
and perceived competence have been researched in
conjunction with customer satisfaction at
environmentally concerned hotels [53]. Throughout
the authors' knowledge, research on the relationship
of perceived benefits of CSR initiatives and the
improvement of the competence of wetland farmers,
especially after natural disasters, has never been
done. So, it is necessary to analyze the relationship
between variables, perceived benefits of CSR
initiatives and individual competence of farmers in
the wetland farming community.
2.4 The Community Psychology Perspective:
Impact of Community Wellbeing and
Community Resilience on the Individual
Perceived Competence
Community psychology involves the study of how
individuals interact with society. Community is
defined as a sense of belonging shared by members;
members believe they matter to one another and the
group [54]. Its concepts provide valuable
frameworks for considering the individual's
significance concerning the community. One of the
concepts, the sense of community, is intended to
describe people's emotions when they view
themselves as interconnected with a larger group
outside of themselves [55]. More precisely, the
sense of community is defined as "the experience of
belonging to a wider, dependable, and secure
framework" (p. 157). Individuals are influenced by
their communities, which means that while
analyzing social problems or developing community
initiatives (such as facing natural disasters), we must
go beyond individual considerations [56]. Personal
choices and the dynamic interaction of community
elements and individuals determine an individual's
wellbeing [57].
In the medical study of Alzheimer's, self-
wellbeing and perceived competence are found
positively related [58]. Nurses' perceived
preparedness is directly related to their prior
experience working in a catastrophe or disaster
aftermath setting, such as a post-disaster shelter
[59]. Those studies are related to empowerment,
which has developed into a central concept in
community psychology. Psychological
empowerment on an individual and community
level necessitates heightened awareness and
comprehension of the variables that shape our lives.
The community's availability of resources may
affect an individual's wellbeing or, specifically, self-
efficacy [57]. Individual self-efficacy is based on
the premise that is simply believing in one's ability
(perceived competence) to accomplish a goal is
sufficient for self-empowerment. By adapting
psychological empowerment in the community
psychology theoretical framework, we seek to
investigate the impact of community wellbeing and
resilience on the individual perceived competence of
farmers as they are part of the wetland community.
2.5 Hypotheses Development
Considering all preceding concepts and possible
impacts of CSR initiatives, the current study seeks
to explore the perceived benefits of CSR initiatives
concerning community resilience, community
wellbeing, and the perceived competence of wetland
farmers. This current study proposes the following
hypotheses:
H1: Perceived benefits of CSR initiatives positively
affect community resilience.
H2: Perceived benefits of CSR initiatives positively
affect community wellbeing.
H3: Community resilience positively affects
community wellbeing.
H4: Community wellbeing positively affects
perceived competence.
H5: Community resilience positively affects
perceived competence.
H6: Perceived benefits of CSR initiatives positively
affect perceived competence.
3 Data Analysis and Results
3.1 Sample Selection, Data Collection, and
Instrument Design
Primary data on respondents' perceptions of CSR,
community resilience, community wellbeing, and
perceived competence were gathered through
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
406
Volume 19, 2022
surveys and interviews. The responses were
gathered from all 49 farmer groups from two
villages that included heads and some members of
the groups. The total data of 100 in the current
study was considered sufficient for the structural
equation model [60]. All respondents were male.
The average age of respondents was 44 years old.
The perceived CSR, community resilience,
community wellbeing, and perceived competence
aspects were quantified using a five-point Likert
scale. The perceived CSR was adapted from
previous studies [37]–[40]. The community
resilience scale was adapted from Wilson [61],
which has three types of capital: social,
environmental, and economic. The wellbeing scales
were adapted from Devine-Wright [62], McCrea,
Walton and Leonard [48] [49], and Walton,
Mccrea and Leonard [41]. The dimensions of
community wellbeing were classified into seven
broad domains (social, economic, environmental,
physical, political, health, and place attachment),
each of which was assumed to contribute to a more
comprehensive measure of community wellbeing.
Last but not least, the perceived competence was
developed that include knowledge, skill, and
expertise dimensions for this study.
3.2 Measurement Model
Convergent and discriminant validity were
investigated using a series of confirmatory factor
analyses (CFAs). SPSS AMOS 24 was used to
calculate the goodness of fit for all variables. Figure
1 shows the final measurement models with factor
loadings determined to be significant at the 0.05
level, indicating convergent validity [63].
Fig 1. The final measurement model
Furthermore, the average variance extracted
(AVE) values were tested to strengthen the
convergent validity results with the criteria if the
AVE value >0.5. All current study constructs had an
AVE value of more than 0.5. These scores showed
that the indicators of the latent constructs had good
convergent validity (Table1).
Table 1. Construct validity and reliability
Construct
Item
Factor
loading
AVE
CR
Perceived
CSR
The companies
cooperate with local
businesses (e.g.,
buying relief items in
community-owned
stores) to help the
surrounding
communities affected
by the disaster
0.557
0.623
0.858
The companies help
social problems in
communities affected
by the disaster
0.882
The companies
organize social
projects for vulnerable
groups affected by
disasters
0.762
Community
wellbeing
Satisfaction with the
facilities and services
in the community
0.824
0.557
0.849
Satisfaction with built
environment and road
in the community
0.607
Satisfaction with
environmental
management in the
community
0.628
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
407
Volume 19, 2022
Satisfaction with
employment and
business opportunities
in the community
0.641
Community
resilience
Villagers can
effectively access
relevant information to
be able to deal with
changes due to
disasters
0.714
0.595
0.841
Overall, I am satisfied
with the way the
community responded
to the changes in the
village
0.818
In general, the people
in my village can
adapt to changes due
to disasters
0.604
Perceived
competence
Farming skill
0.744
0.783
0.917
Farming knowledge
0.984
Construct reliability test was calculated to
establish the internal consistency of the relationships
between individual items on the measurement scales
and confirm the relationships in each factor. As
shown in Table 1, the constructs were adequate in
terms of composite reliability (CR), with values of
>0.70 [60], [64], [65].
3.3 Structural Model
The structural model (Figure 2) was subjected to
multiple satisfactory goodness of fit indices (Chi-
Square = 63.122, Df = 48, Chi-square/DF = 1.315,
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
[RMSEA] = 0.056, Goodness of Fit Index [GFI] =
0.907, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Indices [AGFI] =
0.849, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.955,
Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.967).
Fig 2. The structural model
Table 2 summarizes the standardized estimates
and associated 95% and 90% confidence intervals.
As shown in Table 2, perceived CSR has a
statistically significant effect on community
resilience and wellbeing, supporting H1 and H2.
Community resilience positively affects community
wellbeing, which supported H3.
Additionally, this study hypothesized that
perceived competence was influenced by
community wellbeing, community resilience, and
perceived CSR (H4, H5, and H6). However,
community wellbeing, resilience, and perceived
CSR did not affect perceived competence, thus
rejecting H4, H5, and H6 (Table 2).
Table 2. The structural model's regression and the
test results for hypotheses
Hypothesis
Estimate
S.E.
C.R.
P-
value
Decision
H1:
PerceivedCSR
CommunityResilience
0.295
0.086
3.434
***
Supported
H2:
PerceivedCSR
CommunityWellbeing
0.216
0.112
1.920
0.055*
Supported
H3:
CommunityResilience
CommunityWellbeing
1.352
0.307
4.412
***
Supported
H4:
CommunityWellbeing
PerceivedCompetence
-.356
.460
-.775
.438
Rejected
H5:
CommunityResilience
PerceivedCompetence
1.126
0.743
1.515
0.130
Rejected
H6:
PerceivedCSR
PerceivedCompetence
0.238
0.147
1.616
0.106
Rejected
* p < 0.10
4 Discussion
Compared to research that explores CSR's
relationship to corporate profitability, research on
the social impact of CSR is less frequent [66]. In a
study of CSR implementation approach in
Indonesia, Indarti and Efni [67] categorize three
typical implementation models: First, companies run
their CSR initiatives by providing direct assistance
to the public; Second, they contribute financial
support to their foundation or social group; Third,
develop collaborative relationships with non-
governmental groups, government agencies, and
educational institutions; and Fourth, businesses
become a social institution [67]. CSR initiatives in
this study fall into the first category, companies
directly contribute to the community. In the
aftermath of the flood disaster, the assistance
provided was donating food and medicine to the
communities affected by the disaster.
This study examined the effect of perceived
benefits of CSR initiatives on community resilience,
community wellbeing, and the perceived
competence of wetland farmers. The findings reveal
perceived benefits of CSR initiatives positively
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
408
Volume 19, 2022
affect community resilience. Although the result
shows a significant influence of perceived benefits
of CSR initiatives on community wellbeing, the
effect was small (p<0.10). It is likely due to this
study's wellbeing measurement indicators such as:
'Built environment and road', 'Facilities and
services, 'Employment and business opportunities,
and 'Environmental management' while the
respondents views CSR initiatives not as community
development in terms of infrastructure development
as confined in the measurement. Although most
respondents responded that assistance from
companies after the flood disaster had been well
received, the assistance was viewed as sporadic.
The infrastructure development support from the
company is needed in both regions, and the
company is perceived responsible for environmental
management. Based on interviews, the farming
community needs assistance in disaster anticipation
and preparedness, such as safe crop storage
containers to avoid being carried away by floods. In
addition, agricultural infrastructure such as rice field
irrigation channels is highly in demand. So that
when flooding happens, the water can immediately
recede, and the land can be immediately replanted.
CSR is largely concerned with the organization's
external image [52]. It encompasses environmental
initiatives as well as the charity and business
communities. Most research focuses on CSR's
macro-level effects [50], with the micro-level
effects of CSR on individuals' behaviors and
attitudes receiving less attention [51]. The majority
of prior research has examined the effect of
perceived benefits of CSR initiatives on the
community as a whole effect [4]–[6], [41], but few
have examined the individual.
In the current study, the perceived benefit of
CSR initiatives did not influence perceived
competence. This finding contradicts previous
research in environmentally concerned hotels,
indicating a correlation between two variables [53].
The different finding is likely due to the CSR
initiatives in the current study being intended
specifically for after flood disasters support instead
of wetland agriculture sustainability in general.
Wetlands farmers perceive CSR initiatives were not
directly related to agricultural benefit targets.
Initiatives after flood disasters were mere as
emergency aids, such as food and medicines.
Based on interviews, farmers need seeds for
farming and plantations that match the
characteristics of wetlands. CSR initiatives are
needed in seedlings and training for agricultural
development and alternative business creativity as
part of sustainable development programs. Training
is needed to improve the competence of farmers to
support income when floods occur and when rice
farming activities are completely paralyzed.
Corroborate prior research indicates that
community resilience influenced community
wellbeing [5], [6], [41], [47], [48]. By investigating
the relation of those variables in the wetland
farming communities, this current study extends the
validation of the nature of the related effect of
community resilience on community wellbeing of
wetland farming.
Last but not least, this study proposed a
community effect on the individual wetland farmers.
We hypothesized that community wellbeing and
community resilience could influence the perceived
competence of wetland farmers. However, the study
findings indicate that community wellbeing and
resilience did not affect perceived competence. The
outcomes of this study show that community does
not necessarily empower individuals. Thus, this
study sheds light on the complex link between
community and individual from the perspective of
community psychology [56], [57].
Our research contributes to the current
knowledge on the social impact of CSR by focusing
on both community and individual. The study
applied the triple bottom line theory [15], [68] and
community psychology theory [68]. The research's
theoretical implication is in completing the analysis
of variables related to the perceived benefit of CSR.
The impact of CSR is also analyzed on individual
variables as part of the community.
This research's practical/managerial implication
is the need to design CSR initiatives according to
the needs of farming communities and wetland
characteristics. In addition to emergency assistance,
CSR initiatives need to focus on the sustainable
development of wetland farming. CSR initiatives
should be structured and planned towards
developing modern wetland farming communities. It
includes modern marketing of agricultural products
that directly benefit farmers and not just
intermediaries.
CSR initiatives would effectively contribute to
community development when stakeholder
collaborative techniques are used [69].
Communication and coordination among
stakeholders, such as the company, farming
community, and Government, are needed to
improve the competence of farmers and
environmental management following the
characteristics of wetlands. Practical training in
planting or gardening plants other than paddy fields
is considered necessary by farmers.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
409
Volume 19, 2022
5 Conclusion, Limitations and Future
Research
Research findings indicate:
1. The perceived benefit of CSR initiatives has a
positive and significant effect on community
resilience.
2. The perceived benefit of CSR initiatives has a
positive and significant effect on community
wellbeing.
3. Community resilience has a positive and
significant effect on community wellbeing.
4. Community wellbeing has no significant effect on
perceived competence.
5. Community resilience has no significant effect on
perceived competence.
6. The perceived benefit of CSR initiatives has no
significant effect on perceived competence.
Some limitations should be addressed in the
current research. First, it is related to the sample that
only gathered the chairman of the farmer group and
some of its members in two sub-districts. The
upcoming research should utilize a larger sample so
that the characteristics of wetland farmers are better
represented. Data from other wetlands in other
countries should be obtained. Second, this study was
cross-sectional. Future research should employ a
longitudinal approach to investigate a similar
framework. Another limitation is retrieving attitude
and behavioral data, a perception variable did on
one side only, i.e. from the farmers' perspective.
Future research should incorporate data from other
sources, such as interviews with companies and
other stakeholders, to cross-check statements more
objectively. In doing so, the more complex model
that investigates the intervening effects could be
investigated.
References:
[1] E. Gilberthorpe and G. Banks, Development
on whose terms?: CSR discourse and social
realities in Papua New Guinea’s extractive
industries sector, Resour. Policy, vol. 37, no.
2, pp. 185–193, Jun. 2012, doi:
10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.09.005.
[2] H. Asmu’i and V. P. Damayanti, Kemiskinan
Masyarakat Petani di Kecamatan Gambut
dan Corporate Social Responsibility dalam
Implementasinya, 2015.
[3] L. R. Said, F. Swandari, and M. Said, CSR
programs of municipal water utility
companies for wetland communities of South
Kalimantan, Estud. Econ. Apl., vol. 39, no. 4,
2021, doi: 10.25115/eea.v39i4.4480.
[4] E. Shauki, Perceptions on corporate social
responsibility: A study in capturing public
confidence, Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ.
Manag., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 200–208, May
2011, doi: 10.1002/csr.267.
[5] I. Zainuddin Rela, A. H. Awang, Z. Ramli,
Y. Taufik, S. Md Sum, and M. Muhammad,
Effect of corporate social responsibility on
community resilience: Empirical evidence in
the nickel mining industry in Southeast
Sulawesi, Indonesia, Sustainability, vol. 12,
no. 4, p. 1395, Feb. 2020, doi:
10.3390/su12041395.
[6] I. Z. Rela, A. H. Awang, Z. Ramli, S. Md
Sum, and M. Meisanti, Effects of
environmental corporate social responsibility
on environmental well-being perception and
the mediation role of community resilience,
Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag., vol.
27, no. 5, pp. 2176–2187, Sep. 2020, doi:
10.1002/csr.1956.
[7] V. D. Phillips, Peatswamp ecology and
sustainable development in Borneo,
Biodivers. Conserv., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 651–
671, 1998.
[8] A. Wibowo, Peran lahan gambut dalam
perubahan iklim global, Tekno Hutan
Tanam., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19–28, 2009.
[9] M. Herlinawati, Kerugian akibat banjir
Kalimantan Selatan diperkirakan Rp1,349
triliun, Antaranews.com, 2021.
https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1966136
/kerugian-akibat-banjir-kalimantan-selatan-
diperkirakan-rp1349-triliun (accessed Jan.
25, 2021).
[10] U. Maskuriah and L. Thohir, Kerugian akibat
banjir di sektor peternakan Kalsel Rp8,3
miliar, Antaranews.com, 2021.
https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1982499
/kerugian-akibat-banjir-di-sektor-peternakan-
kalsel-rp83-
miliar?utm_source=antaranews&utm_mediu
m=related&utm_campaign=related_news
(accessed Feb. 04, 2021).
[11] Syarifuddin, D. Arisanty, and S. Adyatma,
Evaluasi kesesuaian lahan padi sawah di
Kecamatan Marabahan Kabupaten Barito
Kuala Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, in
Seminar Nasional Pendidikan IPS, 2018, pp.
447–458.
[12] N. H. Khairisa, J. Sartohadi, and M. A.
Setiawan, Analisis karakteristik sosial
ekonomi petani lahan gambut di Kabupaten
Barito Kuala, J. Geogr. Apl. dan Teknol.,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 87–94, 2021.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
410
Volume 19, 2022
[13] D. Nursyamsi and M. Noor, Lahan Rawa
sebagai Lumbung Pangan Masa Depan,
2019.
[14] M. Zulfikar, 11 kabupaten dan kota terancam
gagal panen akibat banjir Kalsel,
Antaranews.com, 2021.
https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1958496
/11-kabupaten-dan-kota-terancam-gagal-
panen-akibat-banjir-kalsel (accessed Jan. 20,
2021).
[15] J. Elkington, Cannibals with forks – Triple
bottom line of 21st century business. Stoney
Creek, CT: New Society Publishers, 1997.
[16] M. Friedman, The social responsibility of
business is to increase its profits, in
Corporate Ethics and Corporate
Governance, Springer, 2007, pp. 173–178.
[17] R. Vilkė, Ž. Gedminaitė-Raudonė, T.
Baležentis, and D. Štreimikienė, Farmers’
awareness of eco-efficiency and cleaner
production as environmental responsibility:
Lithuanian case, Corp. Soc. Responsib.
Environ. Manag., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 288–
298, 2021, doi: 10.1002/csr.2049.
[18] R. Kusumadilaga, Pengaruh Corporate
Social Responsibility Terhadap Nilai
Perusahaan Dengan Profitabilitas Sebagai
Variabel Moderating (Studi Empiris pada
Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar di
Bursa Efek Indonesia), Universitas
Diponegoro, 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/22572/
[19] Business for Social Responsibility, Issue
Brief: Overview of Corporate Social
Responsibility, 2003. [Online]. Available:
http://www.bsr.org/CSRResources/IssueBrie
fDetail.cfm?DocumentID=48809
[20] S. Rodriguez-Gomez, M. L. Arco-Castro, M.
V. Lopez-Perez, and L. Rodríguez-Ariza,
Where does CSR come from and where does
it go? A review of the state of the art, Adm.
Sci., vol. 10, no. 3, p. 60, Aug. 2020, doi:
10.3390/admsci10030060.
[21] P. Gomez-Carrasco, E. Guillamon-Saorin,
and B. Garcia Osma, The illusion of CSR:
drawing the line between core and
supplementary CSR, Sustain. Accounting,
Manag. Policy J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 125–151,
Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1108/SAMPJ-12-2014-
0083.
[22] A. B. Carroll and K. M. Shabana, The
business case for corporate social
responsibility: A review of concepts,
research and practice, Int. J. Manag. Rev.,
vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 85–105, 2010.
[23] A. B. Carroll, A history of corporate social
responsibility: Concepts and practices, in
The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social
Responsibility, vol. 1, 2008.
[24] M. E. Drumwright, Socially responsible
organizational buying: Environmental
concern as a noneconomic buying criterion,
J. Mark., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1–19, 1994, doi:
10.2307/1252307.
[25] P. R. Varadarajan and A. Menon, Cause-
related marketing: A coalignment of
marketing strategy and corporate
philanthropy, J. Mark., vol. 52, no. 3, pp.
58–74, 1988, doi: 10.2307/1251450.
[26] S. Sen and C. B. Bhattacharya, Does doing
good always lead to doing better? Consumer
reactions to corporate social responsibility, J.
Mark. Res., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 225–243,
2001, [Online]. Available:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1558626
[27] N. Cornelius, J. Wallace, and R. Tassabehji,
An analysis of corporate social
responsibility, corporate identity and ethics
teaching in business schools, J. Bus. Ethics,
vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 117–135, Oct. 2007, doi:
10.1007/s10551-006-9271-6.
[28] L. Shnayder, F. J. van Rijnsoever, and M. P.
Hekkert, Motivations for Corporate Social
Responsibility in the packaged food industry:
An institutional and stakeholder management
perspective, J. Clean. Prod., vol. 122, pp.
212–227, 2016, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.030
.
[29] L. Arco‐Castro, M. V. López‐Pérez, M. C.
Pérez‐López, and L. Rodríguez‐Ariza,
How market value relates to corporate
philanthropy and its assurance. The
moderating effect of the business sector, Bus.
Ethics A Eur. Rev., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 266–
281, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1111/beer.12264.
[30] D. Jamali, A Stakeholder Approach to
Corporate Social Responsibility: A Fresh
Perspective into Theory and Practice, J. Bus.
Ethics, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 213–231, 2008,
doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9572-4.
[31] M. Panait, M. C. Voica, and I. Radulescu,
The activity of capital market’ actors: Under
the sign of social responsibility, Procedia
Econ. Financ., vol. 8, pp. 522–528, 2014,
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-
5671(14)00123-3.
[32] C. Tello Castrillón and M. del P. Rodríguez
Córdoba, Conceptual categories of the study
organizational social responsibility,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
411
Volume 19, 2022
Hallazgos, vol. 11, no. 22, pp. 119–135,
2014.
[33] I. García‐Sánchez and C.
Araújo‐Bernardo, What colour is the
corporate social responsibility report?
Structural visual rhetoric, impression
management strategies, and stakeholder
engagement, Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ.
Manag., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1117–1142, Mar.
2020, doi: 10.1002/csr.1869.
[34] N. Gunningham, R. A. Kagan, and D.
Thornton, Social license and environmental
protection: Why businesses go beyond
compliance, Law Soc. Inq., vol. 29, no. 2, pp.
307–341, 2004.
[35] K. Moffat and A. Zhang, The paths to social
licence to operate: An integrative model
explaining community acceptance of mining,
Resour. Policy, vol. 39, pp. 61–70, Mar.
2014, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.11.003.
[36] S. McLennan and G. Banks, Reversing the
lens: Why corporate social responsibility is
not community development, Corp. Soc.
Responsib. Environ. Manag., vol. 26, no. 1,
pp. 117–126, 2019, doi: 10.1002/csr.1664.
[37] I. Maignan and O. C. Ferrell, Measuring
corporate citizenship in two countries: The
case of the United States and France, J. Bus.
Ethics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 283–297, 2000,
doi: 10.1023/A:1006262325211.
[38] I. Maignan and O. . Ferrell, Antecedents and
benefits of corporate citizenship: An
investigation of French businesses, J. Bus.
Res., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 37–51, Jan. 2001,
doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00042-9.
[39] A. H. Crespo and I. R. del Bosque, Influence
of corporate social responsibility on loyalty
and valuation of services, J. Bus. Ethics, vol.
61, no. 4, pp. 369–385, 2005.
[40] A. Pérez and I. Rodríguez del Bosque,
Measuring CSR image: Three studies to
develop and to validate a reliable
measurement tool, J. Bus. Ethics, vol. 118,
no. 2, pp. 265–286, Dec. 2013, doi:
10.1007/s10551-012-1588-8.
[41] A. Walton, R. McCrea, and R. Leonard,
CSIRO survey of Community Wellbeing and
responding to change: Western Downs
region in Queensland, no. September.
Queensland, Australia, 2014.
[42] BPS-Statistics of Barito Kuala Regency,
Kecamatan Jejangkit dalam Angka 2021,
2021.
[43] BPS-Statistics of Barito Kuala Regency,
Kecamatan Mandastana dalam Angka 2021,
2021.
[44] S. O. Idowu and W. Leal Filho, Global
Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Berlin: Springer, 2009.
[45] J. J. Griffin and B. Vivari, United States of
America: Internal commitments and external
pressures, in Global Practices of Corporate
Social Responsibility, Springer, 2009, pp.
235–250.
[46] M. S. Sarmila, R. Zaimah, N. Lyndon, M. Y.
Hussain, and A. H. Awang, Local
community economic wellbeing through
CSR project, Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci., vol. 6,
no. 4S3, pp. 79–87, 2015, doi:
10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p79.
[47] K. Magis, Community resilience: An
indicator of social sustainability, Soc. Nat.
Resour., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 401–416, 2010.
[48] R. McCrea, A. Walton, and R. Leonard,
Developing a model of community wellbeing
and resilience in response to change, Soc.
Indic. Res., vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 195–214,
2016.
[49] R. McCrea, A. Walton, and R. Leonard, A
conceptual framework for investigating
community wellbeing and resilience, Rural
Soc., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 270–282, 2014.
[50] E. Lawal, G. May, and B. Stahl, The
significance of corporate social disclosure
for high‐tech manufacturing companies:
Focus on employee and community aspects
of sustainable development, Corp. Soc.
Responsib. Environ. Manag., vol. 24, no. 4,
pp. 295–311, 2017.
[51] L. Kong et al., CSR as a potential motivator
to shape employees’ view towards nature for
a sustainable workplace environment,
Sustain., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1–14, 2021, doi:
10.3390/su13031499.
[52] S. Brammer, A. Millington, and B. Rayton,
The contribution of corporate social
responsibility to organizational commitment,
Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag., vol. 18, no. 10,
pp. 1701–1719, 2007.
[53] Y. Gao and A. S. Mattila, Improving
consumer satisfaction in green hotels: The
roles of perceived warmth, perceived
competence, and CSR motive, Int. J. Hosp.
Manag., vol. 42, pp. 20–31, 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.06.003.
[54] D. W. McMillan and D. M. Chavis, Sense of
community: A definition and theory, J.
Community Psychol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 6–
23, 1986.
[55] S. B. Sarason, The psychological sense of
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
412
Volume 19, 2022
community: Prospects for a community
psychology. Jossey-Bass, 1974.
[56] T. R. Jimenez, A. Hoffman, and J. Grant,
Theories, in Introduction to Community
Psychology: Becoming an Agent of Change,
L. Jason, O. Glantsman, J. O’Brien, and E.
Al., Eds. 2019, pp. 83–96. [Online].
Available:
https://press.rebus.community/introductionto
communitypsychology/
[57] E. F. Balcazar, C. B. Keys, and J. A. Vryhof,
Empowerment, in Introduction to
Community Psychology: Becoming an Agent
of Change, L. A. Jason, O. Glantsman, J. F.
O’Brien, and K. N. Ramian, Eds. 2019, pp.
183–200.
[58] A. M. McKune, Perceived Competence and
Positive Well-being in Family Caregivers of
Relatives with Alzheimer’s Disease,
Michigan State University, 1997.
[59] S. T. Baack, Analysis of Texas Nurses’
Preparedness and Perceived Competence in
Managing Disasters, University of Texas,
2011.
[60] J. F. Hair, W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R.
E. Anderson, Multivariate Data Analysis,
vol. 1, no. 2. Essex: Pearson Education
Limited, 2014.
[61] G. Wilson, Community Resilience and
Environmental Transitions. Routledge, 2012.
doi: 10.4324/9780203144916.
[62] P. Devine-Wright, Place attachment and
public acceptance of renewable energy: A
tidal energy case study, J. Environ. Psychol.,
vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 336–343, Dec. 2011, doi:
10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.07.001.
[63] J. C. Anderson and D. W. Gerbing,
Predicting the performance of measures in a
confirmatory factor analysis with a pretest
assessment of their substantive validities., J.
Appl. Psychol., vol. 76, no. 5, p. 732, 1991.
[64] I. Ghozali, Structural Equation Modeling:
Alternative Methods with Partial Least
Square (PLS). Diponegoro Semarang
Publishing Board, Semarang, 2014.
[65] J. C. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory. New
York: McGraw-Hill book company, 1978.
[66] M. L. Barnett, I. Henriques, and B. W.
Husted, Beyond good intentions: Designing
CSR initiatives for greater social impact, J.
Manage., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 937–964, Jul.
2020, doi: 10.1177/0149206319900539.
[67] S. Indarti and Y. Efni, Comparative study:
The role of corporate social responsibility
towards the development of entrepreneurial
attitude and small medium-sized enterprises
income, Pekanbaru, Indonesia, Int. J. Law
Manag., 2018.
[68] L. A. Jason et al., Introduction to
Community Psychology Becoming an Agent
of Change, p. 409, 2019, [Online]. Available:
https://press.rebus.community/introductionto
communitypsychology/
[69] U. Idemudia and N. Osayande, Assessing the
effect of corporate social responsibility on
community development in the Niger Delta:
A corporate perspective, Community Dev. J.,
2018, [Online]. Available:
https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-
abstract/53/1/155/2607769
Acknowledgments:
The authors wish to thank the managing editor, Ms.
Maria Makrynaki, and the anonymous reviewers for
their insightful advice throughout the review
process.
Contribution of individual authors to
the creation of a scientific article
(ghostwriting policy)
Conceptualization, writing—original draft
preparation, methodology, and resources by Laila
Refiana Said. The investigation, data curation, and
funding acquisition by Hastin Umi Anisah.
Writing—review and editing by Laila Refiana Said
and Hastin Umi Anisah. Validation and supervision
by Muhammad Riza Firdaus. Formal analysis and
project administration by Rusniati Rusniati.
Sofware and visualization by Muhammad Karunia
Rachman. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Sources of funding for research
presented in a scientific article or
scientific article itself
Funding by Lambung Mangkurat University.
Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (Attribution 4.0
International , CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS
DOI: 10.37394/23207.2022.19.36
Laila Refiana Said, Hastin Umi Anisah,
Muhammad Riza Firdaus, Rusniati Rusniati,
Muhammad Karunia Rachman
E-ISSN: 2224-2899
413
Volume 19, 2022
