The Conjugacy of Some Anthropometric Parameters with the Strength
of the Brush and the Load Distribution on Its Zones
ALEXANDER V. NOVIKOV1, ANDREW K. MARTUSEVICH1,2*, MARINA A. SHCHEDRINA1,
OLGA V. VOROBYOVA1, ANNA N. BELOVA1
1Privolzhsky Research Medical University,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603005,
RUSSIA
2Lobachevsky University,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603950,
RUSSIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship of the anthropometric parameters of an
individual with the strength of the hand and the nature of the load distribution in its various zones when
performing a cylindrical grip in practically healthy individuals. Anthropometric parameters and the results of
biomechanical examination of both hands were analyzed in 78 practically healthy individuals (39 men, 39
women) of the most able-bodied age (from 19 to 50 years). The height and weight of the volunteers were
measured using a manual electronic dynamometer "Jamar Smart" – the strength of the right and left hands (in
kilograms). The dynamometry of the hand was performed in a sitting position, while the arms of the subject
were located on the armrests, the elbow was bent at an angle of 90°, the forearm was in a neutral position, and
the hand was in the extension position in the wrist joint at an angle of about 30°. The anthropometric
characteristics of the hand were recorded by measuring (in cm) the lengths of the rays of the hand and fingers,
and the length and width of the palm. Determination of the degree of load on various parts of the brush (as a
percentage) was carried out using the hardware and software complex "Teksan" (USA). It is established that the
strength of the brush depends on the anthropometric characteristics of the individual and its linear dimensions:
the "longer" and "wider" the brush, the higher its strength indicators. When performing a cylindrical grip, the
maximum load falls on the fingers, among which the I-IV are the most involved, to a lesser extent – the V
finger and the tenar area. It was revealed that the load distribution indicators for different zones of the right and
left hand differ: when performing a cylindrical grip with a weaker brush, the main load falls on the tenar area
and the first finger. At the same time, the achievement of maximum grip with a weaker brush is achieved by the
maximum involvement of small hand muscles in the process.
Key-Words: - anthropometric parameters, biomechanical examination, the hand, tenar, muscles.
Received: June 16, 2022. Revised: September 7, 2023. Accepted: October 1, 2023. Published: October 10, 2023.
1 Introduction
Strength and coordinated coordination of
movements of the flexor muscles of the hand and
forearm are necessary for the implementation of the
entire range of daily human activities, [1]. The
execution of all kinds of grips by the brush, which
causes its subtle manipulative function, is possible
only if there is a certain synergy of the muscles of
the hand and forearm, [2]. However, as a result of
injuries and diseases of the upper limb, surgical
interventions performed, prolonged immobilization,
and the friendly action of the muscles of the hand
and forearm may be disrupted. Muscle imbalance
leads, in turn, to a decrease in the strength of the
hand, and changes in the load on its various
departments, which must be taken into account
when building adequate rehabilitation programs. If
various manual dynamometers are widely used to
register the strength of the hand, then technologies
and equipment of the company "TekScan" (USA),
which have not yet found wide application in our
country, are used to study the load distribution on
various departments of the lower and upper
extremities. There are more and more articles in the
foreign literature devoted to the results of the
application of this technology in practical medicine.
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Alexander V. Novikov, Andrew K. Martusevich,
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Olga V. Vorobyova, Anna N. Belova
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At the same time, only a few works concern the
peculiarities of load distribution on the hands and
upper extremities, [3], [4], [5], [6]. However, these
studies did not concern the study of the influence of
gender differences and anthropometric
characteristics of the brush on the nature of load
distribution in its various zones. The question of the
dependence of the grip force and the peculiarities of
load distribution on different areas of the brush
remains open.
The purpose of the study was to estimate the
relationship between the anthropometric parameters
of an individual with the strength of the hand and
the nature of the load distribution in its various
zones when performing a cylindrical grip in
practically healthy individuals.
2 Materials and Methods
Anthropometric parameters and the results of
biomechanical examination of both hands were
analyzed in 78 practically healthy individuals (39
men, 39 women) of the most able-bodied age (from
19 to 50 years).
Fig. 1: 1 – the length of the I ray – the distance from
the tip of the I finger at its maximum retraction to
the middle of the distal palmar fold; 2,3,4,5 - the
length of the I, II, III, IV, V rays – the distance from
the tip of the finger at its maximum retraction and to
the projection point of the proximal end of the
metacarpal bone on the distal palmar fold; L1, L2,
L3, L4, L5 -- the length of the fingers (the distance
along the middle line from the tip of the finger to its
base); A – the width of the palm (the distance
corresponding to the transverse palmar fold); B –
the length of the palm (the distance from the middle
of the base of the III third finger to the middle of the
distal palmar fold); 3 B –the length of the hand,
which corresponded to the length of the III beam.
The height and weight of the volunteers were
measured using a manual electronic dynamometer
"Jamar Smart" – the strength of the right and left
hands (in kilograms).
The dynamometry of the hand was performed in
a sitting position, while the hands of the subject
were located on the armrests, the elbow was bent at
an angle of 90°, the forearm was in a neutral
position, and the hand was in the extension position
in the wrist joint at an angle of about 30°.
It is proved that in such a position the maximum
compression force of the brush is achieved, [7]. The
subject used each brush to compress the
dynamometer three times for 3-5 seconds, after
which the average force values were recorded.
Fig. 2: Studied areas of the brush
The anthropometric characteristics of the hand
were recorded by measuring (in cm) the lengths of
the rays of the hand and fingers, and the length and
width of the palm (Figure 1). Since all the examined
were right-handed, measurements were carried out
the dominant (right) hand, while the right and left
hands were considered as symmetrical figures, [8].
The length of the palm was defined as the difference
between the length of the third ray and the third
finger. Determination of the degree of load on
various parts of the brush (as a percentage) was
carried out using the hardware and software
complex "Teksan" (USA). The patient wore gloves
with ultra-thin bar sensors applied to certain areas.
The sensors were located on the nail, middle and
main phalanx of the fingers, the area of the tenar
and hypotenar, the middle part of the palm, which
made it possible to register pressure on these areas
of the hand (Figure 2). The patient, at the command
of each brush, alternately squeezed a cylinder with
maximum force for two seconds, the diameter of
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Alexander V. Novikov, Andrew K. Martusevich,
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Olga V. Vorobyova, Anna N. Belova
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which was selected individually, so that when
During the capture, the I finger formed a "ring" and
came into contact with other fingers. At this time,
signals from sensors were recorded. A color image
of the pressure distribution of the brush on the
support surface of the cylinder and the values of the
compression force were obtained on the monitor
screen (Figure 3).
Fig. 3: The scheme of determining the load on
different areas of the brush
The analysis of the obtained results was initially
carried out for the entire contingent of volunteers,
then separately for men and women.
Methods of nonparametric statistics (Mann-
Whitney and Wald-Wolfowitz criteria, Spearman's
rank correlation coefficient) were used to process
the obtained results. When describing the data
obtained, the following were used: mean value (M),
standard deviation (σ), mean error (m), median
(Me), and first and third quartiles [25%;75%]. The
critical level of statistical significance is assumed to
be 0.05.
3 Results and Discussion
The average anthropometric indicators of 78
surveyed volunteers were: age – 28.1±0.8 [19;48]
years, height -171.6±1.0 [153;190] cm, weight -
70.5±1.7 [46;120] kg.
Table 1. Anthropometric parameters of the brush
and their dependence on height and weight
Anthropometric
parameters
M±m(
cm)
r¹
Palm width
8,4±0,08
0,62
Palm length
10,3±0,07
0,67
Length of the I beam
13,1±0,09
0,55
Length of the II beam
17,5±0,1
0,55
Length of the III beam
18,2±0,1
0,65
The length of the IV beam
16,9±0,1
0,58
V beam length
14,5±0,1
0,57
Length of I finger
6,6±0,08
0,53
The length of the II finger
7,1±0,06
0,43
Length of the third finger
7,9±0,06
0,50
IV finger length
7,3±0,06
0,46
V finger length
5,8±0,05
0,39
Note: r1 is the correlation coefficient with the right
brush; r2 is the correlation coefficient with the left brush
The indicators of height and weight correlated
with each other (r=0.72), and in women this
relationship was less pronounced (r=0.33) than in
men (r=0.52). The relationship we have identified
between the weight indicators and the individual's
height is not new. The interdependence of these
parameters is confirmed by numerous literature
data, where these indicators were taken to calculate
body mass indices as certain prognostic criteria for
the development of obesity, [9], [10], [11].
When calculating for the entire population
examined, it was found that the strength of the right
(42.2±1.5kg; Me=37.3kg) and left (39.6±1.5kg;
Me=37.8kg) hands did not significantly differ
(p>0.05). On the one hand, the absence of
differences in the strength of the right and left hands
contradicts the widespread opinion that the
dominant hand is in many cases 3.0-22.6% stronger
than the non-dominant one, [12], [13], [14], on the
other hand, confirms the data about the fact that
almost 11% of right-handed people have equal
strength indicators of their hands, [15].
The relationship between the strength of both
hands and the age of the volunteers was weak (gpr =
0.36; glev = 0.36). In our opinion, this is due to the
age homogeneity of the volunteers, who were all
younger than 50 years (Me=23.0 years), and a
decrease in the strength indicators of the hand can
be expected at a later age, [16], [17].
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Table 2. The dependence of the strength of the brush
on its anthropometric characteristics
Anthropometric parameters
r¹
r²
Palm width
0,49
0,49
Palm length
0,53
0,54
Length of the I beam
0,41
0,41
Length of the II beam
0,38
0,40
Length of the III beam
0,50
0,52
The length of the IV beam
0,48
0,50
V beam length
0,42
0,45
Length of I finger
0,36
0,34
The length of the II finger
0,26
0,28
Length of the third finger
0,36
0,38
IV finger length
0,37
0,38
V finger length
0,29
0,30
The relationship of these indicators was more
clearly traced with the height and weight of the
examined – the correlation coefficients were 0.69
and 0.65 for the right hand, respectively, and 0.67
and 0.62 for the left.
Table 3. Distribution of the load on different areas
of the brush when calculating for the entire
contingent
Brush areas
M±m (%)
Me
The upper part of the palm
11,7±0,4
11,5
Tenara region
11,5±0,4
11,7
Hypotenar region
8,8±0,3
8,9
The whole palm
31,9±0,6
32,0
The first finger
13,5±0,4
12,4
The second finger
15,9±0,3
15,7
The third finger
18,4±0,4
17,9
The fourth finger
14,5±0,3
14,1
The fifth finger
8,0±0,2
8,0
All fingers (II-V)
55,5±0,6
55,1
A similar dependence was found in the
examination of 422 people, [18]. In addition, similar
data were obtained on a sample consisting of 151
men and 152 women aged 18 to 25 years, as well as
in a study conducted on 134 young athletes, [19],
[20].
There was no correlation between the linear
dimensions of the brush and the age of the subjects
– the correlation coefficient for all parameters was
0.005.
At the same time, the correlation analysis
showed a close relationship between the
anthropometric characteristics of the hand and the
height of a person, and, to a lesser extent, his weight
(Table 1).
A relationship was established between the
strength of the hand and its linear characteristics –
the length and width of the palm, and the length of
individual rays (Table 2). This relationship was less
pronounced with the length of the II and V fingers.
The interdependence of the power of the brush
(especially dominant!) Some foreign authors have
also discovered the anthropometric characteristics of
the upper limb, [21]. It should be noted, however,
that the revealed correlations concerned mainly the
size of the forearm, and the linear parameters of the
hand, only the width of the palm was recorded.
An analysis of the load distribution on various
areas of the hand, regardless of gender and the side
of the study, showed that when performing a
cylindrical grip, the maximum load falls on the
fingers, among which the most involved are I-IV, to
a lesser extent – V finger (Table 3).
Table 4. Load distribution on different zones of the
right and left-hand M±m (%)
Brush areas
Right hand
(n=78)
Left hand
(n=78)
M±m (%)
Me
M±m
(%)
Me
The upper part of
the palm
12,2±0,4
11,6
11,4±0,5
11,4
Tenara region
9,3±0,4
9,2
13,6±0,5
13,9
Hypotenar region
8,8±0,4
8,9
8,8±0,4
8,8
The whole palm
30,3±0,8
29,9
33,6±0,7
33,1
The first finger
12,5±0,5
11,6
14,6±0,5
14,0
The second finger
16,6±0,5
16,2
15,2±0,3
14,9
The third finger
21,1±0,5
20,6
15,7±0,4
15,4
The fourth finger
14,6±0,4
13,9
14,5±0,4
14,3
The fifth finger
8,2±0,3
8,0
7,8±0,2
7,9
All fingers (II-V)
57,4±0,7
57,2
53,4±0,7
53,4
The tenar zone accounts for 36.1% of the load
experienced by the palm when implementing a
cylindrical grip.
In our opinion, the dependence of the strength
of the hand on its linear dimensions and the nature
of the distribution of the load on its zones are due to
the peculiarities of the participation of the muscles
of the hand and forearm when performing a forceful
grip. The main role in its implementation is played
by M.M. flexores digitorum superficialis et
profondus and M.M. interossei. All tenar muscles
take part in the capture, and especially the m.
adductor pollicis brevis and m. flexor pollicis
longus, contributing to the blocking of the capture
by flexing the distal phalanx of the I finger. The
thumb, together with the tenar, supports and
provides counter-pressure to the pressure of the
other four fingers on the object, which helps to
increase the grip force.
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Table 5. Anthropometric indicators of volunteers
Anthropo-
metric
parameter
s
men
(n=39)
Me
women
(n=39)
Me
Age
30,6±1,1
29,0
25,6±1,2
23,0
Height
178,4±0,
8
178,
0
164,8±0,
9
164,
0
Weight
81,4±1,5
79,0
59,7±1,9
58,0
The power
of the right-
hand
54,6±0,8
54,8
29,9±0,6
31,1
The power
of the left-
hand
51,6±0,9
51,4
27,7±0,7
27,7
Palm width
8,8±0,1
8,8
8,1±0,05
8,0
Palm length
10,6±0,0
9
10,5
10,0±0,0
6
10,0
Length of
the I beam
13,5±0,1
13,4
12,8±0,1
12,8
Length of
the II beam
18,0±0,2
18,0
17,2±0,1
17,2
Length of
the III
beam
18,8±0,2
18,8
17,7±0,1
17,6
The length
of the IV
beam
17,5±0,1
17,7
16,4±0,1
16,3
V beam
length
15,0±0,1
15,0
14,1±0,1
14,1
Length of I
finger
6,9±0,1
6,9
6,3±0,1
6,3
The length
of the II
finger
7,3±0,1
7,5
7,0±0,1
6,9
Length of
the third
finger
8,1±0,1
8,2
7,7±0,1
7,6
IV finger
length
7,5±0,1
7,5
7,0±0,1
7,0
V finger
length
6,0±0,1
6,0
5,7±0,1
5,7
The grip is optimal, and its strength is maximum
when the thumb touches or approaches the index
finger, forming a single stop that resists the pressure
of four other fingers, [22]. At the same time, the role
of the V beam in the performance of power capture
seems minimal. Therefore, the longer the length of
the brush rays, the larger its dimensions, the higher
the developed grip force, and the greater the load on
the corresponding zones.
Table 6. Load distribution on different areas of the
right and left hand in men
Brush areas
Men (n=39)
Right hand
Left hand
M±m
(%)
Me
M±m
(%)
Me
The upper part of
the palm
11,8±0,6
11,1
11,9±0,6
11,5
Tenara region
10,7±0,5
10,6
14,1±0,6
14,1
Hypotenar region
10,3±0,6
10,3
9,9±0,4
9,8
The whole palm
33,1±1,3
32,8
35,6±0,8
35,0
The first finger
12,6±0,8
11,7
14,5±0,8
14,0
The second finger
17,0±0,8
17,0
15,0±0,5
14,9
The third finger
20,4±0,7
19,8
15,4±0,8
15,0
The fourth finger
14,2±0,7
13,3
14,1±0,7
13,2
The fifth finger
9,1±0,4
8,7
7,5±0,4
7,2
All fingers (II-V)
54,8±1,1
53,3
52,9±1,1
52,9
The load distribution indicators on the right and
left hands differed (Table 4). On the left hand, when
performing a cylindrical grip, the greatest load fell
on the tenar area and the first finger. The load on the
fingers, including II and III, was lower.
It can be assumed that in the implementation of
the forceful grip of the left (weaker!) with the brush,
the main load falls on its internal muscles and tenar
muscles, which have to "compensate" for the
weakness of the forearm muscles.
Gender differences in anthropometric
characteristics and the distribution of load on the
areas of the hand were investigated. Men were taller
and larger than women and had higher strength
indicators of both the right and left hand – p<0.01
(Table 5).
The data obtained by us correspond to the
results of foreign authors, [23], [24], [25].
In both women and men, the anthropometric
characteristics of the hand practically did not affect
its strength indicators: the correlation coefficients
were in the range from -0.11 to -0.32 and from -0.04
to -0.23, respectively.
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Table 7. Load distribution on different areas of the
right and left hand in men and women
Brush areas
Women (n=39)
Right hand
Left hand
M±m
(%)
Me
M±m
(%)
Me
The upper part of
the palm
12,4±0,6
11,8
10,8±0,8
9,7
Tenara region
8,3±0,7
7,8
13,3±0,9
13,4
Hypotenar region
7,3±0,5
6,7
7,9±0,6
6,7
The whole palm
27,8±0,8
27,8
31,8±1,1
31,8
The first finger
12,4±0,7
11,2
14,5±0,8
13,1
The second finger
16,0±0,6
15,3
15,3±0,5
14,9
The third finger
21,7±0,6
20,7
15,6±0,5
15,6
The fourth finger
14,9±0,4
14,1
14,9±0,5
14,8
The fifth finger
7,5±0,3
6,9
8,1±0,3
7,9
All fingers (II-V)
59,8±0,8
59,4
53,9±1,0
53,9
If we take into account the fact that when
calculating the entire contingent of the surveyed, the
interdependence of these indicators ensured the
predominance of the strength and size of the hand in
men, then the absence or weakness of the
relationship in gender groups, in our opinion, is
explained only by a small number of observations.
The indicators of load distribution on different
zones of the right and left hand differed (Table 6
and Table 7). In women and men, when performing
a cylindrical grip with the left hand, which was
weaker, the main load fell on the tenar area and the
first finger. If we take into account that the forearm
muscles on the non-dominant hand are 10.2%
weaker, [26], it can be assumed that when
performing a cylindrical grip with the left hand,
small hand muscles are maximally involved in the
process: worm-like, tenar and first finger muscles,
the strength of which largely depends on gender,
weight body, and hand dominance, [27].
The linear dimensions of the brush and its
segments did not affect the quantitative indicators of
load distribution, both for men and women – the
maximum values of the correlation coefficient did
not exceed 0.3.
4 Conclusion
1. The strength of the brush depends on the
anthropometric characteristics of the individual
and its linear dimensions: the "longer" and
"wider" the brush, the higher its strength
indicators.
2. When performing a cylindrical grip, the
maximum load falls on the fingers, among which
the I-IV are the most involved, to a lesser extent
– the V finger and the tenar area.
3. Load distribution indicators for different zones of
the right and left hand differ: when performing a
cylindrical grip with a weaker brush, the main
load falls on the tenar area and the first finger.
4. The achievement of maximum grip with a
weaker hand is achieved by the maximum
involvement of the small muscles of the hand in
the process.
5. Various kinds of fibroplastic processes, the
consequences of injuries associated with the
defeat of the muscles of the hand, will lead to a
change in the nature of the distribution of load on
its various zones, which must be taken into
account when drawing up adequate rehabilitation
programs (the use of directed stimulation of the
muscles of the hand (especially tenar) and
forearm, classes on devices with biofeedback, the
selection of specific exercises motor therapy).
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Volume 20, 2023
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE
DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.18
Alexander V. Novikov, Andrew K. Martusevich,
Marina A. Shchedrina,
Olga V. Vorobyova, Anna N. Belova
E-ISSN: 2224-2902
184
Volume 20, 2023
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
- Alexander V. Novikov: Conceptualization,
Formal Analysis, and Writing – original draft.
- Marina I. Shchedrina: Investigation, Formal
analysis, and Writing – original draft and Writing
– review & editing.
- Andrew K. Martusevich: Formal analysis and
Writing – original draft and Writing – review &
editing.
- Olga V. Vorobyova; Anna N. Belova, Review &
editing.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
This research work was supported by the Ministry
of Health of the Russian Federation.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE
DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.18
Alexander V. Novikov, Andrew K. Martusevich,
Marina A. Shchedrina,
Olga V. Vorobyova, Anna N. Belova
E-ISSN: 2224-2902
185
Volume 20, 2023