The Influence of Singlet Oxygen Inhalations on Rats with Experimental
Burn Trauma
ANDREW K. MARTUSEVICH1,4*, LIDA K. KOVALEVA2, ELENA A. STEPANOVA3,
SERGEY P. PERETYAGIN1, VLADIMIR V. NAZAROV1, INESSA A. MINENKO5,
ALEKSEI E. UMRIUKHIN5, ROMAN A. KORNEV4
1Privolzhsky Research Medical University,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603005,
RUSSIA
2Kuban State Medical University,
Krasnodar, 350063,
RUSSIA
3City Hospital N 52,
Moscow, 123182,
RUSSIA
4Institute of Chemistry of High Purified Substances of Russian Academy of Science,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603137,
RUSSIA
5Sechenov University, Moscow, 119048,
RUSSIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - This article aims to study the dynamics of the crystallogenic properties of rat blood serum during a
course of singlet oxygen inhalation in the post-burn period. The experiment was performed on 30 mature
Wistar rats randomly divided into three groups of equal numbers. The first group (n=10) was intact, no
manipulations were performed on the animals included in it, but only a single blood irradiation from the
sublingual vein was performed. The animals of the second (control) and third (main) groups under combined
anesthesia were subjected to thermal trauma according to our methodology, standard local treatment was
carried out. Starting from the day following the injury, the rats of the main group were inhaled daily for 10 days
of the airflow coming from the singlet oxygen generator. Blood samples from rats of all groups were collected
and tested for crystallogenic properties and crystallogenesis-inducing activity. It was found that the inhalation
of singlet oxygen in animals with severe thermal trauma contributes to the partial normalization of the
crystallogenic activity of blood serum, which positively characterizes its rehabilitation potential. This trend
must take place when assessing both the intrinsic crystallogenic and initiating properties of biological fluid,
which is manifested both in the dynamics of morphological and morphometric indicators and the optical
characteristics of serum facies.
Key-Words: - singlet oxygen, inhalations, crystallization, blood serum.
Received: June 7, 2022. Revised: September 2, 2023. Accepted: September 25, 2023. Published: October 10, 2023.
1 Introduction
It is known that inhalations of a gas stream initially
containing singlet oxygen are perceived by several
domestic and foreign researchers as a means of
rehabilitation, contributing to an increase in the
adaptive capabilities of the body in sports medicine
and the treatment of several therapeutic diseases,
[1], [2], [3]. At the same time, the systemic and
molecular-cellular mechanisms of its action are still
poorly understood, [2], [4]. In this regard, we are
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE
DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.14
Andrew K. Martusevich, Lida K. Kovaleva,
Elena A. Stepanova, Sergey P. Peretyagin,
Vladimir V. Nazarov, Inessa A. Minenko,
Aleksei E. Umriukhin, Roman A. Kornev
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conducting systematic studies aimed at verifying
and deciphering the effects and mechanisms of the
influence of singlet oxygen on biological systems in
physiological and pathological conditions. Thus,
human blood samples have shown that its treatment
with singlet acid promotes the stimulation of
antioxidant systems, energy metabolism of
erythrocytes, and optimization of acid-base
equilibrium parameters, [4]. In healthy animals, a
ten-day course of singlet oxygen inhalation also
caused an antioxidant effect and activation of
energy metabolism in blood and tissues, [5]. The
effect of the considered effect on the crystallogenic
properties of blood serum realized in the form of
structuring both in vitro and in vivo (on Wistar rats),
has also been demonstrated, [6].
When modeling severe systemic pathology (on
the example of thermal trauma) positive metabolic
effects of singlet oxygen have also been established,
while the effect on the dehydration structuring of
blood serum has not been studied.
In this regard, the study aimed to study the
dynamics of the crystallogenic properties of rat
blood serum during a course of singlet oxygen
inhalation in the post-burn period.
2 Materials and Methods
The experiment was performed on 30 mature Wistar
rats randomly divided into three groups of equal
numbers. Working conditions with rats
corresponded to the rules of the European
Convention ET/S 129, 1986, and Directives 86/609
ESC. The first group (n=10) was intact, no
manipulations were performed on the animals
included in it, but only a single blood irradiation
from the sublingual vein was performed.
The animals of the second (control) and third
(main) groups under combined anesthesia ("Zoletil"
+ "Xyla vet") were subjected to thermal trauma
according to our methodology, standard local
treatment was carried out, [7]. Starting from the day
following the injury, the rats of the main group were
inhaled daily for 10 days of the airflow coming from
the singlet oxygen generator. To create a gas
mixture including singlet oxygen, the Airnergy
Professional Plus device (Germany) was used, [3].
The duration of each procedure was 10 minutes. The
power of the generator is 100%. The next day after
the completion of the full course of inhalations in
rats of this group, blood samples were obtained
from the sublingual vein for examination. At the
same time, blood was taken from animals of the
second group.
To obtain blood serum, all samples were centrifuged
at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes. Then the blood serum
in the volume of 100 ml was applied to a slide and
micro-preparations of dried biological fluid were
prepared in accordance with the methods of
crystalloscopy and comparative teziography, [6],
[8]. 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used as the
base substance in the tezigraphic test.
The dried micro-preparations were evaluated
morphologically (by describing the features of the
structuring of the dried sample of biological fluid),
[8], [9], [10], [11], and visuametrically (using their
system of parameters), [6]. The main visuometric
indicators evaluated on a point scale were
crystallizability (reflects the quantitative side of
crystallization the density of crystalline elements
in the facies), the structure index (characterizes the
complexity of structure construction), the facia
destruction degree (is an indicator of the qualitative
side of the process the correctness of the
formation of structures) and the clarity of the
marginal zone of the micropreparation. For the
criterion description of tezigrams, the maim
teziographic index was used (it reflects the initiator
potential in relation to the base substance),
crystallinity (similar to the structure index), the facia
destruction degree, and the clarity of the marginal
zone.
The results of morphological and visuametric
evaluation of blood serum micro-preparations were
additionally verified using a spectroscopic
examination of facies. The optical properties of the
formed crystalloscopic and teziographic samples
were analyzed using a PowerWave XS flatbed
spectrophotometer (USA) at wavelengths of 300,
350, and 400 nm. Correction of the level of optical
density of micropreparations was carried out by
subtracting the empty glass from the obtained
optical density value (registration was additionally
performed on a section of each object glass that did
not contain dehydrated drops of biological fluid).
Statistical processing of the results was performed
using the licensed program Statistica 6.1 for
Windows. The level of statistical significance of the
differences was determined by the Student's t-
criterion.
3 Results and Discussion
Comparison of crystalloscopic blood serum patterns
of rats of the in-tact and control groups allowed us
to confirm the previously shown patterns of
transformation of dehydration structuring of biofluid
associated with thermal trauma, [12].
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DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.14
Andrew K. Martusevich, Lida K. Kovaleva,
Elena A. Stepanova, Sergey P. Peretyagin,
Vladimir V. Nazarov, Inessa A. Minenko,
Aleksei E. Umriukhin, Roman A. Kornev
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They manifest themselves in a pronounced
suppression of the crystallogenic activity of the
biological environment, simplification of the
composition of elements, and a sharp increase in the
number and degree of destruction of the destroyed
elements, as evidenced by shifts in the levels of
crystallizability, the index of structure and the
degree of destruction of facies, respectively. At the
same time, the size of the marginal zone of the
micropreparation in burned animals was
significantly reduced, which is realized in a change
in the corresponding morphometric indicator.
The indicated trends of changes in the nature of
crystallogenic activity of animal blood serum are
fully consistent with the results of parametric
assessment of these facies (Figure 1). Thus, a
pronounced inhibition of the crystallization of
biological fluid is evidenced by a sharp drop in the
level of crystallizability and structural index in rats
with thermal trauma compared with intact animals
(p<0.05 for both indicators). Against this
background, the processes of structure-building in
drying samples of the biological environment are
disrupted, as evidenced by a significant increase in
the degree of destruction of the crystallogenesis
facies (p<0.05 in relation to healthy rats) the main
criterion of "correctness", [6]. Hypoproteinemia and
dysproteinemia formed in burnt animals are
reflected in a decrease in the relative width of the
marginal zone (p<0.05) containing proteins of the
native structure and estimated by the clarity of
marginal zone, [9], [10], [13], [14], [15].
Fig. 1: Results of evaluation of blood serum
crystallograms of rats of the formed groups (TT
thermal trauma, SO inhalation of singlet oxygen,
SI structure index, Cr crystallizability, FDD
facia destruction degree, Mz clarity of the
marginal zone)
Conducting a course of inhalation therapy
significantly reduces the severity of pathological
shifts in the crystallogenic properties of rat blood
serum (Figure 1). It should be emphasized that the
studied effect contributed to the normalization of all
the main evaluation indicators of the crystalloscopic
test, and they statistically significantly differed from
both the level characteristic of rats with thermal
trauma and from the level of healthy animals
(p<0.05 for all cases). This indirectly indicates the
adaptive capabilities of the tested method of
metabolic correction of disorders occurring in the
post-post period.
Similar nature of changes was recorded in the
analysis of the results of co-crystallization of the
blood serum of animals with a basic substance
evaluated in the teziographic test (Figure 2). In this
case, the rats that received thermal trauma also
observed a pronounced inhibition of the initiatory
properties of the biological environment compared
with intact animals, as evidenced by a significant
decrease in the level of the tezigraphic index and
crystallinity in facies (p<0.05 for both indicators). In
addition, there was an increase in the degree of
destruction of the sample elements in combination
with a decrease in the size of the marginal zone of
the micropreparation (p<0.05 relative to healthy
rats).
Fig. 2: The results of the evaluation of blood serum
tezigrams of rats of the formed groups (The base
substance is 0.9% sodium chloride solution; TI
teziographic index, K - crystallinity; the remaining
abbreviations are as in Figure 1)
The criterion evaluation of blood serum
tezigrams of the animals of the main group who
received a course of singlet oxygen inhalation after
thermal injury was completely consistent with the
results of the crystalloscopic study because, for all
the main indicators, a statistically significant
approximation to the values characteristic of the
intact group was noted. The most pronounced trend
was in relation to the crystallinity of the samples
and the severity of the marginal zone, which may
indirectly indicate a decrease in the severity of
endogenous intoxication present in animals, as well
as a significant normalization of the protein profile
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DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.14
Andrew K. Martusevich, Lida K. Kovaleva,
Elena A. Stepanova, Sergey P. Peretyagin,
Vladimir V. Nazarov, Inessa A. Minenko,
Aleksei E. Umriukhin, Roman A. Kornev
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of the blood. It should be emphasized that the
second of the above parameters after a course of
singlet oxygen injections was found to be only
slightly reduced in comparison with healthy animals
(p<0.1). At the same time, the high severity of
dysmetabolic shifts induced by combined thermal
trauma inflicted on rats contributed to the
preservation of a significantly reduced level of the
tezigraphic index, as well as a moderate tendency to
optimize the degree of destruction of facies after a
course of treatment supplemented by inhalation use
of a singlet-oxygen gas mixture.
In general, the data of morphological and
visuometric evaluation of crystallograms and
tezigrams of rat blood serum indicate a positive
effect of singlet oxygen inhalations on these
physico-chemical parameters.
Fig. 3: The level of optical density of blood serum
crystallograms of rats of the formed group's groups
(TT thermal trauma, SO inhalation of singlet
oxygen)
To verify the results of basic crystalloscopic
studies, we applied spectrometric analysis of
crystallographic and tezigraphic facies of animal
blood serum (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
Fig. 4: The level of optical density of blood serum
tezigrams of rats of the formed group's groups (TT
thermal trauma, SO inhalation of singlet oxygen)
It was found that in rats with thermal trauma, the
optical density of crystallograms is significantly
lower than in healthy animals (p<0.05), and this
trend occurs at all wavelengths used and is
expressed approximately equally with them (Figure
3). This observation is consistent with the results of
basic crystallographic studies, which show a
significant decrease in the number of structural
elements, as well as complexity and construction,
which is realized in the form of a statistically
significant decrease in crystallizability and the
structural index, respectively (p<0.05).
Inhalation of the singlet oxygen airflow
contributes to partial restoration of the optical
density of micro-preparations of dehydrated rat
blood serum, which also occurs at all studied
wavelengths, which confirms the results of the
crystalloscopic study.
Similar shifts in optical density were registered
concerning blood serum tesigrams of rats of the
control and main groups (Figure 4). At the same
time, they were less pronounced compared with
those characteristic of biological fluid
crystallograms.
4 Conclusion
In general, it was found that the inhalation of singlet
oxygen in animals with severe thermal trauma
contributes to the partial normalization of the
crystallogenic activity of blood serum, which
positively characterizes its rehabilitation potential.
This trend must take place when assessing both the
intrinsic crystallogenic and initiating properties of
biological fluid, which is manifested both in the
dynamics of morphological and morphometric
indicators and the optical characteristics of serum
facies.
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Andrew K. Martusevich, Lida K. Kovaleva,
Elena A. Stepanova, Sergey P. Peretyagin,
Vladimir V. Nazarov, Inessa A. Minenko,
Aleksei E. Umriukhin, Roman A. Kornev
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
- Andrew K. Martusevich: Conceptualization,
Investigation, Formal analysis, and Writing
original draft and Writing review & editing.
- Roman A. Kornev: Conceptualization, Formal
analysis, and Writing original draft.
- Lida K. Kovaleva; Elena A. Stepanova:
Investigation, Formal analysis
- Vladimir Nazarov; Sergey P. Peretyagin; Inessa
A. Minenko; Aleksei E. Umriukhin: Formal
analysis and Writing original draft and Writing
review & editing.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
This research work was supported by the Ministry
of Health of the Russian Federation.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BIOLOGY and BIOMEDICINE
DOI: 10.37394/23208.2023.20.14
Andrew K. Martusevich, Lida K. Kovaleva,
Elena A. Stepanova, Sergey P. Peretyagin,
Vladimir V. Nazarov, Inessa A. Minenko,
Aleksei E. Umriukhin, Roman A. Kornev
E-ISSN: 2224-2902
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Volume 20, 2023